The loads or veins of metal were by this action of the departing water made easy to be found out by the shoads, or trains of metallick fragments borne off from them, and lying in trains from those veins towards the sea, in the same course that water falling thence would take. Id.

SHOAD-STONES, a term used by the miners of Cornwall and other parts of England, to express such loose masses of stones as are usually found about the entrances into mines, sometimes running in a straight course from the load or vein of ore to the surface of the earth. These are stones of the common kinds, appearing to have been pieces broken from the strata or larger masses; but they usually contain mundic, or marcasitic matter, and more or less of the orb to be found in the mine. They appear to have been at some time rolled about in water, their corners being broken off, and their surface smoothed and rounded. The antimony mines in Cornwall are always easily discovered by the shoad-stones, these usually lying up to the surface or very nearly so; and the matter of the stone being a white spar, or debased crystal, in which the native color of the ore, which is a shining bluish-black, easily discovers itself in streaks and threads. Shoadstones are of so many kinds, and of such various appearances, that it is not easy to describe or know them but the miners, to whom they are of the greatest use in tracing or searching after new mines, distinguish them from other stones by their weight; for if very ponderous, though they look ever so much like common stones, there is great reason to suspect that they contain some

metal. Another mark of them is their being spongy and porous; this is a sign of especial use in the tin countries; for the tin shoad-stones are often so porous and spongy that they resemble large bodies thoroughly calcined. There are many other appearances of tin shoads, the hardest and firmest stones often containing very this metal. When the miners, in tracing a shoad up hill, meet with such odd stones and earths that they know not well what to make of them, they have recourse to vanning, that is, they calcine and powder the stone, clay, or whatever else is supposed to contain the metal; and then washing it in an instrument prepared for that purpose, and called a vanning shovel, they find the earthy matter washed away, and of the remainder the stony or gravelly matter lies behind, and the metalline matter at the point of the shovel. If the person who performs this operation has any judgment, he not only easily discovers what the metal is that is contained in the shoad, but also will make a very probable guess at what quantity the mine is likely to yield of it in proportion to the ore.

SHOAL, n. s., v. n., & Į Sax. rcole; Belg. SHOAL'Y, adj. [adj. S school, of Goth. kule, full. A crowd; a great multitude; a throng: hence a number of shelving rocks; a sand-bank; shallow sea: as a verb neuter, to crowd; throng: be or grow shallow: the adjective corresponding. A league is made against such routes and shoals of people as have utterly degenerated from nature.

Bacon.

Dryden. Id.

He heaves them off the sholes. The depth of your pond should be six foot; and on the sides some sholes for the fish to lay their Mortimer. spawn. God hath the command of famine, whereby he could have carried them off by shoals. Woodward.

Around the goddess roll Broad hats, and hoods, and caps, sable shoal; Thick, and more thick, the black blockade extends. Pope.

SHOAL, in sea language, is the same as shallow, and is applied to flats in the water. They say it is good shoaling, when a ship sailing towards shore, they find by her founding it grows shallower and shallower by degrees, and not too suddenly; for then the ship goes in safety.

SHOALNESS, a low point on the north-west coast of North America. Captain Cook thus describes the character of the natives :- While we lay here, twenty-seven men of the country, This brought on a traffic between them and our each in a canoe, came off to the ships, which they approached with great caution, hallooing and opening their arms as they advanced. This, we understand, was to express their pacific intentions. At length some approached near enough to receive a few trifles that were thrown to them. people, who got dresses of skins, bows, arrows, darts, wooden vessels, &c.; our visitors taking in exchange whatever was offered them. They seemed to be the same kind of people that we had lately met with along this coast; wore the same ornaments in their lips and noses, but were far more dirty and not so well clothed. They appeared to be wholly unacquainted with people like us; knew not even the use of tobacco; nor was any foreign article seen in their possession, unless a knife may be considered as such. This indeed was no more than a piece of common iron fitted into a wooden handle. They, however, knew the value and use of this instrument so well that it seemed to be the only article they wished for. Most of them had their hair shaved of cut short off, leaving only a few locks behind, or on one side. As a covering for the head they wore a hood of skins, and a bonnet apparently of wood. One part of their dress was a kind of girdle, very neatly made of skin, with trappings depending from it, and passing between the legs, so as to conceal the adjoining parts. By the use of such a girdle, it should seem that they sometimes go naked, even in this high latitude; for they hardly wear it under their own clothing. The canoes were made of skins, like all the others we had lately seen; except that these were broader, and the hole in which the man sits was wider than in any I had before met with.' Long. 198° 12′ E., lat. 60° N.

SHOALS, ISLES OF, or Smith's Islands, seven islands on the coast of New Hampshire, eleven miles south-east of Portsmouth. Long. 70° 33′ W., lat. 42° 59' N. Staten Island, on which is the town of Gosport, belongs to New Hamp shire; the rest to Maine. They are inhabited by about 100 fishermen.

SHOAL-WATER BAY, a bay on the east coast of New Holland, visited by captain_Flinders in 1802, who says that it offers no advantages to ships which may not be had on any other part of the coast, except that the tides rise higher, and that in the winter season fish are more plentiful. Long. of Aken's Island, situated at its entrance, 150° 15′ E., lat. 22° 21′ 35′′ S.

SHOAL-WATER BAY, a bay on the west coast of North America. Long. 124° 10′ W., lat. 46° 50' N.

SHOCK, n. s., v. a., & v. n. Saxon rcæoc; Fr. choc; Belg. schocken. Conflict; mutual impression of violence; concussion; offence; a pile of corn thrown together; a rough dog: as a verb active, to shake by violence; offend; disgust as a verb neuter, to meet with violence; be offensive: pile corn in sheaves.

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Shakspeare. King John.
Thro' the shock

Of fighting elements, on all sides round
Environed, wins his way.

Milton.

stood the shock of an eternal duration without corIt is inconceptible how any such man, that hath ruption or alteration, should after be corrupted or altered. Judge Hale. Supposing verses are never so beautiful, yet, if they contain any thing that shocks religion or good manners, they are

Versus inopes rerum, nugæque canora. Dryden. Those that run away are in more danger than the others that stand the shock. L'Estrange.

I would fain know why a shock and a hound are not distinct species. Locke.

Such is the haughty man; his tow'ring soul, "Midst all the shocks and injuries of fortune, Rises superior, and looks down on Cæsar.

Addison.

take in female conversations, is very shocking to the The French humour, in regard of the liberties they Italians, who are naturally jealous.

Id. Remarks on Italy.

Philips.

Fewer shocks a statesman gives his friend. Young. Julian, who loved each sober mind to shock, Who laugh'd at God, and offered to a cock. Harte. SHOE, n. s. & v. a.,' SHOE BOY, SHOE INGHORN, SHOE'MAKER, SHOE TYE.

[Plural shoes, an ciently shoon, pret. and pass. part. shod.] Sax. rceo, reoe; Belgic schoe; Goth. sko. The cover of the foot, of horses as well as men: to fit with a shoe or shoes; cover at the bottom: a shoe-boy is the boy who cleans and has the care of shoes shoeing-horn, a horn used to put on shoes: hence a low tool of any kind: the other compounds are plain.

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Strong axletree'd cart that is clouted and shod. Tusser.

Your hose should be ungartered, your shoe un

careless desolation.

Shakspeare.

Spare none but such as go in clouted shoon, For they are thrifty honest men. Id. Henry VI. The smith's note for shoeing and ploughing irons. Shakspeare. The wheel composed of cricket's bones, And daintily made for the nonce, For fear of rattling on the stones, With thistle down they shod it. Madam, I do, as is my duty, Honour the shadow of your shoetye. Hudibras. I was in pain, pulled off my shoe, and some ease Temple. that gave me.

Drayton.

This hollow cylinder is fitted with a sucker, upon which is nailed a good thick piece of tanned shoeleather. Boyle. Unknown, and like esteemed, and the dull swain Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon, And yet more medicinal than that moly That Hermes once to wise Ulysses gave; He called it hæmony.

Milton.

I have been an arrant shoeing-horn for above these twenty years. I served my mistress in that capacity above five of the number before she was shod. Though she had many who made their applications to her, I always thought myself the best shoe in her shop. Spectator. If I employ a shoeboy, is it in view to his advantage, or my own convenience? Swift. Tell your master that the horses want shoeing.

SHOES, among the Jews, were made of leather, linen, rush, or wood; those of soldiers were sometimes of brass or iron. They were tied with thongs which passed under the soles of the feet. To put off their shoes was an act of veneration; it was also a sign of mourning and humiliation: to bear one's shoes, or to untie the latchets of them, was considered as the meanest service. Among the Greeks shoes of various kinds were used. Sandals were worn by women of distinction. The Lacædemonians wore red shoes. The Grecian shoes generally reached to the middle of the leg. The Romans used two kinds of shoes; the calceus, which covered the whole foot somewhat like our shoes, and was tied above with latchets or strings; and the solea or slipper, which covered only the sole of the foot, and was fastened with leathern thongs. The calceus was always worn along with the toga when a person went abroad; slippers were put on during a journey and at feasts, but it was reckoned effeminate to appear in public with them. Black shoes were worn by the citizens of ordinary rank, and white ones by the women. Red shoes were sometimes worn by the ladies, and purple ones by the coxcombs of the other sex. Red shoes were put on by the chief magistrates of Rome on days of ceremony and triumphs. The shoes of senators, patricians, and their children, had a crescent upon them, which served for a buckle; these were called calcei lunati. Slaves wore no shoes: hence they were called cretati, from their dusty feet. Phocion also and Cato Uticensis went without shoes. The toes of the Roman shoes were turned up in the point; hence they were called calcei rostrati, repandi, &c. In the ninth and tenth centuries the greatest princes of Europe wore wooden shoes, or the upper part

of leather and the sole of wood. In the reign of William Rufus, a great beau, Robert, surnamed the horned, used shoes with long sharp points, stuffed with tow, and twisted like a ram's horn. It is said the clergy, being highly offended, declaimed against the long-pointed shoes with great vehemence. The points, however, continued to increase, till in the reign of Richard II. they were of so enormous a length that they were tied to the knees with chains sometimes of gold, sometimes of silver. The upper parts of these shoes in Chaucer's time were cut in imitation of a church window. The long pointed shoes were called crackowes, and continued in fashion for three centuries in spite of the bulls of popes, the decrees of councils, and the declamations of the clergy. At length the parliament of England interposed by an act, A. D. 1463, prohibiting the use of shoes or boots with pikes exceeding two inches in length, and prohibiting all shoemakers from making shoes or boots with longer pikes under severe penalties. But even this was not sufficient: it was necessary to denounce the dreadful sentence of excommunication against all who wore shoes or boots with points longer than two inches. The present fashion of shoes was introduced in 1633; the buckle was not used till 1670. In Norway they use shoes of a particular construction, consisting of two pieces, and without heels; in which the upper leather fits close to the foot, the sole being joined to it by many plaits or folds. The shoes or slippers of the Japanese, as we are informed by professor Thunberg, are made of rice straw woven, but sometimes, for people of distinction, of fine slips of ratan. The shoe consists of a sole without upper leather or hind piece; forwards it is crossed by a strap of the thickness of one's finger, which is lined with linen; from the tip of the shoe to the strap a cylindrical string is carried, which passes between the great and second toe, and keeps the shoe fast on the foot. As these shoes have no hind piece, they make a noise when people walk in them, like slippers. When the Japanese travel, their shoes are furnished with three strings made of twisted straw, with which they are tied to the legs and feet, to prevent them from falling off. Some people carry one or more pairs of shoes with them on their journeys, in order to put on new, when the old ones are worn out. When it rains, or the roads are very dirty, these shoes are soon wetted through, and one continually sees a great number of worn out shoes lying on the roads, especially near the brooks, where travellers have changed their shoes after washing their feet. Instead of these, in rainy or dirty weather, they wear high wooden clogs, which underneath are hollowed out in the middle, and at top have a band across like a stirrup, and a string for the great toe; so that they can walk without soiling their feet. Some of them have their straw shoes fastened to these wooden clogs. The Japanese never enter their houses with their shoes on; but leave them in the entry, or place them on the bench near the door, and thus are always barefooted in their houses, so as not to dirty their neat mats. During the time that the Dutch live at Japan, when they are sometimes under an obligation of paying visits at the houses of the

Japanese, their own rooms at the factory being likewise covered with mats of this kind, they wear, instead of the usual shoes, red, green, or black slippers, which on entering the house they pull off: however, they have stockings on, and shoes made of cotton stuff with buckles in them, which shoes are made at Japan, and can be washed when dirty. Some have them of black satin, to avoid washing them.

SHOES. For a method of making shoes by rivetting, instead of sewing, a patent was taken out in 1809 by Mr. David Mead Randolph, an American. In his specification, he describes that the rivetting, which he proposes to substitute for sewing, is only applicable to the soles and heels of boots or shoes, all the other parts being made in the usual manner. The last which is used for this method is the only implement which demands a particular description. It is first made in wood, of the same figure as the common last, and adjusted in the usual manner to the size and shape of the shoe which is intended to be made or put together upon it. The lower part or sole of the last is then covered with a plate of iron or steel, about the same thickness as a stout sole leather this plate, being formed to the exact shape which is desired, is fastened down upon the wood by screws or rivets. The iron plate has three circular holes made through it, one at the toe, another about half way between the toe and the heel, and a third at the heel the holes are about an inch in diameter, and being filled up with wooden plugs, and cut down even with the surface of the iron, they will admit the points of temporary nails to be driven through the leather sole to penetrate into the wood, and fix the sole upon the last whilst the work goes on. The making of the shoe is conducted in the usual manner, until it is ready for putting on the last. To do this, the inner sole is put upon the iron sole of the last; then the upper-leathers are put upon the opposite part, and the edges of the leather are turned down over the edges of the inner sole: the outer sole is then applied over the turning-down, and fastened in a temporary manner upon the last, by driving one or two nails, through both soles, into the wooden plugs before mentioned, which fill up the holes in the iron face of the last. Now, to unite the two soles to the upper-leathers, holes are pierced all round the edges of the sole, and small nails are driven in, which are of sufficient length to penetrate through the sole and the turning-in of the upperleathers, and also through the inner sole, so as to reach the metal face of the last, and, being forcibly driven, their points will be turned by the iron, so as to clench withinside, or rivet through the leather, and serve instead of the sewing or stitching commonly employed to unite the sole to the upper-leathers.

Mr. Brunel's machines for making shoes are an improvement of the above plan. He established, not long since, at Battersea an extensive manufactory, chiefly intended to supply the army with this article, where all the operations were performed by the aid of machines, which act with such facility that they can be managed by the invalid soldiers of Chelsea Hospital, the only workmen employed, and most of them disabled by wounds, or the loss of their legs, from any

other employment. Of the shoes made by these machines, the upper-leathers are the same as those of any other shoes, and consist of three pieces; viz. the vamp, or part which covers the upper part of the foot, and the two quarters which surround the heel, and are sewed together behind it; they are also sewed to the vamp at about the middle of the length of the shoe. The sole part of the shoe is composed of the real or lower sole, with its welt, the heel, and the inner or upper sole. The lower sole has an additional border, which is called the runner, or welt, fixed upon its upper side, all round the edge, by a row of rivets, so that it makes a double thickness to the sole towards the edge; but this additional piece is only of small width from the outside of the sole inwards, and gradually diminishes away in thickness to nothing, as it recedes from the edge of the sole, so that the middle part of the sole is only of the same thickness as the single leather. The upper-leathers are made sufficiently large to turn in, all round, beneath the foot, under the edge of the inner sole, for about three-quarters of an inch wide, and the outer sole, reinforced by the welt, is applied beneath, so that the turning-in is included between the two soles; that is, it is included between the edge of the inner sole and the welt, or extra thickness which surrounds the lower sole. To hold the shoe together, a row of rivets is put through the sole, all round the edge, and they are of sufficient length to pass through all the four thicknesses; viz. the lower sole, the welt, the upper-leathers (where they are turned in), and also through the inner sole; and these rivets, being made fast, unite the parts of the shoe together in a much firmer manner than sewing. The rivets have no heads, but are made tapering, and the largest ends are on the outside of the sole, which prevents them from drawing through; and at the same time the strength of the rivetting will not be materially impaired by the gradual wearing away of the sole leather.

These rivets prevent the wear in a very great degree, and for this reason there is a greater number of rivets put into the sole than merely those which hold the shoe together. The different nails are, first, the short nails, or rivets, which only penetrate through the single thickness of the lower sole; these are arranged in parallel rows across the tread of the foot, that is, about two-thirds of the length from the heel; there is likewise a double row of short nails, which is carried round parallel to the outline of the toe, at about three-quarters of an inch from the edge, and extends as far as the middle of the foot. Next the tacking nails, which are of a sufficient length to reach through both the sole and the welt, and thus fix the two together: of these, there is a row all round the edge of the foot, nearer to the edge than the row of short nails before mentioned. Lastly, the long nails, which, as before described, fasten the shoe together: these form also a complete row round the edge of the whole shoe, and nearer to the edge than any of the preceding rows. The heel is also fastened on by a row of long nails round its circumference. The heads or thick ends of all these nails appear on the lower surface of the sole, and all contribute to preserve the leather