foreign countries during the decade ending June 30, 1893, with the total number of immigrants in each year during that period :

Thus the total for the last ten years, including other countries besides those mentioned, was 4,871,138. Of the total immigrants in 1893, 187,072 were females.

The total number of Chinese immigrants between 1855 and 1885 was 274,399. The total number of Chinese reported in the census of 1880 was 105,465, in 1890, 107,475. By the law passed in 1882, Chinese immigration was prohibited.

The following table shows the comparative increase of the population during the last five decades by reproduction and by immigration :

In 1880 there were 45, and in 1890, 74 cities with upwards of 40,000 inhabitants. Of the entire population in 1890, 18,284,385, or 29 20 per cent. (in 1880, 22:57 per cent.) lived in 448 towns (in 1880, 286 towns) of over 8,000 inhabitants. Of these towns, 283 had each from 8,000 to 20,000 inhabitants; 91 from 20,000 to 40,000; 35 from 40,000 to 75,000; 14 from 75,000 to 125,000; 14 from 125,000 to 250,000; 7 from 250,000 to 500,000; 1 from 500,000 to 1,000,000; and 3 over 1,000,000.

The following table shows the fifty principal cities of the United States giving the population in 1880 and 1890:

Religion.

The Constitution of the United States guarantees the free exercise of religious profession and worship, and this guaranty is repeated in the Constitutions of the forty-four States. Nearly all the sects and religious denominations existing in Europe are represented in the United States. At the census of 1880 there were 86,132 Protestant and 5,975 Roman Catholic churches: 70,864 Protestant ministers, and 6,366 Roman Catholic clergy. The Protestants returned 8,975,260 members,' or communicants; adding to this an estimate of the families of members, and of adherents, the total attached to Protestantism would probably be about 30,000,000. In 1870 there were in all 63,082 churches, of which 3,806 were Roman Catholic; and in the same year the number of 'sittings' returned was 21,665,062, of which 1,990,514 were in Roman Catholic churches. There were in all 45 separate religious bodies returned in 1880.

In 1890 the membership of the most important bodies, as compiled from official sources, mostly by the New York Independent, was as follows:-Roman Catholics, 6,250,045; Methodists of various sects, 4,980,240; Baptists of various sects,

4,292,291; Presbyterians, 1,278,815; Lutherans, 1,086,048 ; Congregational, 491,985; Episcopal, 480,176; Reformed Church (German and Dutch), 309,458; Friends, 107,208; Mormons, 144,352; Jews, 130,496.

Instruction.

Each State of the Union has a system of free public schools established by law. The work of these is largely supplemented by private and parochial schools. Nevertheless, owing partly to the former existence of slavery, and partly to the constant influx of numbers of uneducated immigrants, there exists a large mass still totally ignorant of the first elements of education. According to the census of 1880, in the whole country, out of a total population above ten years of age of 36,761,607, 4,923,451 were returned as unable to read, and 6,239,958 as unable to write. The former is 13.4 per cent., the latter 17 per cent., which, contrasted with 16 and 20 per cent. (the proportions of the corresponding classes of 1870), shows a very decided gain in the direction of rudimentary education. Of the whites above ten years of age, the 'cannot writes' formed 9.4 per cent. The native whites, however, show a proportion of but 8.7 per cent., while foreign whites show 12 per cent. A very large proportion of the illiteracy of the country, and especially of the South, is found among the coloured population, where the 'cannot writes' form 70 per cent of all above ten years of age. Most of the illiteracy of the country exists south of Mason and Dixon's line, the Ohio, and the south boundary of the Missouri. The results of the census of 1890 have not yet been published.

In 1891-92 there were enrolled in the public schools 13,203,786 pupils of ages varying from 4 to 21. Of this number 239,556 were receiving secondary instruction in graded high schools, in addition to whom there were probably nearly as many more studying secondary branches in ungraded or partially graded rural schools. The average number of school days was 1371, and average daily attendance 8,546,173. The pupils enrolled in private and parochial elementary schools, not included in these numbers, were estimated at 1,299,600. The private secondary, pursuing higher studies, in 1891-92, numbered 1,549, with 7,093 teachers and 100,739 pupils. In 1891-92 the number of colleges and universities, in many of which, however, the course of study is not advanced, was 442, with 9,326 teachers and 133,683 students.

The United States Government makes no direct appropriation of moneys for the support of the elementary public schools, but has set aside for that purpose in each of the newer States a certain portion of the public domain, two sections' (or square

miles) in each township six miles square, the proceeds from the sale of which form the chief part of the permanent school funds of those States, the income alone being used for the support of the schools. This income is supplemented by State and local taxation, so that it constitutes on an average only 5.16 per cent. of the total school revenue of all the States. In 1891-92 the amount expended on elementary public schools was 155,980,800 dollars. In 1891-92 the universities and colleges had an income of 4,852,907 dollars from productive funds, exclusive of State appropriations. These appropriations, which are the chief or sole means of support for State universities, amounted to 2,276,503 dollars, and the tuition fees to 4,820,766 dollars.

The following table refers to the public schools in the year 189192, and colleges in 1890-91, except where otherwise noted :

Of the public school teachers in 1891-92, 121,551 were male, and 252,880 female. In 1891-92 the total number of universities and colleges was 442, of professors and instructors 9,326, and of students 133,582. Besides these 442 colleges for liberal arts, there were in the States (1892) the following::

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