forming a gutter for the reception of the abdomen. The palpi are porrected, with distinct joints (fig. 96. 2. represents the head of Pontia Rapæ, with the palpi opened, one of them being denuded in this figure; the minute labrum and mandibles are perceived above the base of the spiral maxillæ, the two large oval bases of which are attached to the head as well as the labium, from the sides of which the large labial palpi take their rise; fig. 96. 3. head of the same insect seen sideways; fig. 96. 4. tip of antennæ of ditto; 96. 5. ditto of Gonepteryx Rhamni); the fore legs are long and perfect, without the dilated spine (fig. 96. 6.); the ungues are bifid, often with a long pulvillus and a narrow hirsute appendage on each side (fig. 96. 7, 8. ungues, &c. of Pontia Brassica); the caterpillars are finely pubescent and attenuated at each end without any nuchal tentacle (fig. 96. 9. larva of Pontia Brassica; 96. 10. larva of Gonept. Rhamni); the chrysalides angular, slightly compressed, and terminated in a point at each extremity, so as in some species to assume the appearance of a curved canoe (fig. 96. 10. pupa of Pieris Cratægi; 96. 12. ditto of Gonepteryx Rhamni).

These insects, which include our common well-known white garden butterflies, never acquire the size, nor are they equal in beauty nor so varied in their colours, as the preceding subfamily; white, orange, and brimstone being their prevailing tints. The last-named insects are, however, occasionally very destructive, the larvæ feeding for the most part upon cruciferous plants, and especially attacking the garden species, stripping cabbages, &c. of their leaves. These species, which compose the genus Pontia of Stephens, are either extremely variable, or several species have been confounded together. Mr. Stephens has supported the latter opinion by various statements relative to the

period of the appearance, food, &c. of the different supposed species; and the subject has been and still continues to be discussed. (See Illustr. Haustell. vol. i. p. 17-24. 146.; Curtis, the Naturalist's Library; and various papers in the Mag. of Nat. Hist. by the Rev. W. T. Bree, vol. iii. p. 242.; Rennie, No. 8.)

Fig. 99. 1, 2, 3. (copied from Herold) represents the egg of Pontia Brassica, the young caterpillar in the position in which it is enclosed in the egg, and the same in the act of bursting forth from the egg, the covering of which is subsequently devoured by it.

Pieris Cratægi, the black-veined white, although so abundant and destructive on the Continent, as to have been called by Linnæus the pest of gardens, is of considerable rarity in this country. According to Godart its larvæ live in society under a silken web, in which they form small cases to secure themselves against the winter, and which they only quit at the arrival of spring, returning to it at night.

The males in the genus Colias exhibit a character overlooked by entomologists, which serves well to distinguish the species. It is a kind of glandular sac placed upon the anterior edge of the hind wings near their base. It is large in C. Edusa, small and lenticular in C. Myrmedone, and wanting in C. Hyale and Chrysothome, &c. (Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1836, p. xi.)

M. Rambur has published an account with figures of the transformations of the Spanish Pontia Eupheme (forming his genus Zegris), which differs from all the rest of this subfamily, and approaches the Dorites in having the chrysalis enclosed in a "réseau de soie assez fort." (Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1836, p. 576.)

The larva of the Indian Pontia Belisama (Horsf. Lep. Jav. pl. 4. f. 10.) is clothed with long slender hairs, thus differing from the rest of the family.

The second family, HELICONIIDE, including Boisduval's two tribes Danaides and Heliconides (fig. 97. 6. Heliconia Lycoides Bdv.), is distinguished from the former by the small size of the fore legs (fig. 97. 3. fore leg &,4. 9 of Euploa Plexippus Linn.), and from the following by the fore tarsi being articulated in the typical species. The tarsal ungues are large, entire or bifid, and with a long and generally bifid appendage on each side (fig. 97. 5. ungues of hind feet of Euploa Plexippus; 97. 11. ditto of Heliconia Callicopis). The

discoidal cell of the hind wings is always closed (fig. 97. 9. hind wing of Heliconia diaphana); the antennæ are slightly clavate (fig. 97.10. tip of antennæ of Heliconia); the palpi are short, and wide apart at the base (fig. 97. 7. head of Heliconia diaphana); the second joint being generally clothed with hairs directed upwards at its extremity (fig. 97. 8.); the wings vary in shape, but are often very long and narrow. The caterpillars are cylindrical and either spinose (fig. 97. 12. larva of Acræa Viola), or furnished with several pairs of long fleshy appendages; that of H. Euterpe is robust and depressed, with a series of long fleshy lobes; that of H. Calliope short and cylindrical, clothed with slender spines and tufts of hair. Those of H. Psidii are smooth, and that of H. Ricini is covered with very long white hairs. That of D. Plexippus Linn., Cramer, Say, and Peale (Lep. Americana, pl. 7. Archippus Smith and Abbot) is pale, with zebra-like marks, and two long retractile horns arising from the second and last segments of the body (fig. 97. 1.). The chrysalides, moreover, are only suspended by the tail; they are often ornamented with brilliant golden spots (fig. 97. 2. pupa of Danais Plexippus Linn.; 97. 13. pupa of Acræa Viola.)

These insects are much more varied in their colours than the Pierides, but cannot vie in splendour with the Nymphalidæ. They are entirely exotic, of a moderately large size. In many of the species the wings are but slightly covered with scales, and even in a very few species they are quite denuded (H. diaphana).

M. Lacordaire's observations upon such of these butterflies as inhabit French Guiana (Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1833) are very interesting. A curious circumstance has been recently published relative to one of the species Euploa (Danais) hamata MacLeay, an

inhabitant of New Holland, where it abounds to such an extent, that it is employed as an article of food by the natives, who call them Bugong, and collect them by bushels, and then bake them by placing them upon heated ground. (Bennett's Wanderings, vol. i. p. 265.; Kirby, Bridg. Treat. vol. ii. p. 350.)

form, and the whole of his Thysanuriform stirps, as well as Boisduval's families Nymphalides, Brassolides, Morphides, Satyrides, and Biblides, and probably also his Peridromides (Per. Arethusa Bdv. Hist. Nat. Ins. Lep. pl. 7. c. 5.; P. Amphinome Linn., Cramer, 54. E. F., South America), and Libythides +, is distinguished by the rudimental structure of the fore legs in both sexes (fig. 98. 4, 5, 6, 7.),

Although agreeing in the general characters of the imago with the Nymphalidæ, this genus has the chrysalis girt across the middle, like that of Papilio, according to Lacordaire. (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1833, p. 392.)

†The angulated outline of the wings and the structure of the tarsal ungues in the interesting genus Libythea correspond with those of the typical Nymphalidæ. The caterpillar, however, resembles that of Pieris, but the pupa is simply suspended by the tail; the females, also, according to Boisduval, have six feet, whilst the males have only four. The discoidal cell of the hind wings is described as open by Boisduval, but it is figured as closed in the new edition of the Règne Animal. (Ins. pl. 136. f. 1. e.) The great length of the palpi is not sufficient to raise it to the rank of a distinct family or tribe. This genus is therefore intermediate between the Nymphalidae and Eucheira socialis Westw., which, although having a simply suspended chrysalis, is furnished with six feet. It is, therefore, as an aberrant group of Nymphalidae that this latter genus ought probably to be ranged.

In the Argynnes, the fore legs of the female, although small, have the tarsi composed of five distinct joints, each armed with a pair of minute spines (fig. 98. 4. and 5. fore leg; 6 and 7. fore leg of Argynnis Paphia).

which are thickly covered with hair; the labial palpi are proportionably longer; the wings more robust; the posterior grooved to receive the abdomen, and with the discoidal cell either open, as in Apatura Iris (fig. 98. 11.), or closed by a slender nerve, as in Argynnis Aglaia (fig. 98. 10.); the tarsal ungues are entire, with a long entire or bifid appendage, and a long pulvillus (fig. 98. 8, 9. ungues of Argynnis Paphia, and 99. 4. ungues of middle legs of Vanessa).

The caterpillars are variable in form (fig. 98. 2. larva of Vanessa Polychloros; 98. 12. larva of Apatura Iris; 99. 5. larva of Hipparchia Typhon), and the chrysalis is simply suspended by the tail (fig. 98. 3. pupa of V. Polychloros; 98. 13. ditto of Apatura Iris). Many of the species are amongst the most beautifully varied in their markings and colours, whence the names of the Linnæan sections Nymphales, Ocellati, and Phalerati, and such English names as the peacock, painted lady, Camberwell beauty, and red Admirable butterflies. In many species, the under side of the wings is splendidly ornamented with numerous pearl or silvery spots. These have from this spotted appearance obtained the English name of Fritillaries, from the spotted flower of the same name. Others of them have the upper surface of the wings adorned with the most splendid silvery blue, belonging to the genus Morpho, which comprises also some of the largest of known butterflies. Others are of a changeable gloss of intense purple in the males (Apatura Iris, or the purple emperor). A very few species, also, have the hind wings produced into several tails, whence they were placed by Linnæus amongst his Equites (Charaxes Jason* Linn.). These two last-named groups have the head of the larvæ armed with strong horns, the body naked, and the tail furcate (fig. 98. 12.).

The species forming the genus Hipparchia (Satyrus Latr.; fig. 99. 7. Hipparchia Typhon; 8. head of ditto; 9. palpus of ditto denuded; 10. apex of antennæ; 11. base of hind wing) have the larva (fig. 99. 5. larva; 99. 6. pupa of H. Typhon) also distinguished by the latter character; they are, however, of a feeble construction in the imago

*M. Duponchel has published an interesting memoir on the transformations of this insect (Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1837), from which it appears that the mode in which its caterpillar undergoes its moultings differs materially from that of other butterflies, the head, from its peculiar form, being disengaged and cast off entire some time before the rest of the body is denuded: its transformations are also described and figured in the Fauna Regn. Napoli.