The reigning sovereign is the Ameer Sayid Abdul Ahad, fourth son of the late Ameer, by a slave girl; born about 1860, educated in Russia, succeeded his father in 1885.

The modern State of Bokhara was founded by the Usbegs in the fifteenth century, after the power of the Golden Horde had been crushed by Tamurlane. The dynasty of Manguts, to which the present ruler belongs, dates from the end of the last century. Mir Muzaffar-ed-din in 1866 proclaimed a holy war against the Russians, who thereupon invaded his dominions, and forced him to sign a treaty ceding the territory now forming the Russian district of Syr Daria, to consent to the demand for a war indemnity, and to permit Russian trade. In 1873 a further treaty was signed, in virtue of which no foreigner was to be admitted to Bokhara without a Russian passport, and the State became practically a Russian dependency.

Ameers of Bokhara.-Sayid Ameer Hyder, 1799-1826; Mir Hussein, 1826; Mir Omir, 1826-27; Mir Nasrulla, 1827-60; Muzaffer-ed-din, 1860–85.

Area about 92,000 square miles, population about 2,500,000. Chief towns --Bokhara, 100,000; Karshi, 25,000; Khuzar, Shahr-i-Sabz, Hissar, 10,000; Charjui, Karakul, Kermine.

The religion is Mahomedan.

The Ameer has 20,000 troops, of which 4,000 are quartered in the city. A proportion of the troops are armed with Russian rifles and have been taught the Russian drill.

Bokhara produces corn, fruit, silk, tobacco, and hemp; and breeds goats, sheep, horses, and camels. The yearly produce of cotton is said to be about 32,000 tons, of silk 967 tons. Gold, salt, alum, and sulphur are the chief minerals found in the country.

The following figures show the trade of Bokhara in 1887 :

Imports. From Russia, 10,600,000 roubles; from Persia, 5,475,000 roubles; from Afghanistan and India, 600,000 roubles; total imports, 16,675,000 roubles.

Exports.-To Russia, 12,500,000 roubles; to Persia 2,120,000; to Afghanistan and India, 420,000 roubles; total exports, 15,040,000 roubles.

In 1890 the exports, Russian and native, from Bokhara to Afghanistan, are said to have been 3,944,568 roubles; the imports (largely Anglo-Indian) from Bokhara to Afghanistan 4,884,270 roubles.

The yearly imports of green tea, mostly from India, are said to amount to 1,125 tons. The imports from India also include indigo, Dacca muslins, drugs, shawls, and kincobs. Bokhara exports raw silk to India, the quantity exported in one year being estimated at 34 tons. The exports of cotton in 1888 were 122,000 bales. By the treaty of 1873 all merchandise belonging to Russian traders, whether imported or exported, pays a duty of 23 per cent. ad valorem. No other tax or import duty can be levied on Russian goods, which are also exempt from all transit duty. The Ameer has forbidden the import of spirituous liquors except for the use of the Russian Embassy.

The Russian Trans-Caspian Railway now runs through Bokhara from Charjui, on the Oxus, to a station within a few miles of the capital, and thence to Samarkand; the distance from Charjui to the Russian frontier station of Katti Kurghan being about 186 miles.

There is a telegraph line from Samarkand to Bokhara, the capital.

Russian paper roubles are current everywhere. The Bokhara silver tenga is valued at 5d.

Russian Political Resident, M. Lessar.

A Russian vassal State in Central Asia, lying between N. latitude 43° 40 and 41°, and E. longitude 58° and 61° 50'. Extreme length 200 miles; extreme breadth 140 miles; bounded on the north by the Aral Sea, on the east by the river Oxus, on the south and west by the Russian Trans-Caspian province.

Syed Mahomed Rahim Khan succeeded his father in 1865 as reigning sovereign; born about 1845.

Russian relations with the Khanate of Khiva-an Usbeg State, founded, like that of Bokhara, on the ruins of Tamurlane's Central Asian Empiredate from the beginning of the 18th century, when, according to Russian writers, the Khivan Khans first acknowledged the Czar's supremacy. In 1872, on the pretext that the Khivans had aided the rebellious Kirghiz, an expedition advanced to the capital, bombarded the fortifications, and compelled the Khan to sign a treaty which puts the Khanate under Russian control. A war indemnity of about 274,0007. was also exacted. This heavy obligation, still being liquidated by yearly instalments, has frequently involved the Khan in disputes with his subjects, and Russian troops have more than once crossed the frontier to afford him aid and support.

The Khans of Khiva have been Mohamed Rahim Khan, 1806-25; Alla Kuli Khan, 1825-42; Rahim Kuli Khan, 1842-45; Mohamed Arnin Khan, 1845-55; Abdulla Khan, 1855-56; Kutlugh Murad Khan, 1856; Seyid Mohamed Khan, 1856-65; Seyid Mohamed Rahim Khan, 1865.

Area, 22,320 square miles; population estimated at 700,000, including 400,000 nomad Turcomans. Chief towns-Khiva, 4,000-5,000; New Urgenj, 3,000; Hazar Asp, and Kungrad.

The religion is Mahomedan.

The annual production of silk is said to be about 48 tons; of cotton, about 8,064 tons.

The exports of cotton in 1888 were 57,000 bales.

BOOKS OF REFERENCE CONCERNING KHIVA.

Narrative of a Journey from Herat to Khiva, by Capt. J. Abbott. London, 1884.

A Ride to Khiva, by Colonel Burnaby. London, 1884.

The Shores of the Lake Aral, by Major Herbert Wood. London, 1876.
Reclus (E.), Nouvelle géographie universelle. L'Asie Russe.

1881.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Russia.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Russian.

Annual (Pamyatnaya Knijka) of the Ministry of the Navy for 1893. St. Petersburg, 1893. Annuals (Vremennik) of the Central Statistical Committee. St. Petersburg, 1878-92. Collection of Materials (Sbornik Svedeniy) for Russia for 1887 and 1888, published by the Central Statistical Committee. St. Petersburg, 1891.

The Year 1891 with Relation to Agriculture. Also The Year 1892. Published by the Department of Agriculture. St. Petersburg, 1892.

Published by the Statistical Depart

Materials for a Statistic to the Empire of Russia. ment of the Ministry of the Interior. 8. St. Petersburg, 1863-92:

Movement of Population in 1884; Prices on Land in 1882-87 ; The Zemstvos in 1886; Movement of Population in 1886; Crops of 1889 compared to those of 1883-87; Crops of 1891; &e. Statistics of the Landed Property and Inhabited Places of the Russian Empire, with maps, &c. Published by the Statistical Department. St. Petersburg, 1861-86.

Sketch of the Exterior Trade (Obzor vnyeshnei Torgovli) for 1891, and Exterior Trade on the European Frontier in 1892, published by the Ministry of Finances. St. Petersburg, 1893.

Statistical Annual (Vremennik) of Caucasus. Tiflis, 1893.

Statistical Materials published by the Provincial Statistical Committees.

Statistics (Svod Statisticheskikh Svedeniy) relative to the judicial institutions in 1887. St. Petersburg, 1892.

Yearly Report of the Caucasus Administration about the Schools in 1891. Tiflis, 1893.

Official Messenger, periodical published by the Ministry of Interior.

Vyestnik Finansof, periodical published by the Ministry of Finances.

Sbornik of Materials for the Description of Caucasus and its Inhabitants.

13th and 14th vols., published in 1892.

Tiflis;

Kaufmann (Dr.), Financial Statistics of Russia for 1862-84, published by the Central Statistical Committee. St. Petersburg, 1886.

I. Kaufmann. The value of paper money of Russia for the last 50 years (Vekselnyie Kursy Rossii), publ. in Vremennik of the Central Stat. Committee. St. Petersburg, 1892. The actual Income and Expenditure for 1886-91, in Off. Messenger and Vyestnik Finansof for 1892.

Statistical Reports (Sbornik) of the Ministry of Ways and Communications, vol. xxx. -xxxi. (Transport of Goods on Railways and Canals in 1891.) St. Petersburg, 1893. (With maps.) The Russian River Steamers in 1886. St. Petersburg, 1889.

Reports of the Medical Departinent for 1891. St. Petersburg, 1893.
Report of the Prison Administration for 1891. St. Petersburg, 1893.

A. Haspuan and Baron Nolcken, Law (Pologenie) of the New Organisation of Peasants' Tribunals in the Baltic Provinces, with a Suminary of Motives. Published by Ministry of Justice. St. Petersburg. 8. 2 vols. 1889.

Postal and Telegraph Statistics for 1890. St. Petersburg, 1893.

St. Petersburg,

Report of the Finances of the Zemstvos for 1871-80, 1881-83, 1886-87. 1884-90. Annual of the Zemstvos for 1888 (Zemskiy Ejegodnik). St. Petersburg, 1890. Institutions of the Navy (Svod morskikh Postanovleniy), 18 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1888. History of the Ministry of Domains for the Fifty Years of its Existence. St. Petersburg, 1887 Krivenko, Short Description of the Governmental Institutions of Russia. 2nd edit. St. Petersburg, 1889.

Materials (Svod Materialov) relative to the Economical Conditions of the Peasants of Transcaucasia. 5 vols. Tiflis, 1886-91.

Materials (Materialy) relative to the Economical Conditions of the Peasants and Indigenes of West Siberia. 18 parts. St. Petersburg, 1888-92.

Collections of Laws (Sbornik uzakoneniy) issued on July 12, 1889, on the Peasants' Insti. tutions and Justices of the Peace. Edited by the Ministry of Interior. St. Petersburg, 1890. Russian Mining Industry in 1890, published by the Mining Department. St. Petersburg, 1892 Memoirs and Bulletins of the Russian Geographical Society and its Branches in Caucasus and Siberia.

Historical Review (Istoricheskiy Obzor) of the Measures taken by Government for Food Supply in Russia. Vol. I. St. Petersburg, 1892. Edited by Ministry of Interior.

Collection of Materials (Sbornik Materialov) for the Description of the land and Inhabitants of Caucasus. Edited by the Ministry of Instruction. 17 vols. Tiflis, 1880-93.

French, English, &c.

Annuaire des finances russes: budget, crédit, commerce, chemins de fer. Par A. Vessélovsky, secrétaire du comité scientifique du ministère des finances. 8. St. Petersburg, 1891. Report on the Fair at Nishni Novgorod, in Deutsches Handels-Archiv for May 1892. Berlin.

The Industries, Manufactures, and Trade of Russia. Published by the Ministry of Finance for the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Editor of the English translation, J. M. Crawford, United States Consul-General to Russia. 5 vols. St. Petersburg, 1893.

The World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Catalogue of the Russian Section. lished by the Imperial Commission, Ministry of Finance, St. Petersburg, 1893.

Pub.

Statistik Arbok för Finland, utgifven af Statistiska Centralbyrån. 1891. Helsingfors, 1893. Hertslet (Sir Edward), Foreign Office List. Published annually. London, 1894. Grierson (Captain J. M.), Armed Strength of Russia (with two maps). London, 1886. Diplomatic and Consular Reports of the Foreign Office for 1892. London, 1893.

Trade of Russia with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1892.' Imp. 4. London, 1893.

S. Koulibine, Aperçu préliminaire de l'industrie minérale en 1890. St. Petersburg, 1892. Review (Obzor) of the Transcaspian Region in 1890. St. Petersburg, 1892.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Bär (K. E. von) and Helmersen (Gr. von), Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Russischen Reichs. 25 vols. 8. St. Petersburg, 1852-72.

Bezobrazof, Etudes sur l'économie nationale de la Russie en 1877-79. St. Petersburg, 1884. Brzeski, The Debts of the Russian Empire. St. Petersburg, 1884. (Russian.)

Chlebowski Slównik geograficzny Królewstwa Polskiego i innych krajów slowianskich. 12 vols. Warsaw, 1892.

Dosujkoff, Income from Custom Duties during the years 1822 to 1890. St. Petersburg, 1892. (Russian.)

Erdmann (Dr.), System des Privatrechts der Ostseeprovinzen. Bd. I. Riga, 1889.
Erman (Georg Adolf), Archiv für die wissenschaftliche Kunde Russlands.
Berlin, 1841-68.

Goremykin, Laws relative to the Peasantry issued since 1859. (Russian.)

Пliin (A.), Detailed Atlas of Russia, with plans of chief towns. (Russian.)

25 vols. 8.

St. Petersburg, 1891.

St. Petersburg, 1886.

Issaeff (A. A.), Emigration and its Importance for the Economy of the Russian Nation. St. Petersburg, 1891. (Russian.)

Paris, 1882.

Lansdell (H.), Russian Central Asia. London, 1885.
Leroy-Beaulieu (Anatole), L'empire des Tsars et les Russes. 2 vols.
Matthaei (Fr.), Die wirthschaftlichen Hülfsquellen Russlands. 2 vols.
Morfill (W. R.), Poland. In Story of the Nations Series. 8. London, 1893.

Leipzig, 1887.

Pauly (J. N.), Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie. 8. St. Petersburg, 1862 Raffalovich (Arthur), Les finances de la Russie depuis la dernière guerre d'Orient, 1876-83. Paris, 1883. Also articles in the Journal des Economistes.

Rambaud (Alfred), The History of Russia from its Origin to the year 1877. 2 vols. 8 London, 1879.

Reclus (Elisée), Géographie universelle. Tome V. L'Europe Scandinave et Russe, revised to date in 1885. VI. L'Asie Russe. Paris, 1880-81. And Appendix to the Russian translation, by MM. Beketoff, Bogdanoff, Woeikoff, and others. St. Petersburg, 1884. Röttger (Carl), Russische Revue. Monatsschrift für die Kunde Russlands. Petersburg, 1872-92.

8. St.

Roskoschny, Russland, Land und Leute. Leipzig, 1886; Die Wolga. Leipzig, 1887. 'Russkiy Kalendar,' published in December each year. Samson-Himmelstierna, Russia under Alexander III. 8. London, 1893.

[Translation from the German]

Semenoff (N. P.), The Emancipation of Peasants. Vol. I. St. Petersburg, 1889. Schuyler (Eugene), Turkestan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkestan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja. 2 vols. 8. London, 1876.

Semenof (P. P.), Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire. (Russian.) 5 vols. 8. St. Petersburg, 1863-84.

Stchapof (A.), The Intellectual Development of the Russian People. (Russian.) 8. Petersburg, 1870.

St.

Strelbitzky (M.), Superficies de l'Europe. St. Petersburg, 1882.
Thun, Industrie Central-Russlands.

London, 1877.

8. London, 1893.

Wallace (Mackenzie), Russia. 2 vols. 8. Wishaw (F. J.), Out of Doors in Tsarland. Yadrintsev, Siberia as a Colony. Second edition. St. Petersburg, 1892. (Russian.) Yanson, Comparative Statistics. Vol. II. St. Petersburg, 1880. Researches into the Allotments of Peasants. St. Petersburg, 1882. (Russian.)

St. Petersburg, 1888. (Russian.)

Ungern-Sternberg, Vine Culture in Crimea. S. M. Zhitkoff, Short Review of Russia's Water-communications. Published by the Engineering Institute. St. Petersburg, 1892. With maps. (Russian.)