The total revenue, according to the budget estimates for 1894, is 125,131,594 guilders, and the expenditure 139,099,200 guilders, showing a deficit of 13,967,606 guilders. The sources of revenue were stated as follows in the budget for the year 1894: Receipts in the Netherlands from sales of Government coffee (11,815,872 guilders), cinchona (138,600 guilders), tin (6,051,291 guilders), railways (965,000 guilders), share of the State in the profits of the Biliton Company (1,000,000 guilders), various (1,222,371 guilders), total Guilders 21,193,134 Receipts in India from sales of opium (17,779,000 guilders), import, export, and excise duties (13,639,000 guilders), land revenues (17,982,000 guilders), sales of coffee in Java, &c. (9,045,000 guilders), sales of salt (8,376,000 guilders), railways (8,400,500), from all other sources (28,716,960 guilders). 103,938,460 About one-third of the annual expenditure is for the army and navy, and another third for the general administration, both in Java and in the Netherlands. Defence. The army is purely colonial. At the end of 1891 the strength of the army was 1,385 officers and 33,403 sub-officers and soldiers, comprising 13,593 Europeans, 57 Africans, 2,336 Amboinese, and 17,417 natives. The number of horses was 1,232, of mules, 150. No portion of the regular army of the Netherlands is allowed to be sent on colonial service; but individual soldiers are at liberty to enlist, by permission of their commanding officers, and they form the nucleus of the army of Dutch India. The native and European soldiers are not divided into separate corps, but generally mixed together, though in separate companies in the same battalions. The artillery is composed of European gunners, with native riders, while the cavalry are Europeans and natives. The infantry, which is the most important branch of the army in Dutch India, is divided into field, garrison, and depôt battalions. Each battalion is composed of four companies, two companies consisting of European soldiers and two of natives, or one of Europeans and three of natives. The halfcastes' are on a footing of perfect equality with the Europeans. The whole of the commissioned officers are Europeans, with the exception of a few natives of high rank to whom honorary ranks are given; in each of the companies composed of natives, at least one-half of the non-commissioned officers must also be Europeans. A military academy is established at Meester Cornelis, near Batavia. Schools for soldiers are attached to every battalion. Unlike the army, which is purely colonial, the navy in Dutch India is partly colonial, partly belonging to the royal navy, and its expenses are therefore borne partly by the mother-country and partly by the colony. (See "Defence," mother-country.) The personnel in the Dutch Indies numbers 3,996 men, thus divided: 1,808 Europeans and 772 natives with the Indian marine (23 ships), 1,134 Europeans and 282 natives with the auxiliary squadron (4 ships). Production and Industry. The greater part of the soil of Java is claimed as Government property, and it is principally in the residencies in the western part of Java that there are private estates, chiefly owned by Europeans and by Chinese. The bulk of the people are agricultural labourers. The Government or private landowners can enforce one day's gratuitous work out of seven, or more, from all the labourers on their estates; in 1882 the greater part of these enforced services for the Government was abolished, in return for the payment of one guilder per head yearly. Great power is vested in the Resident and his European and native officials to enforce a strict adherence to all the laws regulating labour. The extent of the soil of Java and Madura regularly cultivated by the natives was, in 1891, 6,276,356 acres (12 acre = 1 bahu). From 1887-91 the increase of various cultures was as follows, in acres :- Year Rice Maize Arachis Various Sugar- Tobacco Indigo Cotton Total 42,659 8,516.218 52,767 8,369,189 1887 5,084 339 1,604,891 393, 219 1,056,945 107,957 182,654 | 43,554 1888 4,825,630 1,557,050 453,367 1,043,178 124,979 269,132 43,086 1889 4,810,974 1,711,227 385,045 1,033,070 124,386 194,243 42,278 28,572 8,329,795 1890 4,388,552 1,880,121 430,981 1,225,810 154,516 180,135 50,198 | 30,850 8,341,163 1891 4,406,566 1,704,340 460,346 1,069,694 157,797 208,428 49,392 33,939 8,090,502 Owing to the agrarian law' (1870), which has afforded opportunity to private energy for obtaining waste lands on hereditary lease (emphyteusis) for seventy-five years, private agriculture has greatly increased in recent years, as well in Java as in the Outposts. In 1891 were ceded in Java to 178 companies, 213,785 acres; to 374 Europeans, 332,214 acres; 41 Chinese, 27,027 acres; 2 Europeans and Chinese, 1,107 acres; 4 natives, 2,600 acres-total, 576,892 acres. Since 1816 no land in Java has been alienated by the GovernThe lands now the property of Europeans have an extent of 1,946, 455 acres, of Chinese, 762,349 acres, and of other foreign Orientals, 36,279 acres. The change from the Government culture of sugar to private culture is shown by the following table : ment. In 1891 there were in Java 224 sugar estates, with a total yield of 7,039,115 picols. The production of coffee in Dutch India in 1891 was, in picols : The production of cinchona, in kilogrammes, in Java was as follows :— The production of tobacco, in kilogrammes, was as follows: 13,562 16,888 34,692 26,578 37,500 The production of tea in Java, in kilogrammes, was as follows:-1884, 2,667,685; 1885, 2,450,585; 1886, 3,351,627; 1887, 3,297,684; 1888, 3,014,209; 1889, 3,717,137; 1890, 3,241,287; 1891, 3,331,570. The production of 1891 was obtained from 58 plantations. There were 166 indigo plantations in 1891, yielding 733,852 kilogrammes of indigo; in 1889, 151 plantations and 741,861 kilogrammes. The production of the tin mines of Banca and Billiton delivered to the Government is shown by the following table, in picols : There were, in 1891-92, 368 mines, the produce being about equally divided between Banca and Billiton. At the end of 1890 there were in Java in all about 2,634,637 buffaloes, 2,353,477 oxen and cows, and 534,617 horses. Horses are never used in India for agricultural purposes. In 1891 there were 3 Government and 39 private printing-offices, 41 ice or mineral water manufacturers, 9 soap factors, 12 arak distillers, 10 saw mills, and 140 rice mills. The industrial establishments in Dutch India used, in 1891, 1,523 steam engines. Commerce. No difference is made between Dutch and foreign imports and vessels. There is a tariff of 6 per cent. on certain goods; on some articles there is a small export duty, including coffee, sugar, and tobacco. The following table shows the value of the general import and export during the years 1887-91, in guilders : 1887 1888 3,274,397 1889 1890 1891 3,274,397 116,381,561 6,623,442 123,005,003 4,141,871 119,336,104 16,152,075 135,488,179 139,680,050 5,009,4458,000,000 13,009,445 139,914,805 20,460,521 169,375,326 173,384,771 5,602,351 4,000,000 | 9,602,351 141,322,087 9,249,279 150,571,366 | 160,173,717 8,147,703 1,000,000 9,147,703 | 157,438,304 10,844,900 | 168,283,204 | 177,430,907 126,279,400 Exports 1887 19,802,907 1888 20,358,278 1889 33,072,175 1890 17,148,178 1891 22,160,395 19,802,907 166,619,387 736,493 167,355,880 187,158,787 20,358,278 163,070,339 668,816 163,739,155 184,097,433 33,072,175 164,131,047 459,392 164,590,439 197,662,614 17,148,178 158,747,522 653,929 159,401,442 176,549,620 22,160,395 188,668,650 13,331,725, 202,000,375 224,160,170 The principal articles of export are sugar, coffee, tea, rice, indigo, cinchona, tobacco, and tin. With the exception of rice, about one-half of which is shipped for Borneo and China, nearly four-fifths of these exports go to the Netherlands. The subjoined table shows the value of the trade of Java with the United Kingdom, according to the Board of Trade returns, in each of the last five The chief and almost sole article of import into the United Kingdom is unrefined sugar; in 1882 of the value of 3,579,1197.; in 1889, 1,904,3237.; in 1890, 979,8867.; in 1891, 1,628,6477.; in 1892, 1,368,3577. The staple article of British home produce exported to Java is manufactured cotton; including cotton yarns, of the value of 1,331,5477.; machinery, of 216,8387.; iron, wrought and unwrought, of 67,9371.; coals, 74,5607.; woollens, 40,6017.; manure, 61, 6427., in the year 1892. Shipping and Communications. The following table shows the navigation at the various ports of Netherlands India in 1891 and 1890, and the share of England in it : At the end of 1891 the total length of railways (State and private) opened for traffic was about 850 English miles; the revenues were 11,525,074 guilders. There are about 300 post-offices; the number of letters carried in 1890 and 1891 for internal intercourse was 5,134,527 and 5,174,793, while 4,015,117 and 4,399,731 newspapers, samples, &c., for the interior passed through the various post-offices in the Dutch Indies during the same years. In 1891 and 1891, 1,242,348 and 1,360,673 letters were carried for foreign postal intercourse. There were 6,851 kilometres of telegraph lines in Dutch India in 1891 with 100 offices; the number of messages was 545,692. There are 27 telephone offices. Money and Credit. The 'Java Bank,' established in 1828, has a capital of 6,000,000 guilders, and a reserve of 709,438 guilders. The Government has a control over the administration. Two-fifths of the amount of the notes, assignats, and credits must be covered by specie or bullion. In December, 1892, the value of the notes in circulation was 45,423,000 guilders, and of the bank operations 18,465,000. There are two other Dutch banks, besides branches of British banks. In the savings-banks, in 1891, there were 13,272 depositors. The only legal coins, as well as the weights and measures, of Dutch India are those of the Netherlands. Consular Representatives. British Consul at Batavia.-N. MacNeill. |