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of the imago, such as the folded wings, &c., which plan was also adopted by Lamarck. Mr. Kirby, in the 11th volume of the Linn. Trans., and subsequently Leach, restricted it to the genus Phryganea of De Geer, of which the leading characters are given above; whilst Latreille retained the family as a distinct section of the order Neuroptera, under the name of Plicipennes; in this respect he has been followed by M. Pictet, who has substituted the name Phryganides. Mr. MacLeay, in the Hora Entomologica, from an erroneous idea relative to the larvæ of the Perlidæ, considered that family as belonging to the same order as the Trichoptera, the inaccuracy of which has been commented upon in a preceding page; but Mr. MacLeay proceeded on this false foundation to show that, as the organisation of the perfect Perlidæ and Phryganeæ is so variable, (whilst he considered the larvæ to be all cylindrical, with membranaceous feet, and to undergo the metamorphosis obtecta Linn.,) it would be difficult to exclude the Tenthredinidæ from the order (Hora Entomol., p. 431.), which he accordingly divided into three stirpes, Perlina, Phryganina, and Tenthredina. The introduction of the Perlidæ into the order, which was Mr. MacLeay's ground for the admission of the Tenthredinidæ, having been already shown to be untenable, will render it unnecessary for me to enter into any arguments against reinstating the Tenthredinidæ in the order Hymenoptera, especially as Mr. Kirby has completely answered Mr. MacLeay's objections in the Introduction to Entomology, vol. iv. p. 374. That there may be a slight relation between the Trichoptera and Tenthredinidæ ‡ may be admitted, but it appears to me that the genus Phryganea forms the connecting link between the Neuroptera and Lepidoptera. That it is closely related to the Neuroptera will be evident, because Latreille, Pictet, and others still consider Phryganea as Neuropterous, being especially related to the genus Sialis, which seems to form the passage between the Phryganeæ and Perlida; but not only are the veins of the wings arranged upon the plan of the Lepidopterous wings, the general habit of the insects, Neither the Perlidæ, Phryganeidæ, nor Tenthredinidæ undergo obtected metamorphosis, as assumed by Mr. MacLeay.

↑ Mr. MacLeay (Horæ Ent., p. 432.) mentioned a terrestrial larva, inhabiting a case, found in Java by Dr. Horsfield, and which he considered to be that of a terrestrial Trichopterous insect. It is, however, clearly the larva of a Lepidopterous nsect, allied to Oiketicus of Guilding and to the Sacktragers of the Germans (Psyche, &c.).

ptera.

Latreille introduces the Phryganeæ between the Neuroptera and Hymeno

the structure of the legs, coxæ, calcaria, and mandibles, as noticed by Kirby, and, indeed, the general rudimental form of the mouth being similar; and, what is more important, the internal structure of the larvæ, as noticed by De Geer, agrees with that of the Lepidopterous larvæ rather than with the Neuroptera. There are many Tineidæ, the larvæ of which reside in cases somewhat similar to those of the Phryganeæ, whilst the long-horned Japan moths (Adele) seem to present a near relation to the Mystacidæ of Latreille (Leptoceri Leach). Mr. Newman, (Sphinx Vespiformis, table opp. p. 21.), has even introduced the Lepidopterous genus Psyche into the order Neuroptera, in which he also includes the Trichoptera.

Until very recently, but little attention had been paid to these insects. Dr. Leach, indeed, studied them carefully, and announced a distinct work upon the subject, but which he never completed. Subsequently, Mr. Curtis published the descriptions of various species in the Philosophical Magazine (new ser. Feb., March, 1834), but the most valuable

work upon the group is that by M. Pictet of Geneva, upon the Phry

ganeæ of Switzerland. In this admirable memoir, the natural habits, anatomical and physiological characters, transformations and specific differences, of a great number of species have been recorded, and which, from a consideration of their characters, both in the preparatory and perfect states, he is induced to arrange into seven genera alone.

Whilst the entire number of species collected from various sources by Olivier (Encycl. Méth., tom. vi.) amounted only to 77, M. Pictet detected, in Switzerland, nearly 120 species, of which he had noticed the preparatory states of not fewer than 52, whereas seven only had been previously observed in their earlier stages by De Geer, &c., as above mentioned. It is to be regretted that the figures of the species in the imago state, are, in the majority of cases, completely unrecognisable, whilst the peculiarities in the veinings of the wings are too much overlooked. Shortly afterwards, Mr. Stephens described nearly 190 British species in his Illustrations, which he divided into eight families, corresponding with seven of Pictet's genera, to which he added another anomalous family, Acentropida, which, in my opinion, belongs to the order Lepidoptera. The other families, Hydroptilidæ, Rhacophilidæ, Hydropsychida, Sericostomidæ, Psychomidæ, Leptocerida (Mystacida, Latr.), and Phryganidæ, he divided into numerous genera, founded, like those of Mr. Curtis, established in the Philosophical Magazine, upon the neuration of the wings, and the

variations in the tibial spurs. I shall, however, regard these groups as sub-families, constituting one great family Phryganeidæ, and of which the following tabular characters will show the chief distinctions.

1. Antennæ filiform, or pectinated; hind wings not folded. [Hydroptilides.] 2. Antennæ setaceous.

i. Hind wings not folded. [Psychomyides.]

ii. Hind wings folded.

A. Without transverse nerves in the wings.

a. Maxillary palpi dilated in the males. [Sericostomides.]

b. Maxillary palpi alike in both sexes.

a. Terminal joint ovoid. [Rhyacophilides.]

B. Terminal joint filiform, very long. [Hydropsychides.]

B. With transverse nerves in the wings; terminal joint of maxillary palpi ovoid.

a, Maxillary palpi very long, very pilose, 5-jointed in both sexes. [Leptocerides.]

b. Maxillary palpi moderate, slightly pilose, 4-jointed in the males. [Phryganeides.]

ORDER HYMENOPTERA* Linn.

(GYMNOPTERA Linn. olim; GEOFFROY-GYMNOPTERA Scop.; PIEZATA Fabr.; PHLEBOPTERA Clairv.)

CHAR. Wings four, naked, membranous; the posterior pair smaller than the anterior, with comparatively few veins.

Mouth with horny jaws, and with a lower lip or tongue, sheathed by the maxillæ.

Tarsi generally 5-jointed.

Abdomen armed with a multivalve saw ovipositor, or sting, in the females.

Larva apod and vermiform (or eruciform and pedate in one group).
Pupa incomplete and inactive.

Jurine.

BIBLIOGR. REFER. TO THE HYMENOPTERA IN GENERAL.

Nouvelle Méthode de classer les Hyménoptères, 4to. 1807, and in Mém. Acad. Roy. Turin, tom. xxiv. (Observ. on Wings of Hym.) Spinola. Insecta Liguria. 2 vols. 4to. Genuæ, 1808. Kirby. Monographia apud Angliæ. 2 vols. 8vo. Ipswich, 1802.

Trans., vol. iv.

Ditto, in Linn.

Fabricius. Systema Piezatorum. 8vo. Brunsv. 1804.
Panzer. Kritische Revision der Insektenfaune Deutchsl. band. ii.
Versuch die Jurin. Gatteng. Nurnb. 8vo, 1806.)

(Entomol.

If interesting habits and economy, great development of instinctive powers and social qualities, be considered as indicating superiority in their possessors, the insects composing the order Hymenoptera have certainly far greater claims to be placed in the foremost ranks of the insect tribes than any of their brethren. The bee, the wasp, the ant, the saw-fly, the gall-fly, and the ichneumon-fly, all belonging to this order, have attracted the attention of the observer of nature from the earliest period.

As an order, these insects are distinguished by the number, comparative size and structure of the wings, the mandibulated mouth, enclosing a labium ensheathed by the maxillæ, the ovipositor, or sting, with which the females are provided, and the nature of their metamorphoses.

The eyes are generally large and lateral, occasionally occupying, in the males of certain groups, the greatest portion of the head: they

Christius, J. L. Naturg. Klassific. und Nomencl. der Insekt. vom Bienen, &c. 4to. Frankf. a. M. 1791.

Harris, M. An Exposition of Engl. Insects, fol. Lond. 1781.

Fallen.

4to.

Specimen novam Hymenoptera Disp. Method. exhibens. Lundæ, 1814,

Klug, in Der Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin Magaz., vol. i. p. 2. 4. - Ditto, Vergleichung der Piezata Fab., und Hymenoptera Jurine (in Illig. Mag., vol. vi.).

Saint Fargeau. Hist. Natur. des Insectes Hyménoptères, tom. i. Paris, 1836, 8vo. ; and in Encycl. Méthodique, tom. x. 4to.

Illiger, in Magazin der Entomol., vol. ii.; and in Hellwig's edition of Rossi.
Dahlbom. Exercitationes Hymenopterologicæ, part 1—5. Lund. 1831–33.
Clavis Novi Hymenopt. System. adject. Synops. Larvarum.

4to.

Ditto, Prodromus Hymenopt. Scandinav. Zetterstedt. Insecta Lapponica, small fol. 1837.

Lund. 1836.

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Ditto, Lund. 1835,

Bulletin Moscow, tom. ix. p. 431. Description d'Hyménopt. tant nouveaux que

connus.

Latreille. Nouv. Observ. sur la manière dont plusieurs Ins. Hyménoptères pourvoient à la Subsistance de leur Postérité, in Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 1809, tom. xiv.

Savigny. Description de l'Egypte.

Say. North American Hymenoptera, in the Contributions of the Maclurian LyDitto, in the Journal of the Natural History Ditto, in Godman's Western Reporter, 1823. by Klug).

Waltl.

ceum, vol. i. Jan. 1829, p. 67.
Society of Boston, vol. ii. 1837.

Reise nach Tyrol. (Hymenopt.

Haliday, in Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xvii. (Description of American Hymenoptera.) Westwood, in Proceedings of Zool. Soc., April and May, 1835; and the general

works of Linnæus, Fabricius, De Geer, Rossi (ditto edit. by Illiger), Olivier (Encycl. Méth.), Walckenaer, Panzer, Schrank, Klug, Curtis, Stephens.

are generally accompanied by three minute simple ocelli, placed in a triangle, or curved line, upon the crown of the head. M. Dufour has described a species of Anoplius (Fam. Pompilida), having only a single ocellus (Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, tom. ii. p. 484.); and in the apterous females of certain genera they are entirely wanting. In a very few species, the eyes themselves appear also to be entirely wanting.

The antennæ are very variable in structure in the different groups; those of the males are generally much more developed than in the other sex, and often furnished with various appendages. The number of the joints varies very greatly in the aberrant tribes, or those furnished with an ovipositor; but, in the typical aculeate division, these organs are filiform, or setaceous and simple, and almost uniformly composed of thirteen joints in the males, and twelve in the females.

The mouth is composed of a membranous or leathery labrum; a pair of horny mandibles, a pair of long membranous or leathery maxillæ, each provided with an articulated palpus, varying in the number of its joints from one to six; and a lower lip, or tongue, having a basal mentum ; lateral palpi, also varying in the number of their joints from one to four, and occasionally with slender filaments, or paraglossa: this organ varies in length according to the size of the maxillæ, in the motions of which it participates. In many species the mandibles cannot be regarded as organs of manducation, being employed solely in the construction of the nest; the maxillæ, also, are unfitted for mastication, uniting with the lower lip and its appendages, to which they form a kind of sheath, and forming an elongated rostrum, of very complex construction, by which they collect their food, which consists of honey, and forming a passage to the entrance of the alimentary canal. This latter character may, indeed, as St. Fargeau suggests (Hist. Nat. Ins. Hymén., tom. i. p. 80.), be regarded as the most distinguishing trait of the order.

The body of these insects is covered with a hard scaly integument, the three portions of which it is composed being ordinarily distinct from each other.

The head is attached to the thorax by the narrowed part of the prothorax; it is generally transverse, and narrower than the thorax. The thorax generally forms an oval mass; the prothorax, to which the fore legs are attached, is of very small size, owing to the necessarily increased development of the other thoracic segments supporting

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