STRUCTURAL WORKS, Justice may direct, when required for abatement of nuisance, iii. s. 16. appeal against order for, iii. s. 16. notice of, to be served on owner, x. s. 21. when required under Artizans and Lab. Dwellings Act, xiii. ss. 5-seq. SUBJACENT DISTRICT, use of sewer of, for outfall of district above it, xx. s. 25. SUMMONS, under N. R. Act, 1855, service of, iii. s. 31. form of, iii. s. 41; Sched. Form D. for non-payment of costs, penalties, &c., iii. s. 20; Sched. Form H. in respect of same nuisance, several persons may be included in one, iii. s. 33. SUPERIOR COURTS, reference to, at option of party summoned for nuisance, iii. s. 28. S. A. may direct proceedings to be taken in, iii. s. 30. SURCHARGE by auditor, xvii. s. 12; xx. s. 49. auditor to state reasons for, xvii. s. 12. removable into Queen's Bench, by certiorari, xvii. s. 12. auditor may defend, at cost of rates, xvii. s. 12. person aggrieved by may appeal to L. G. B., xvii. s. 12. SURVEYOR, to make and cleanse ditches, &c., iii. s. 21. TAXATION (see RATES). TENANCY, determination of, under Art. & Lab. Dwellings Act, xiii. s. 21. TOWN COMMISSIONERS, in towns of more than 6,000 inhabitants, to be U. S. A., xx. s. 3. TOWN COUNCIL, in towns corporate, to be U. S. A., xx. s. 3. TOWNSHIPS having Commissioners under Local Acts, constituted U. S. Districts, xx. s. 3. TRADE, BOARD OF, powers of under Alkali Act, to be transferred to L. G. B., xx. s. 34. TRADES (see MANUFACTORY). UNITED DISTRICTS (see SANITARY DISTRICTS, UNITED). VACCINATION (see LIST OF STATUTES). of child under 14 years of age, Justices may make order for, xx. s. 58. VENTILATION of Lodging Houses, S. A. may make regulations as to, x. s. 35; XX. s. 51. VESSELS, description of, within provisions of Quarantine Act, x. s. 52. WARRANT, to search for unsound food, justice may grant, xx. s. 57. WARRANT OF DISTRESS under N. R. Act, 1855, sec. 20, form of, iii. Sched. Form K. WATER (see WATER SUPPLY). WATERCLOSET (see ASHPIT). WATERCOURSE (see STREAM). WATER MILL, S. A. may purchase, x. s. 28. WATER SUPPLY, S. A. may provide, for district, i. s. 75; x. s. 11. may be constantly laid on at high pressure, i. s. 75. power of S. A. to carry water mains through district, iv. s. 52. to public baths or for trading purposes, i. s. 77. agreements for, vi. s. 20. to houses, i. s. 76; iv. s. 51. to houses, expenses of, x. s. 50. (see PRIVATE IMPROVEMENT EXPENSES). WATER WORKS, S. A. may erect, or contract with owners of, i. s. 75. owners of may sell to S. A., i. s. 75. S. A. not to construct, if owners of willing to supply water upon terms, i. s. 75. construction and maintenance of, by S. A., i. s. 78. injury to, penalty for, i. 79. pollution of, i. s. 80; v. s. 8. pollution of by gas washings, i. s. 80; iii. s. 23-25. WELLS (see PUMPS, etc.). WORKS (see SEWAGE, WATERWORKS, STRUCTURAL WORKS). CHAPTER V. VITAL STATISTICS-SCIENCE OF STATISTICS. Meaning of the term Vital Statistics.-Principle on which Vital Statistics are based.-Their Uses.-Method of framing Statistics.— Calculation of Percentages.-Means.—Arithmetical Mean or Average.— Calculation of Means and Averages.-Method by Successive Means.Determination of Annual and Percentage Ratios from Quarterly and Weekly Registrations.-Comparison of Statistics relating periods in the same place.-Comparison of Statistics in different places.-Diagrammatic representation of Statistical Data.-Registration of Disease.-Law of the duration of Sickness. various VITAL STATISTICS may be defined as that branch of Statistical Science which has for its object the discovery of the laws which govern the physical condition of mankind-an object to be attained by the elucidation of the different problems connected with the beginning, progress, and end of the life of man-in this case regarded, not as an individual, but as a species. The manner of his birth and death is investigated, and, in a still more extended sense, the term includes the consideration of all that relates to the development of man-his height, weight, and strength, the influence of external circumstances upon him, etc., at various periods of his life. The subject-matter of vital statistics, like that of statistics in general, consists in a number of isolated facts, or numerical units (the term used by Dr. Parkes), all of the same nature, and comparable with one another, so as to admit of their addition and classification. The meaning attached to the word "Man" in this definition should be remembered, for it is only by a correct appreciation of its significance that we shall be able to comprehend the great principle which underlies the science of vital statistics. General laws are to be discovered by the study of phenomena extending over a large number of instances, and in the same way, by studying man in the abstract, we arrive at results which have all the force and all the characters of general laws. In the words of the illustrious M. Önergier. “We must, before all, lose sight of man taken by Linsel, and consider him only as a fraction of the species. Ir spinning him of his individuality, we shall eliminate all ta, a merely accidental; and the individual peculiarities Vlad trees Früe or no effect on the mass will be effaced a themselves anì permit us to lay hold on general results." Ir ausagnoner of this generalisation in the laws which mar të man, those laws cease to be applicable in individual NA BIT PHe only for society at large. As Dr. Russell Korea, sweating of statistics in his "Address in Medicine," Xenot meeting of the British Medical Association,? * 8 *on complex in each individual for the entre d' mary general laws; and, least of all, for the astasie se of those which are derived from a mere regard Se will serve to illustrate this principle of generalidos inquiries. The length of a single life cannot be made a auga los depended on. Yet by a consideration of a great we obtain a constant quantity-the expectation of lifethe both as to enable us to found a system of life ace, and by doing this to confer an inestimable end our fellow-creatures. Or to give another inde purely voluntary, and most inconstant as are found to be subject to fixed and discoverable to nations or communities. Thus M. Quetelet, Me the remarkable constancy, as regards number, -staa 94 committed in France year by year, observes :ys with more regularity than that which he treasury of the State, is the one he pays to on of the human species! We can tell before sur le Développement des Facultés de Tome i. P. 95. Bruxelles : 1869. *NK P. 204. |