§ 5. MODERN VERSIONS IN THE Languages of Africa. 1. Amharic and Tigré, or the vernacular Languages of Abyssinia. Evangelia Sancta: sub Auspiciis D. Asselini, Rerum Gallicarum apud Ægyptios Procuratoris, in Linguam Amharicam vertit Abu-Rumi Habessinus. Edidit Thomas Pell PLATT, A.M. Londini, 1824, 4to. The version in the ecclesiastical or ancient language of Ethiopia, noticed in the first part of Volume I., being confined to the churches, and understood by few comparatively besides the clergy, M. Asselin de Cherville, French consul at Cairo, was induced to undertake a version of the entire Bible in the Amharic, the royal dialect spoken at the court of Gondar, which is the dialect prevalent in the eastern parts of Africa bordering on the equator, and through which a considerable intercourse is maintained between the natives of Abyssinia and the Arabians and negroes of the interior. For ten years M. Asselin employed an intelligent Ethiopian, named Abu-Rumi (who had been the interpreter of Mr. Bruce in Abyssinia, and the teacher of Sir William Jones in India), on this important work, to which he devoted two entire days in every week. In order to ensure correctness, he read with this person slowly, and with the utmost attention, every verse of the sacred volume in the Arabic version, which they were about to translate. M. Asselin then explained to him all those words which were either abstruse, difficult, or foreign to the Arabic, by the help of the Hebrew original, the Syriac version, or the Septuagint, and also of some commentaries. After they finished the translation of one book, they collated it once more before they proceeded further. This version was purchased for the British and Foreign Bible Society by the Rev. Mr. Jowett; who undertook a voyage into Egypt from Malta, for the express purpose of completing the purchase. The printing of the four Gospels in Amharic and in Ethiopic, in two separate volumes, was commenced in 1822, under the editorial care of the Rev. Dr. Lee, professor of Hebrew in the university of Cambridge, and completed in 1824, under the superintendence of T. P. Platt, Esq. The Acts and Epistles were completed in 1828, the Book of Genesis in 1831, and the Psalms in 1832.2 During Mr. Jowett's residence in Egypt, in 1819, he employed the late Mr. Nathaniel Pearce, who had lived many years in Ethiopia; and who commenced a translation of the Gospels into the Tigre, the vernacular dialect of the extensive province of Tigré. The Gospels of Mark and John have been completed, together with a version of the Gospel of Mark in Amharic, which is now superseded by the more accurate entire Amharic version of M. Asselin. These three versions are now in the possession of the British and Foreign Bible Society.3 2. Berber Version. the Susoos and the Bulloms, by the revival of the nefarious si trade on those coasts. 5. Malagassé Version. A translation of the Scriptures into the Malagassé, or langu of the island of Madagascar, was made by the missionaries res on that island. The New Testament was printed in 1830. T printing of the Old Testament was completed in 1833.7 6. South African Versions. The Gospel of Saint Luke has been translated into the Becher (or Sichuana) language by the Rev. Mr. Moffatt, and the four (s pels into the Namacqua language by the Rev. Mr. Schmelin. Tr have been printed at Cape Town.8 § 6. MODERN Versions in the Languages of AMERICA [i.] NORTH AMERICAN VERSIONS. Although the multiplicity of dialects spoken by the India tribes of North America seemed to interpose an insuperable b to the labours of those benevolent individuals who were desire of communicating the Scriptures to them; yet this obstacle ha been diminished by the discovery, that so close an affinity su sists among them, that a young unlettered Indian of good cap city can (it is said) make himself master of them all. Th following are the dialects into which the whole or part of th Bible has been translated. 1. Virginian Indian Version. The Virginian Bible was translated by the Rev. John Eliot, whi has justly been denominated the apostle to the Indians, from unwearied labours to diffuse the blessings of Christianity ana them. The New Testament was published in 1661. The t page states that it was "ordered to be printed by the commission of the united colonies in New England, at the charge and with consent of the corporation in England, for the propagation of tr Gospel among the Indians in New England." The Old Testame was published at Cambridge in 1663, and the entire Bible w reprinted at the same place in 1685. The following specime exhibits the Lord's Prayer. (Matt. vi. 9—13.) 9. Yowutche yeu nuppenantamook: Nooshun kesukqut, quits natamunach knowesuonk. 10. Peyàumooutch kukketassootamóonk, kuttenantamóonk nei nach ohkeit neane kesukqut. kod. 11. Nummeetsuongash asekesukokish assamaiinean yeuyeu kest 12. Kah ahquontamaiinnean nummatcheseongash, neane matchA translation of the Gospel of Saint Luke into the Berber lan-eneukqueagig nutahquontamóunnonog. 13. Ahque sagkompagunaiinnean en qutchhuaonganit, webe guage (which is spoken by a very numerous tribe in North Africa) was made by Mr. Hattersley; and copies of the first twelve chap- pohquohwussinean wutch matchitut. Newutche kutahtaun ketas ters have been printed, and sent to different individuals in the dis- sootamóonk, kah menuhkesuonk, kah sohsu moonk micheme. Aces tricts where this language is spoken, with a view of ascertaining This version has now become a literary curiosity, there bet the merits of the version.4 scarcely any persons living who can read or understand a single verse in it. The tribe of American Indians, whom the venerable missionary Eliot instructed, is now very nearly extinct. 3. Bullom Version. The Bulloms are a numerous people on the western coast of Africa, among whom the missionaries sent out by the Church Missionary Society laboured for several years. Into the language of this people, the four Gospels, and the Acts of the Apostles, have been translated by the Rev. G. R. Nylander, a distinguished la-sit panna Johannessa Elekhangup. bourer in the service of that society. The Gospel of Saint Matthew was printed at the expense of the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1816.6 4. Susoo Version. The Susoos are also a numerous tribe on the western coast of Africa, in the vicinity of Sierra Leone; among whom the same society's missionaries laboured for several years. By these missionaries, the four Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and other parts of the New Testament, together with several books of the Old Testament, have been translated into the Susoo language. But their further benevolent and pious labours were suspended among 1 In Ludolph's Grammatica Linguæ Amharica (pp. 54, 55.) there is an Amharic translation, by Abba Gregorius, of thirteen verses of the eleventh chapter of Saint Luke's Gospel. 2 Twenty-eighth Report of the Bible Society, p. lxxvi. Twenty-ninth Report, p. lxii. 3 Sixteenth Report, p. 169. Jowett's Christian Researches in the Mediterranean, pp. 197-213. Twenty-eighth Report, p. Ixii. Twenty-ninth Report, p. Ιχχίν. The Rev. Mr. Nylander has also rendered an additional service to such of the Bulloms as have embraced the Christian faith, by translating select portions of the Liturgy of the Anglican church into their vernacular language. These were printed in Bullom, and in Roman characters (that people having no characters of their own), in 1816, at the expense of the Prayer Book and Homily Society. Owen's Hist. vol. iii. p. 126. 2. The Delaware Indian Version. Nek Nechenneawachgissitschik Bambilak naga Geschiechanch Gischitak Ellenechsini untski C. F. Dencke. That is, the Three Epistles of the Apostle John, translated into Delaware Indian, by C. F. Dencke. Ne York, 1818, 18mo. The Delaware language is spoken through a very considerabl portion of North America. Into this language part of the Scrip tures was translated by the Rev. Mr. Fabricius, one of the Morava missionaries to the Delaware Indians, but it does not appear i have been printed.10 In 1818, the three Epistles of John wer translated into the Delaware language by the Rev. C. F. Denck a missionary from the United Brethren, or Moravians. It wa printed at the expense of the American Bible Society. The tr lation is printed on the left-hand page, and the English author version on the right. As copies of this Delaware Indian translat are not common, the following specimen of it, from 1 John iii. 1— may be not unacceptable to the reader. Necheleneyachgichink aptonagan. Permamook! elgiqui penundelukquonk Wetochwink wdao woagan, wentschi luwilchgussiank Gettanittowit wdamemes tink, eli pemhakamixit taku wohaq' Patamawossall. mall. Guntschi matta woachgussiwuneen untschi pemhakam Twenty-seventh Report of the Bible Society, p. lx. Twenty-eighthport, p. lxxvi. Twenty-ninth Report, p. lxx. lxxi. Twenty-eighth Report, p. lxxiv. Twenty-ninth Report, p. lxxiii. • Christian Observer for 1830, vol. xxx. p. 318. 10 Bp. Marsh's History of Translations, p. 99., where it is stated that another missionary, Schmick, translated a portion of the Gospels into Mahican language. 2. Ehoalachgik! juque metschi ktelli wundamemensineen Gettanittowitink, schuknesquo majawii elsijankstch. Schuk ktelli najawelendamenneen nguttentsch woachquake, ktellitsch linaxineen, elinaxit, ktellitsch newoaneen elinaxit. 3. Woak wemi auwen nechpauchsit jun nhakeuchsowoagan, kschiechichgussitetsch, necama Patamawos elgiqui kschiechsid. 4. Auwen metauchsit, necama ne endchi mikindank matta weltoq', woak eli machtauchsit wuntschi mikindamen matta weltoq'. 3. Massachusett Version. The Psalms and Gospel of Saint John were translated by the exemplary missionary, Mr. Experience Mayhew, into the Indian Massachusett dialect. They were printed at Boston in New England in the year 1709.1 Mohawk Version. The Mohawk language, besides the tribe from whom it takes its name, is intelligible to the Five Nations, to the Tuscaroras, and to the Wyandots or Hurons. In the early part of the eighteenth century, a translation was made of the Gospel of Matthew, and also of several chapters both of the Old and New Testament, into this language, by the Rev. Mr. Freeman. Some portions of the latter were printed at New York, and reprinted at London with the English Liturgy, and the Gospel of Mark (translated by Captain Brant) in 1787, for the use of the Mohawks, who have a chapel at Kingston in Upper Canada, where divine service is performed in their native tongue, by a missionary supported by the venerable Society for promoting Christian Knowledge. This edition was printed at the expense of the English government, To these portions of the Scriptures were added the Gospel of John, translated in 1804 by Captain John Norton,2 a chief of the Six Nation Indians in Upper Canada. This version was printed at the expense of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and its accuracy was, shortly after, attested in the most favourable manner by the interpreters in the Indian villages.3 In the Esquimaux language, a harmony of the Four Gospels was made by the missionaries of the Moravian brethren many years since. From this version the Gospel of John was selected by the Rev. Mr. Kohlmeister, and printed by the Bible Society in 1809. To this was added in 1813, a translation of the other three Gospels, which had been made by the venerable superintendent of the Labrador mission, the Rev. C. F. Burghardt, who possessed an intimate knowledge of the Esquimaux dialect, and finished his revision only a short time before his death, in 1812. In the year 1819 the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles were printed in the same dialect, by the Bible Society, and received (as the other portions of the New Testament had been) with the deepest sentiments of gratitude. And in 1826 the New Testament was completed by printing the Apocalypse.5 7. Chippeway Version. the entire New Testament, in the language of Greenland, was printed at the expense of the British and Foreign Bible Society. 9. Creolese Version. The New Testament was translated into Creolese for the use of the Christian negroes in the Danish West India Islands, and was published at Copenhagen, 1781, at the expense of the king of Denmark. In 1818 the Danish Bible Society printed an edition of 1500 copies, which have been transmitted to the Danish West Indies.8 10. Negro-English Version. DA NJOE TESTAMENT VA WI MASRA EN HELPIMAN JESUS CHRISTUS. TRANSLATED INTO THE NEGRO ENGLISH LANGUAGE, BY THE MISSIONARIES OF THE UNITAS FRATRUM, OR UNITED BRETHREN: PRINTED FOR THE USE OF THE MISSION, BY THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY. LONDON, 1829, 8vo. At Surinam a mission of the United Brethren has existed since the year 1738. The missionaries have two thousand negroes under instruction. These, as well as others, speak a language of their own, which has been denominated the Negro-English; into which a translation of the New Testament has been made. This version occupied the attention of the missionaries for several years; and after it had undergone every necessary revision from persons long resident in the colony, and well acquainted with the language, it was printed in 1829, at the expense of the British and Foreign Bible Society.9 As the whole impression, with the exception of a small number of copies, was sent to Surinam, the following specimen of this Negro-English translation will not be without interest to the reader. (MATT. VI. 7-13.) 7. En effi oene begi, oene no meki soso takkitakki, leki dem Heiden, bikasi dem membre, effi dem meki foeloe takkitakki, Gado sa harki dem. 8. Va da heddi oene no moesse djersi dem; oene Tatta sabi, sanne oene habi vandoe, bevo oene begi hem. 9. Va da heddi oene moesse begi so: Wi Tatta ni tappo! Joe neem moesse santa. 10. Joe kondre moesse Kom. Dem moesse doe Wanni va Joe na grontappo, so leki dem doe na Hemel. 11. Gi wi tideh da janjam va wi. 12. Gi wi dasnotti vo alla missi va wi, leki wi gi dasnotti na somma, dissi missi na wi. 13. No tjarri wi na inni tesi. Ma loessoe wi vo da agriwan. Bikasi joe habi alla kondre, nanga tranga, nanga glori, tehgo. Amen. 'At the end of the volume there is a table of the order of the books of the New Testament, together with an index of all the passages which are appointed to be read as the Epistles and Gospels for every Sunday in the year. This version was conducted through the press by the joint labour of Mr. C. A. Austen (a native of Surinam) and the Rev. Mr. Latrobe, of London. It was received with much gratitude by the poor slaves for whom it was printed.10 This version having been attacked by an anonymous critic in the Edinburgh Christian Instructor, was ably vindicated by Mr. William Greenfield, in " A Defence of the Surinam Negro-English Version of the New Testament, founded on the History of the Negro-English Version, a View of the Situation, Population, and History of Surinam, a Philosophical Analysis of the Language, and a Critical Examination of the Version." London, 1830, 8vo. [ii.] SOUTH AMERICAN VERSIONS. The Gospels of Saint Matthew and Saint John have been translated into the language of the Chippeways, a numerous tribe resident in British North America, by Mr. Peter Jones, a Chippeway chief, and his brother, to the fidelity of whose version competent judges have borne willing testimony. The Gospel of Saint John It does not appear that the Portuguese ever gave any translation was printed at York Town, Upper Canada; and the translators of the Scriptures to the natives of South America who were subhave commenced the Old Testament, in consequence of the Ame-jugated by them and the barbarous cruelties of the Spaniards in rican Bible Society having undertaken to complete the New. 8. Greenlandish Version. In 1759 the Greenlanders received from the Moravian brethren a translation of their harmony of the Four Gospels ;7 in 1799 the whole of the New Testament, and in 1822 a new translation of ↑ Brown's History of the Propagation of Christianity, vol. ii. pp. 57, 58. Second Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society, Appendix, p. 118. 2 Capt. Norton was adopted by the Confederacy of the Six Nations in 1791, and in 1800 appointed a chief, under the title of Teyoninhokarawen. His father was a Cherokee, and served in the British army. 3 Owen's History, vol. i. pp. 126-135. • Brown's History of the Propagation of Christianity, vol. ii. p. 630. Owen's History, vol. i. p. 460. vol. ii. pp. 299. 359. vol. iii. p. 483. Six-| teenth Report of the Bible Society, pp. lxxxiii. lxxxiv. Seventeenth Report, p. lxxix. Twenty-second Report, p. Ixiv. Twenty-third Report, p. lv. • Twenty-eighth Report, p. lxxxiv. Twenty-ninth Report, p. lxxxv. • Crantz's History of Greenland, vol. ii. p. 299. Mexico are recorded in the page of history. Towards the close of the sixteenth century, however, some of the ecclesiastics and missionaries adopted a different plan from that pursued by their predecessors, by translating some parts of the Scriptures into the language of the country. Benedict Fernandez, a Spanish Dominican friar, vicar of Mixteca in New Spain, translated the Epistles and Gospels into the dialect spoken in that province. Didacus de S. Maria, another Dominican, and vicar of the province of Mexico (who died in 1579), was the author of a translation of the Epistles and Gospels into the Mexican tongue, or general language of the country. The Proverbs of Solomon, and other fragments of the Adler's Bibliotheca Biblica, Part IV. p. 116. Sixteenth Report of the Bible Society, p. 127. Besides the particulars recorded in the preceding sections, there are many interesting circumstances relative to the history of translations and translators, which the limits of this work do not allow tc be detailed. For these, and indeed for every thing relative to the literary history of the Holy Scriptures, we refer the reader to the Rev. Dr. Townley's Illustrations of Biblical Literature, London, 1821, in 3 volumes, 8vo. 9 Twenty-fifth Report, p. lxx. lxxi. 10 Twenty-sixth Report, p. lxxx. Holy Scriptures, were translated into the same language by Louis Janother of the Book of Psalms into the Quichua or Peruvian Rodriguez, a Spanish Franciscan friar: and the Epistles and Gos-guage, by Dr. Pazos Kanki, in 1830.2 The entire Bible is sa... pels, appointed to be read for the whole year, were translated into have been translated into the Brazilian language by an Eng the idiom of the Western Indians by Arnold à Basaccio, also a minister, who accompanied the Dutch to Recife, when they Franciscan friar: but the dates of these latter versions have not quired it from the Portuguese. This version has never be been ascertained. A translation of the Gospel of Saint Luke into printed.3 In 1825 a translation of the New Testament into i the Mexican language, by Dr. Mora, was printed in 1832, and Peruvian language was completed.4 CHAPTER II. HARMONIES OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. NICOLAI ALARDI Bibliotheca Harmonico-Biblica, quæ, præter Historiam Harmonicam, tradit Notitiam Scriptorum Harmonicorum cujuscunque ætatis et religionis, tam perpetuorum quam singularium; nec omissis illis, qui vel specialius quoddam argumentum sacrum, vel bina Oracula Spiritus Sancti ab Antilogiarum calumnia vindicarunt. Hamburgi, 1725, 8vo. SECTION I. HARMONIES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 1. A CHRONICLE of the Times and the Order of the Text of the Old Testament, wherein the books, chapters, psalms, stories, prophecies, &c., are reduced into the proper order, and taken up in the proper places, in which the natural method and genuine series of the chronology requireth them to be taken in. With reason given of dislocations, where they come. And many remarkable notes and observations given all along, for the better understanding of the text; the difficulties of the chronicle declared; the differences occurring in the relating of stories reconciled; and exceeding many scruples and obscurities in the Old Testament explained. By John LIGHTFOOT, D.D. | So as some whole chapters or pieces be put into other places.re 3. The Rev. George Townsend's Arrangement of the Old New Testament. This "Chronicle" is to be found in the first volume of Dr. Lightfoot's works, published at London, in 1684, in two volumes, folio, and in the second volume of the 8vo. London edition, printed in 182225. Of all the theologians of his time, this celebrated divine (whose opinion was consulted by every scholar of note, both British and Foreign) is supposed to have been the most deeply versed in the knowledge of the Scriptures. "It was his custom, for many years, to note down, as opportunity presented, in the course of his talmudical and rabbinical studies, the order and time of the several pas-nicle, above noticed: from which, however, Mr. Townsend bar sages of Scripture, as they came under his consideration." By pursuing this method he gradually formed the invaluable chronicle, the title of which has just been given, which was first published at London, in 4to., and in the year 1647. In this work, Dr. Lightfoot has briefly stated the summary or substance of the historical parts of the Old Testament, and has indicated the order in which the several chapters, psalms, and prophecies are to be placed. In the margin he has given the years of the world, and of the judges or Sovereigns under whose administration the several events took place. Notwithstanding the differences in opinion entertained by the learned concerning the chronology of particular events, the general method of this "Chronicle" has been, and still continues to be, held in the highest estimation by all who are competent duly to appreciate its merits. 2. A Designe about disposing the Bible into an Harmony. Or, an Essay concerning the transposing the order of books and chapters of the Holy Scriptures, for the reducing of all into a continued history. Benefits. The Difficultie. By Samuel TоRSHEL. London, 1747, 4to. This tract was published nearly at the same time with Dr. Lightfoot's Chronicle. It appears from the preface that Mr. Torshel was preceptor of the children of King Charles I. under the earl of Northumberland; and his tract was addressed "To the Right Honourable the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament;" whom he endeavoured to excite to patronize the undertaking, by the consideration of the glory which had redounded to France by the then recent publication of the Parisian Polyglott, in ten folio volumes. The state, however, paid no regard to this address, and the design which Torshel had ably sketched was never accomplishHe proposed to lay the whole story together in a continued connection, the books or parts of books, and all the severall parcels disposed and placed in their proper order, as the continuance and chronicall method of the Scripture history requires; so that no sentence nor word in the whole Bible be omitted, nor any thing repeated, or any word inserted but what is necessary for transition. 1 Twenty-ninth Report, p. lxxv. ed. [i.] The Old Testament, arranged in historical and chronolog cal order (on the basis of Lightfoot's Chronicle), in such manne. that the books, chapters, psalms, prophecies, &c. may be read s one connected history, in the very words of the authorized trus łation. By the Rev. George TOWNSEND, M.A. London, 182 Second Edition, 1826. In two very large volumes, 8vo. This beautifully printed and carefully executed work (as its tits page announces) is arranged on the basis of Dr. Lightfoot's Chr deviated for the better in one very material respect. According Lightfoot's plan, the Old Testament would have been read as ste unbroken history, without any division into chapters, or any of the breaks, the omission of which causes not a little weariness to the reader. In order to obviate this difficulty, and also with the ves of making the Scripture narrative more attractive, as well as easily remembered, Mr. T. has divided his harmony into eight s able periods, viz. 1. From the creation to the deluge:-2. From th confusion of tongues to the death of Jacob and the Patriarchs:3. From the birth to the death of Moses;-4. From the entrance f the Israelites into Canaan, under the command of Joshua, to the death of David ;-5. The reign of Solomon;-6. From the elevatar of Rehoboam to the Babylonish Captivity;-7. The Babylonash Cay tivity, seventy years, from B. c. 606 to 536;-8. From the terminate of the Babylonish Captivity to the reformation of worship by Nee the Just, from B. c. 536 to about 300. These eight periods are furhe miah, and the completion of the canon of the Old Testament, by Se subdivided into chapters and sections, the length of which is neces sarily regulated by the subjects therein discussed; and in sed the chronology and order of some particular events and propheci the arranger has availed himself of the labours of the most emis modern biblical critics. A well-written introduction developes !5 plan and design, and points out its advantages to various classes readers, especially to clergymen, and those who are preparing j* the sacred office, to whom this work is indispensably necessar The work is terminated by six Indexes;-the first, containing account of the periods, chapters, and sections into which the w is divided, with the passages of Scripture comprised in each:→→ second, in columns, enabling the reader to discover in what par the arrangement any chapter or verse of the Bible may be fourthe third and fourth contain tables of the Psalms and Prophe showing in what part of the arrangement, and after what pa of Scripture, every psalm or prophecy is inserted; and likewis what occasion, and at what period, they were probably wr with the authority for their place in the arrangement; the f containing the dates of the events according to Dr. Hales's elabor System of Chronology; and the sixth, a general index to the pos which, though not numerous, are very appropriate, and possess rare merit of compressing a great variety of valuable informazi 2 Twenty-seventh Report, p. Ixiii. Townley's Illustrations, vol. iii. pp. 46-335. note. • Twenty-first Report of the Bible Society, p. iv. 瘫 into a small compass. The Rev. Mr. Archdeacon Nares has justly | Christ. He acknowledges, however, that Osiander did not go so characterized this work, as being "disgested with such skill, and far as his successors, and that he sometimes deviates from his geillustrated with such notes, as proves the author to have studied his neral principle. task with deep attention and distinguished judgment." (Visitation Sermon, p. 21. London, 1823.) The second edition has parallel re-in quà, præterquam quod suo loco ponitur, quæ evangelistæ non ferences and the marginal renderings. [ii.] The New Testament arranged in Chronological and Historical Order, in such manner that the Gospels, the Epistles, and the Acts may be read as one connected History. The Gospel on the basis of the Harmonies of Lightfoot, Doddridge, Pilkington, Newcome, and Michaelis; the Account of the Resurrection, on the Authorities of West, Townson, and Cranfield. The Epistles are inserted in their places, and divided according to the Apostle's Arguments. With copious Notes on many of the principal Subjects of Theology. By the Rev. George ToWNSEND, M.A. 1825; Second Edition corrected, 1827, 2 vols. 8vo. 4. Cornelii JANSENII, Gandavensis, Concordia Evangelica, servato recensent ordine, etiam nullius verbum aliquod omittitur. Litteris autem omnia sic distinguuntur, ut quid cujusque proprium, quid cum aliis et cum quibus commune, etiam ad singuverpiæ, 1558, 12mo. las dictiones mox deprehendatur. Lovanii, 1549, 8vo. Ant Jansenius partially followed Osiander. He subsequently wrote with it at Louvain, in 1571. The number of editions through a Commentary on his Harmony, which was published together which this work passed (thirteen others are enumerated by Walchius, between the years 1577 and 1624) sufficiently attest the favourable opinion entertained of its value. Walchius extols Jansenius's learning, ingenuity, and modesty. 5. Martini CHEMNITII Harmonia Quatuor Evangeliorum, quam ab eodem feliciter inchoatam Polycarpus Lyserus et Johannes Gerhardus, is quidem continuavit, hic perfecit. Ham Though a distinct work in itself, this elaborate publication forms the second part of Mr. Townsend's Harmony of the Scriptures. The remarks on the preceding portion are equally applicable to the present work. The notes, indeed, are much more valuable, from the extent and variety of the very important topics they dis-burgi, 1704, folio. cuss. The usefulness of this portion of Mr. T.'s labours is materially increased by the numerous and important elucidations which he has derived from the works of Lightfoot, Schoettgen, Meuschen, and others, which are not within the reach of every biblical stu dent. HARMONIES OF THE ENTIRE NEW TESTAMENT, AND OF THE FOUR GOSPELS. 1. THE Harmony, Chronicle, and Order of the New Testament. The text of the four Evangelists methodized. Story of the Acts of the Apostles analyzed. Order of the Epistles manifested. Times of the Revelation observed, and illustrated with a variety of observations upon the chiefest difficulties, Textual and Talmudical, for clearing of their sense and language. By John LIGHTFOOT, D.D. London, 1654, folio. Also in the first volume of his works. London, 1682, folio. In this valuable work Dr. Lightfoot has pursued the same method which he had adopted in his Chronicle of the Old Testament. He further published, at London, in 1644 and 1650, three parts of The Harmony of the Four Evangelists, among themselves, and with the Old Testament. The fourth and fifth parts, which were to have completed his design, never appeared. This harmony is enriched with numerous philological and explanatory remarks, of which many subsequent critics and harmonists have availed themselves. 2. Harmonia Quatuor Evangeliorum juxta Sectiones Ammonianas et Eusebii Canones. Oxonii, e Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1805, 4to. 3. Andreæ OSIANDRI Harmoniæ Evangelicæ Libri Quatuor, Græce et Latine. In quibus Evangelica Historia ex quatuor Evangelistis ita in unum est contexta, ut nullius verbum ullum omissum, nihil alienum immixtum, nullius ordo turbatus, nihil non suo loco positum. Omnia vero litteris et notis ita distincta sint, ut quid cujusque evangelista proprium, quid cum aliis et cum quibus commune sit, primo statim adspectu deprehendere queas: item Elenchus Harmoniæ: Adnotationum liber unus. Basile, 1537, folio; Græce et Latine, Basilea, 1567, folio; Latine, Lutetia Parisiorum ex officina Roberti Stephani. 1545, 12mo. Osiander's Harmony is not of very frequent occurrence. It is highly estimated by Walchius, though Michaelis rather harshly observes that he undesignedly renders the Gospel history not only suspicious, but incredible, by adopting the principle that the evangelists constantly wrote in chronological order, and that the same transactions and discourses took place twice or thrice in the life of The best edition of a most valuable Harmony. Chemnitz compiled only the first two books, and part of a third, which were published after his death at Frankfort, in 1593, by Polycarp Lyser; who wrote the remainder of the third book, and added the fourth and part of the fifth book. These were published at differen: times at Leipsic and Frankfort, between the years 1604 and 1611: and, on Lyser's death, Gerhard completed the undertaking, with learning and industry not inferior to those of his predecessors. The entire work, with the several continuations, was first published at Geneva, in 1628. This elaborate work is not only a harmony, but a learned commentary on the four Gospels. thodized, according to the order and series of times in which the 6. The Harmony of the Four Evangelists, and their text meCRADOCK, B.D. London, 1668, folio, and again in 1684 and several things by them mentioned were transacted. By Samuel 1685. This work was revised by the learned Dr. Tillotson, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, by whom it was preserved from destruction during the memorable fire of London, in 1666. (Chalmers's Biog. Dict. vol. x. p. 447.) In the seventeenth century it was deservedly held in the highest estimation; though it is now superseded by later and more critical works. Mr. Cradock has drawn up the Gospel history in an explanatory paraphrase, in English, which is followed by the text of the evangelists. In the margin he has given short but useful notes in Latin, which are very judiciously extracted from Grotius, Drs. Lightfoot and Hammond, and other critics. The book is by no means dear; which to students (who may not be able to procure recent and more expensive harmonics) is a great advantage. This harmonist did not adopt the principle of Osiander. 7. Bernardi LAMY Historia, sive Concordia Evangelistarum. Parisiis, 1689, 12mo.-Commentarius in Harmoniam sive Concordiam Quatuor Evangelistarum. Parisiis, 1699, in two volumes, 4to. Lamy's Commentary is held in much higher estimation than his Harmony. It is justly characterized by Michaelis as a learned work. The chronological and geographical apparatus is peculiarly valuable. 8. Joannis CLERICI Harmonia Evangelica, cui subjecta est historia Christi ex quatuor evangeliis concinnata. Accesserunt tres Dissertationes, de annis Christi, deque concordia et auctoritate evangeliorum, Amstelodami, 1699, folio. All critics unite in commendation of Le Clerc's Harmony. He has arranged the history of the four evangelists, according to chroLatin; and under the text he has given a Latin paraphrase, the nological order, in columns parallel to each other, in Greek and design of which is to remove apparent contradictions, Le Clerc promised to publish Annotations on his Harmony, which have 1700, in 4to.; and an English translation of it is said by Walchius never appeared. A Latin edition of it was printed at Altorf in to have been published at London in the same year, also in 4to. 9. Nicolai TOINARDI Harmonia Græco-Latina. Parisiis, 1707, folio. M. Toinard drew up this Harmony for his own private use, of which only five or six copies were taken for the use of his friends. After his decease they published it (as he had desired they would) at the time and place above mentioned. It has long been held in the highest estimation, for the care and diligence which its author bestowed, in order to settle the several circumstances mentioned by the different evangelists. Bishop Marsh pronounces it to be of particular use to those who wish to examine the verbal agreement columns the parallel passages, but has also parallelized even single of the evangelists; as M. Toinard has not only placed in adjacent words. 10. Jo. Reinhardi Rus, Harmonia Evangelistarum, ita adornata, ut, investigatà sedulò textus cohærentiâ, nullus versus, sive traji |