deals only with the United Kingdom proper-England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland :

Mr. James Lewis,1 to whom we are indebted for the foregoing statement, writes as follows:

"The present population of the kingdom (exclusive of the army, navy, and merchant seamen abroad) represents an increase since 1861 of 2,557,406 persons, which is equivalent to a rate of 8.8 per cent. in the ten years, and to a daily addition of 700 to the population.

"During the last decade England has added 2,646,042, or 13 per cent., to her population, and Scotland 297,724, or 9.7 per cent.; while Ireland counts 387,551, or 6.7 per cent., fewer inhabitants than she had in 1861. Had the circumstances of Ireland during the last ten years not differed from those of Great Britain, the population of the United Kingdom would now be about a million greater than it is. The Irish Census Commissioners speak of the period between 1861 and 1871 as one in which the country was remarkably free from any outbreak of pestilence, scarcity of food, or of the other social calamities which have occasionally retarded the growth of the population.' The decrease of population is accounted for by the very great emigration which has taken place, the emigrants of Irish origin having numbered 866,626 in the ten years. The causes of the continued decline of the Irish population are a profoundly interesting study, which will, no doubt, receive an impetus from the facts revealed by the Census: from 1801 to 1845 there was an unbroken chain of increase, while from that date to this the process of diminution has proceeded with equally unswerving steps."

1 Digest of the English Census of 1871. London: Edward Stanford. 1873.

England and Wales.-By the census of 1871, the population of England was ascertained to be 21,495,131; that of Wales to be 1,217,135. According to the same authority, the estimated population of England and Wales was 5,466,572 in 1651, and 6,335,840 in 1751, the increase in 100 years being, therefore, only 869,268. In the next 100 years, however, the increase was nearly 12,000,000, as shown in this Table:

:

"The closing years of the great French war and the early years of the long peace which succeeded were marked by a proportionately much more rapid growth of the population than any which has since been observed. Between 1821 and 1861 the increase went on, but the rate of increase was a decreasing one. Now, from whatever cause, not only have we an actual increase of numbers, but also an increase in the rate. It is probable that the disturbed state of affairs upon the Continent prior to, and at the time of the last Census, may have led to an unusually large influx of foreigners; and ultimately, when the various nationalities of the enumerated population have been ascertained, an estimate may be formed of the extent to which the exceptional increase above noted is due to circumstances of merely temporary operation. Defects in the registration of births and deaths and in the records of emigration, as well as the absence of any account of immigration, combine to baffle attempts to trace out the degree in which the growth of the population is dependent upon any one cause at a given period. Take, for example,

what may be called the natural increase, resulting from the excess of births over deaths. This excess amounted to 4,966,533 in the twenty years, 1851-70; and the addition of this number to the enumerated population in 1851 would give 22,894,142 as our present population, supposing neither emigration nor immigration had disturbed our natural growth. From the returns of the Emigration Commissioners, it appears that 1,290,058 persons of English origin emigrated during the twenty years, and thus our gain by excess of births is at once reduced to 3,676,475, which would give us a present population of 21,604,084, or less by 1,108,182 than the census shows we have. How this influx of 1,108,182 has arisen-how far it has been caused by births which have escaped registration, by the advent of foreigners, by the return of the emigrants of former years, and by the tendency of Irishmen and Scotchmen to settle in England-it is impossible, in the present state of our national statistics, to say. It is for the political economists who lament the increase of population, and who inculcate the necessity of adopting certain "checks" upon its further development, to explain how they would "check" this flood of immigration which helps so much to swell the numbers of our people. It seems hard, to say the least, that the natural home-supply should be checked while the foreign supply is permitted to go on at its pleasure."

cent.

"The annual rate of increase in the 70 years of this century was 1.35 per cent., the actual aggregate increase being 13,819,730, or 1.55 per The population of 1801 doubled its numbers in 1851; at the rate of increase prevailing in the last ten years, the population would double itself in 56 years, while the period of doubling deduced from the annual rates reigning during this century is 52 years."

Of the total population, 11,058,934 were males, and 11,653,332 were females, an excess of 594,308 in favour of the latter.

Scotland. The population by the census of 1871 was 3,360,018, including 1,603,143 males, and 1,756,875 females. Ireland. The population in 1871 was 5,402,729, being 396,208 less than the population in April, 1861. The sexes were 2,634,123 males and 2,768,636 females. In the ten years, 1861-1871, the population of Ireland decreased to the amount of 6.83 per cent.; from 1851 to 1861, the decrease was 11.79 per cent.; and from 1841 to 1851, it was 19.79 per cent., or very nearly one-fifth. These facts are embodied in the following Tables.

Decrease 1841 to 1851 Decrease, 1851 to 1861 Decrease, 1861 to 1871

The chief cause of the decrease of population in this country has been, undoubtedly, emigration. In the decenniad ending 1861 no fewer than 1,227,710 Irish-born persons emigrated from Ireland, and in the decenniad ending March 31, 1871, 819,903 Irish-born persons emigrated from the United Kingdom. Taking the increase of population by excess of births over deaths at the rate of 92 per cent. per annum, the population of Ireland in 1871 should have been about 6,297,275, had no disturbing cause intervened. The absence of any extensively prevailing and mortal pestilence, the comparative sufficiency of food, and the diminution in numbers of the pauper inhabitants of Workhouses, between 1851 and 1871, justify us in assigning emigration as the principal factor in determining the remarkable decrease in population already mentioned.

K

130

CHAPTER IX.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAN.

Development of the Physical Qualities of Man.-Height, Weight, Strength.-Lumbar Power.-Manual Power.

WE can in this chapter consider only the physical, as distinguished from the intellectual, development of man, and that too but briefly.

Height.-Principal J. D. Forbes, from a series of experiments made on English, Scotch, and Irish students, gives the height in inches, including shoes, at different ages, as follows:

:

Taking the mean of the heights at 24 years of age, we find the average height of the adult man to be slightly over 5 feet 9 inches, namely 69.2 inches.

Quetelet's conclusions on this subject are these :

:

I. The limits of growth in the two sexes are unequal, because (1) The female is smaller at birth than the male; (2) her full development is sooner reached; and (3) her yearly growth is less than that of the male.

II. The height of dwellers in cities exceeds by 2 or 3