NOUN OR PRONOUN. MODIFICATION OF WORDS. A noun or pronoun may be modified 1. By a noun in apposition; as, George, the king 2. By an adjective; as, A tall mast. 3. By a prepesi on with its object (adjunct); as, A life of toil. 4. By a participe; as, The sun rising. 5. By a verb in he infinitive; as, A time to die. 6. By a relative clause; as, I, who speak with you. 7. Rarely by an adverb; as, Not my feet only. COMPOUND SENTENCES. VERB OR PARTICIPLE A verb or participle may be modified 1. By a noun in the objective case, if the verb is transitive; as, The 2. By a verb in the infinitive; as, with its object; 5. By an adjective; as, The wind blows fresh. Compound Sentence is made up of two or more simple sentence joined by connectives. CONNECTIVES are, 1. Conjuntions ; 2. Conjunctive Adverbs; 3. Relative words See Gram. § 112, or Parsing Book, pages 6. 7. NO UNS INDEPENDENT. Nouns which have no grammatical connection with he subject or predicate of a sentence, are said to be independent; as. O virtue! ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES. A Sentence may be analyzed by dividing it into the parts of which it is composed, and explaining their relations. 1. Divide the sentence into its two general parts, viz: the Subject or Modified Subject, the Predicate or Modified Predicate. 2. Explain the mutual relations, and point out the office of every word which has any modifying influence. PREFACE. THE selections which compose the body of the following work are so arranged as to constitute a gradual course of Exercises in Analyzing and Parsing. The Rules of Syntax are taken from WELD'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR by permission of the Publishers, and to these rules, and also to the Grammar from which they are taken, references are occasionally made, to assist the learner in explaining idiomatic or difficult pas sages. As the extracts are from some of the most accomplished and approved writers, the Ornaments of style, Figures of Rhetoric and Scanning, may be profitably attended to by advanced classes. The book may be used by learners in almost any stage of attain. ment after the elementary principles of Grammar are understood The work is designed to take the place of Pope's Essay, Thomson's Seasons, Young's Night Thoughts, and other entire poems, which are used as parsing books in Schools. A variety in the selections, it is believed, will be more profitable and interesting to the learner than any single work can be, which exhibits no gradation nstv's, and the peculiarities of one writer only. A. H. W. RULES OF SYNTAX. 1. Syntax treats of sentences, and teaches the propes construction of words in forming them. CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. Sentences are of four kinds, declaratory, imperative, in terrogative and conditional. A declaratory sentence is one in which any thing is simply affirmed or denied of a subject; as, Time flies; he will not understand. An imperative sentence is one in which a command is expressed; as, Buy the truth, and sell it not. An interrogative sentence is one in which a question is asked; as, Who hath believed our report? A conditional sentence is one in which something contingent or hypothetical is expressed; as, If it rains; though he slay me. Sentences are either simple or compound. A simple sentence consists of but one proposition; a compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences. The simple propositions which make up a compouna sentence, are called clauses or members. The leading clause is one on which the other member lepend. A dependent clause is one which makes complete sens only in connection with another clause. SIMPLE SENTENCES. A simple sentence contains only one subject or no inative, and one predicate. The parts of a simple sentence are termed subject and predicate. The subject of a sentence denotes that of which some thing is asserted. The predicate expresses that which is asserted of the subject. The subject restricted or qualified by other words i termed the modified subject. The predicate limited or modified by other words is termed the modified predicate. EXAMPLES. The south wind blows softly, is a simple sentence. BLOWS is the predicate modified by "softly." BLOWS softly is the modified predicate. A gentle breeze blows from the south. A gentle breeze is the modified subject. Blows from the south is the modified predicate. From the south is an adjunct of the predicate "blows." NOTE. An adjunct is two or more words joined to some other word to modif its meaning. It is generally a preposition with the word following it. COMPOUND SENTENCES. 1. A compound sentence consists of two or more sim ple sentences. 2. The simple sentences which compose a compound sentence are called clauses. EXAMPLES. The wind subsides and the clouds disperse. The wind subsides, is a simple sentence, or clause. The clouds disperse, is another simple sentence, or clause. conjunction and connects them. The Together they make a compound sentence. Metellus conquered Jugurtha and took his elephants. What kind of a sentence is this? Why? Point out the simple sentences or clauses which compose it. Which is the connecting word? CONNECTIVES.* The clauses of a compound sentence are connected by Conjunctions, Adverbs and Relatives. 1. BY CONJUNCTIONS. EXAMPLES. Point out the conjunctions in the following examples, and show what they connect. True valor protects the feeble, and humbles the oppres sor. Is this sentence simple or compound? Of how many clauses is it composed? What word connects these clauses? High seasoned food vitiates the palate, and occasions a disrelish for plain fare. The desert shall rejoice, and the wilderness shall blos Disappointment sinks the heart; but the renewal of hope gives consolation. His vices have weakened his mind, and broken his health. I know not whether Charles was the author, but I understood it to be him. In the last sentence, there are three clauses or simple sentences. 1. I know not. 2. Charles was the author. 3. I understood it to be kim. The first two are connected by whether. The 2d and 3d by but If you would please to employ your thoughts on that *Particular attention should be given to the subject of connec tives; a neglect of which makes parsing a mere mechanical exer cise. |