moths, and some of these seem so nearly related to Coronis, whilst Urania is in several respects so close to Agarista (in its larva, palpi, and antennæ), that I am induced to unite them into one family, a step which seems to be supported by the neuration of the wings. Even between Castnia and Urania, Mr. MacLeay has no doubt that there exists "some close kind of relation." (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 188.) How far their relation to the Anthrocerida by means of their transformations is to be considered as closer than to the Hesperiidæ, remains for future consideration. I cannot, however, but add that Urania appears in some respects to approach Erebus, especially in the palpi, and Mr. MacLeay notices the resemblance between the eggs of Urania and Catocala, to which last genus also Castnia must be allied. The antennæ are long, but never prismatic as in the Sphingidæ, nor terminated by a pencil of hairs, but are variable in form; in Urania they are slender, filiform, and gradually attenuated to the tip; in Coronis and Castnia, however, they are clavate at the tip; the maxillæ are elongated; the palpi are distinctly 3-jointed; in Urania and Agarista they are elongated, the second joint very compressed, and the third slender and naked; the fore tibiæ are spurred (fig. 103. 2.).

The accounts published of the transformations of Urania (Cydimon Dalm., Leilus Swains.) have varied considerably; Madame Merian having described a larva and imago from Surinam supposed to be those of Urania Leilus, the former armed with very long and strong spines as hard as iron wire. M. Sganzin, on the other hand, asserts that the larva of Urania Rhipheus (Thaliura Rh. Duncan, For. Butt. pl. 28.) is a semi-looper, and its chrysalis naked, suspended by the tail and girt round the centre. (Anomalie du g. Uranie par Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Franc. 1834, p. 248., and Nouv. Ann. du Mus. p. 260.) But the elaborate account published by Mr. MacLeay upon the habits and transformations of Urania Fernandinæ, proves that its larva (fig. 103. 1.) closely resembles that of Agarista, being cylindrical with long delicate setæ, and that the pupa as in that genus is enclosed in a cocoon, but of so lax a nature as to allow the inmate to be seen. Mr. MacLeay does not mention whether the chrysalis is attached by its tail as in the butterflies; but since his return from Cuba he has been so

I find that Fabricius had placed some of the Urania with Erebus, thus anticipating my supposition of this relation.

kind as to show me the cocoon, and to inform me that the chrysalis is loose. This chrysalis is of the conical form. The flight of Urania Fernandinæ is diurnal, and exceedingly swift, somewhat like that of Apatura Iris, sporting about the topmost branches of forest trees; and when it alights, its four wings are expanded horizontally, as represented by Mr. Swainson (Zool. Ill., n. ser., pl. 129.).

Agarista consists of New Holland insects, having much more the appearance of moths, but with filiform antennæ slightly thickened in the middle and terminated in a point. The transformations of A. Glycinæ have been figured by Lewin in his work on the Lepidoptera of that country (copied by Guérin, Icon. pl. 83., and Griffith's An. K. Ins. pl. 53.); its larva having considerable resemblance to that of Pygæra bucephala with slender hairs; its cocoon is elongated, attached to the twigs of the tree, somewhat like that of Anthrocera filipendulæ, but sufficiently open to allow the chrysalis to be seen through the meshes.

The transformations of Castnia and Coronis have not been observed; the former of these genera, according to Mr. Swainson (Zool. Ill. vol. iii. p. 149.), sits when at rest with its wings deflexed.

The third family ANTHROCERIDE† (Zygænides Latr.) comprises a rather numerous group of species of small or moderate size, distinguished by their brilliancy of colour and diurnal flight (fig. 103. 3. Anthrocera filipendulæ, fig. 103. 12. Ino Statices ), having the antennæ never terminated by a pencil of hairs, and either simple in both sexes and fusiform, or thickened near the middle, nearly setaceous, and pectinated in the males (fig. 103. 4. tip of antenna of Anth.

BIBLIOGR. REFER. TO THE ANTHROCerida.

Boisduval. Essai d'une Monogr. des Zygænides, 8vo. Paris, 1829.-Ditto, Hist. Nat. Lepidopt., pl. 14, 15, 16.

Fristhamel. Descript. de la Chimera funebris, in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1832. Notice sur l'Accouplement de deux Zygènes d'espèces différentes, in

Villiers.
Ditto.

†The name Zygæna having been preoccupied in Ichthyology, has been rejected by Mr. Stephens in favour of Scopoli's name Anthrocera; Mr. Stephens has nevertheless retained the family name Zyganida, which must evidently be thrown down. в в 2

); the

filipendulæ, fig. 103. 13. tip of antenna of Ino Statices head (fig. 103. 8. head of Anth. scabiosa) is furnished with a pair of ocelli behind the antennæ; the labial palpi are small, or but of moderate size, with the terminal joint distinct (fig. 103. 11. labium and lab. palpi of Anth. scabiosa); the maxillæ are greatly elongated (fig. 103. 8. 10.; fig. 103. 9. labrum and mandibles of Anth. scabiosæ after Savigny); the maxillary palpi are short and 3-jointed; the wings are always deflexed in repose, exhibiting in many species a number of denuded spots; the nervures are very numerous; the legs are long, with the posterior tibiæ furnished with four spurs (fig. 103. 5.); the abdomen is never terminated by a broad pencil of hairs.

The caterpillars (fig. 103. 6. larva of Anth. filipendulæ; 103. 14. that of Ino Statices) are sluggish creatures, of a cylindrical form, generally clothed with short hairs, without any spine at the hind part or the body; and considerably resemble those of several of the Bombycidæ. These caterpillars feed on various species of Leguminosa ; and, when full grown, construct a close cocoon of silk, which they attach to the stems of grass and low plants, out of the upper end of which the pupa partially works itself, as represented in fig. 103. 7., being the cocoon of Anth. filipendulæ. The pupae are of the ordinary conical form, without any angular prominences (fig. 103. 15. pupa of Ino Statices, after Lyonnet, in whose posthumous memoirs are contained memoirs upon Anthrocera and Ino). The larva of Procris Vitis is very destructive to the vine in Tuscany. (See Passerini, Memorie sopra due Specie d'Insetti nocivi; and Bull. Sci. Nat. Feb. 1831. See also Pallas, Travels in South Russia, vol. ii. p. 241., quoted by Kirby and Spence, Introd. vol. i. p. 206.) The larva of Aglaope infausta nearly resembles that of Anthrocera; but that of

Syntomis Phegea is much more hairy, resembling the caterpillars of some of the Arctiidæ, the hairs arising in bundles. (Guérin, Icon. R. An. pl. 84. b.; and Griff., An. K. Ins. pl. 120.) M. De Villiers has published an account of the circumstances connected with the coupling of two distinct species of the genus Anthrocera, whence some of the supposed species of this genus are considered to be hybrids. (Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, tom. i.) In their diurnal flight and fenestrated wings, these insects appear to approach the Ægeria; but the relation between them appears to be but remote, as does also their supposed affinity to the Pyralidæ, the various characters between the latter seeming to indicate no higher relation than one of analogy; for nothing can be more dissimilar than the slow, heavy flight of Zygæna and the active movements of the Pyralida. Some of the exotic species of this family are exceedingly beautiful in their colours; and those of the genera Glaucopis and Aglaope have the antennæ strongly bipectinated in both sexes. Latreille considers them as probably allied to Callimorpha amongst the nocturnal Lepidoptera.

The fourth family EGERIIDE*, or the Sesiades of Latreille, consists of a moderate number of very interesting insects, remarkable for their great resemblance to various Hymenoptera and Diptera, owing to the elongate form of the body, and the nakedness of the wings, which are more or less transparent in many of the species (fig. 104. 3. Trochilium bembeciforme ; 104. 6. Ægeria tipuliformis ). The antennæ are simple, fusiform, or thickened towards the tips, and generally terminated by a small pencil of hairs (fig. 104. 9. tip of antenna of Æg. tipuliformis; 104. 5. ditto of Troch. bembeciforme ). The ocelli are distinct, and the labial palpi elevated,

* BIBLIOGR. REFER. TO THE ÆGERIIDE.

Laspeyres. Sesiæ Europææ Iconibus, &c.
Newman. Sphinx Vespiformis, an Essay.

No. 1.

Berol. 1801. 4to.

London.

Ditto, in Entomol. Mag.,

Worth, upon an Insect very destructive to Peach Trees, Egeria exitiosa Say, in Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelph. Decemb. 1823, and Ferussac Bull. Jan.

1825.

Stephens. Hubner, Engramelle, Godart, Wood, &c.

with the second joint long and slender, and the last distinct, and pointed at the tip (fig. 104. 4. head of Trochilium; 7. ditto of Ægeria; 8. labial palpus of Egeria denuded). The spiral tongue varies in length, being not longer than the palpi in Trochilium; the legs are long, the posterior with very long spurs. In Trochilium, the posterior tibiæ are very thickly pilose. The abdomen is elongated, and generally terminated by a brush, capable of opening and closing at will. The wings are furnished with but comparatively few nervures.

The larvæ of these insects are fleshy grubs, of a cylindrical form, and with naked bodies destitute of a caudal horn. They have six pectoral, eight ventral, and two anal feet. They live in the interior of the branches or roots of trees, of the débris of which they construct a cocoon, or at least a partial one, in which they undergo their transformations to chrysalides, the abdominal segments of which are armed with transverse rows of recurved points, whereby the chrysalis is enabled to push itself through the cocoon, and half out of the hole in the stem, which the larva had previously made, having had the instinct to turn round in its burrow, so that the head of the pupa might be towards the orifice. Figure 104. 1. represents the larva, and 104. 2. the pupa of Trochil. bembeciforme (Crabroniformis Haworth), a species which lives upon the willow (Salix Caprea), the young wood of which it perforates occasionally to such an extent as to become a serious injury. (Bree, in Mag. Nat. Hist., n. s., vol. i. p. 19., and Loudon's Arb. Brit. p. 1482.; Lewin, in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. iii. tab. i. ; and Blomer, in Mag. Nat. Hist. No. 21.)

The larva of a curious American species, remarkable for the diversity of the sexes (Eg. exitiosa Say), is very destructive to peach trees in the United States. (Worth, ut suprà citat.)