4. Rock giving water to the Israelites. (Exod. xvii. 6. Numb. xx. 10, 11.) Christ.-1 Cor. x. 4. They drank of that spiritual rock that followed them, and that rock was CHRIST.

ROD or WAND.-Power and rule.-Psal. ii. 9. Thou shalt break them in pieces with a rod of iron.

SACRIFICE.

1. The thing sacrificed; a victim.-Eph. v. 2. A sacrifice to God. See Heb. ix. 26. x. 12. and also in many other passages.

2. Whatever is exhibited or undertaken in honour of God or in reference to his will: as,

(1.) Piety, devotedness.-1 Pet. ii. 5. Spiritual sacrifices.

(2.) The praises of God and works of charity to men. See Heb. xiii. 15, 16.

(3.) Virtuous conduct, correct deportment.-Rom. xii. 1. Present your bodies a living sacrifice.

(4.) Exertions for the support of Christian ministers and of the Christian religion.-Phil. ii. 17. If I be offered upon the sacrifice and service of your faith.

SALT.-Sound doctrines, such as preserves the world from corruption.-Matt. v. 13. Ye are the salt of the earth.-Col. iv. 6. Let your speech be always with grace, seasoned with salt.

SAND of the sea.-An aggregate body of innumerable individuals.Their widows are increased above the sand of the seas.-Gen. xxii. 17. I will multiply thy seed....as the sand which is upon the sea. shore.

SCORCHING Heat. See HEAT. SEA.

1. The Gentile world.-Isa. Ix. 5. The abundance of the sea shall be converted. See also Rev. viii. 8. and Dr. Woodhouse thereon. [Apocalypse, p. 213.]

2. The great river Euphrates, Nile, &c.--Isa. xxi. 1. The desert of the sea, means the country of Babylon, which was watered by the Euphrates.-Jer. li. 36. I will dry up her sea, and make her springs dry: this refers to the stratagem by which Cyrus diverted the course of the river and captured Babylon.-Ezek. xxxii. 2. Thou art as a whale in the sea; the prophet is speaking of the king of Egypt, through which the Nile flowed. See WAVES.

3. Sea of glass.-Rev. iv. 6. The blood of the Redeemer, which alone cleanses man from sin. It is called a sea, in allusion to the large vessel in the temple, out of which the priests drew water to wash themselves, the sacrifices, and the instruments of which they made use, for sacrificing.-1 Kings vii. 23. See also SAND and WAVES.

SEAL-SEALING.

1. Preservation and security.-Sol. Song iv. 12. A fountain sealed, is a fountain carefully preserved from the injuries of weather and beasts, that its waters may be preserved good and clean. 2. Secresy and privacy, because men usually seal up those things which they design to keep secret. Thus a book sealed, is one whose contents are secret, and are not to be disclosed until the removal of the seal. In Isa. xxix. 11. a vision like unto a book sealed, is a vision not yet understood.

3. Completion and perfection, also authority; because the putting of a seal to any decree, will, or other instrument in writing, completes the whole transaction.-Ezek. xxviii. 12. Thou (the King of Tyre) sealest up the sum full of wisdom and perfect in beauty; that is, thou lookest upon thyself as having arrived at the highest pitch of wisdom and glory. See Neh. ix. 8. Esther viii. 8.

7.

4. Restraint or hinderance.-Job xxxvii. 7. He sealeth up the hand of every man; that is, the Almighty restrains their power.-Job ix. Which sealeth up the stars; that is, restrains their influences. 5. Exclusive property in a thing-Anciently, it was the custom to seal goods purchased; each person having his peculiar mark, which ascertained the property to be his own. Hence, the seal of God is His mark, by which he knoweth them that are His. (2 Tim. ii. 19.) Under the law of Moses, circumcision is represented to be the seal which separated the people of God from the heathen who did not call upon his name. (Rom. iv. 11.) And in this sense the sacrament of baptism succeeding to circumcision, was called by the fathers of the church the seal of God: but in the Gospel, this divine seal is more accurately described to be the Holy Spirit of God. They who have this spirit are marked as his (2 Cor. i. 22. Eph. i. 13. iv. 30.) Our Lord Jesus Christ is represented as eminently possessing this mark. (John vi. 27.) Generally, all who name the name of Christ and depart from iniquity, are said to be thus divinely sealed. (2 Tim. ii. 19.) By the seal of the living God, mentioned in Rev. vii. 2., is signified that impression of the Holy Spirit upon the heart of man, which preserves in it the principles of pure faith, producing the fruits of piety and virtue. This is the seal which marks the real Christian as the property of the Almighty. In Rev. vii. 3, 4. the sealed mark is said to be impressed upon the foreheads of the servants of God, either because on this conspicuous part of the person, distinguishing ornaments were worn by the eastern nations; or because slaves anciently were marked upon their foreheads, as the property of their masters. [Dean Woodhouse on Rev. vii. 2, 3.] SEED-The Word of God.-Luke viii. 11.

SERPENT.-Satan, the enemy of souls-Rev. xii. 9. That old serpent, called the Devil and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world.-2 Cor. xi. 3. The serpent beguiled Eve through his subtility. SEVEN. See NUMBERS.

SHADOW-Defence, protection. In the sultry eastern countries this metaphor is highly expressive of support and protection.-Numb. xiv. 9. Their defence (Heb. 73 TsiLaмm, shadow) is departed from Compare also Psal. xci. 1. cxxi. 5. Isa. xxx. 2. xxxii. 2. and

them.

li. 16. The Arabs and Persians employ the same word to denote the same thing, using these expressions:-" May the SHADOW of thy prosperity be extended."-May the SHADOW of thy prosperity be spread over the heads of thy well-wishers."-"May thy protecton never be removed from thy head; may God extend thy SHADOW externally." [Dr. A. Clarke on Numb. xvi. 9.] SHEEP SHEPHERD.

1. Sheep under a Shepherd.-The people under a king.-Zech. xiii. 7. Smite the shepherd'; and the sheep shall be scattered.

2. The disciples of Christ, who is their SHEPHERD; the church of Christ, consisting of all true believers in Him their Shepherd.— John x. 11-14. I am the good shepherd; the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep. I....know my sheep-1 Pet. ii. 25. Ye.... are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.

3. Lost or straying sheep represent persons not yet converted, but wandering in sin and error.-Matt. x. 6. xv. 24. The lost sheep of the house of Israel.-1 Pet. ii. 25. Ye were as sheep going astray. Compare also Matt. ix. 36. and Mark vi. 34. SHIELD.

1. A defence.-Psal. xviii. 2. The LORD is my buckler or shield. See Psal. xxxiii. 20.

2. Faith, by which we are enabled to resist the fiery darts of the wicked. Eph. vi. 16.

SHIPS of Tarshish; merchants, men enriched by commerce, and abounding in all the elegancies and luxuries of life, particularly the merchants of Tyre and Sidon. -Isa. ii. 12-16. The day of the LORD of Hosts shall be ........ upon all the ships of Tarshish.—Isa. xxi. 1. Houl, O ye ships of Tarshish. SHOES.-The preparation of the Gospel of peace.-Eph. vi. 15. SILENCE.

1. Bringing to silence, or putting to silence.-Utter destruction. Isa. xv. 1. As if Moab is laid waste, and brought to silence.-Jer. vii. 14. The LORD our God hath put us to silence. A symbol of praying.-Luke i. 9, 10.

2.

SIT SITTING

1. Reigning, ruling, and judging-In Judge v. 10. Ye that sit in judgment, are the magistrates or judges. The sitting on a throne, which occurs so very frequently in the Scriptures, invariably means to reign.

2. With other adjuncts, sitting has a different signification: as, (1.) To sit upon the earth or dust, (Isa. iii. 26. xlvii. 1. Lam. ii. 10. Ezek. xxvi. 16.) or on a dunghill, signifies to be in extreme misery. (2.) To sit in darkness (Psal. cvii. 10. Isa. xlii. 7.) is to be in prison and slavery.

(3.) To sit as a widow (Isa. xlvii. 8.) is to mourn as a widow. SLAVE-One who has no property in himself, but is bought by another. Such are all mankind, whom Christ has redeemed from the slavery of sin.-1 Cor. vi. 20. Ye are bought with a price. See Deut. vii. 8. Isa. Ixi. 1. Many that sleep in the dust of the earth

SLEEP-Death.-Dan. xii. 2. shall awake. SODOM and GOMARRAH.-Any apostate city or people: or the wicked world at large.-Isa. i. 10. Hear the word of the LORD, ye rulers of Sodom; give hear unto the law of our God, ye people of Gomorrah See Rev. xi. 8.

SOLDIER-A Christian who is at war with the world, the flesh, and the devil.-2 Tim. ii. 3. Endure hardness as a good soldier of Jesus Christ.

SORES OF ULCERS, symbolically denote sins; because, according to the Hebrew idiom and notions, to heal signifies to pardon sins; and to pardon a sin is equivalent to healing.-2 Chron. xxx. 20. The pious monarch, Hezekiah, having prayed that God would excuse and pardon those who had eaten the passover without being suff ciently purified, the LORD hearkened to Hezekiah, and healed the people.-Isa. liii. 5. By his stripes we are healed. In Isa. i. 6. Wounds, bruises, and sores, are sins; the binding up of them signifies repentance; and the healing up, remission or forgiveness. SOUTH.-Judæa.-Ezek. xx. 46. Set thy face towards the south, and drop [thy word] towards the south.-Judæa lay to south of Chaldæa, where the prophet Ezekiel stood. SOUTH FIELD-Ezek. xx. 46. Prophesy against the forest of the South field; that is, against Jerusalem, in which there were good and bad men, as there are trees in a forest. SOWER.-A preacher of the word.-Matt. xiii. 3. A sower went forth to sow. See verse 39. SPEAKING. See VOICE, 2. STAR.

1. A ruler or conqueror.-Numb. xxiv. 17. There shall come a star out of Jacob and a sceptre shall arise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and shall destroy all the children of Sheth.-See an exposition of this prophecy in the note to p. 208 of this volume. The rulers of the church.-Rev. i. 20. The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches.

2.

3.

Glorified saints.-1 Cor. xv. 41. One star differeth from another star in glory.

4.

Wandering stars. Jude. 13. Wicked apostates, that go from light into outer darknss. STONE.

1. Head stone of the corner-JESUS CHRIST. See CORNER STONE 2. Stone of stumbling, (1 Pet. ii. 7.) spoken of Jesus Christ; who is termed a stone of stumbling, that is, an occasion of ruin to the Jews since they took offence at his person and character, and thereby brought destruction and misery upon themselves.

3. Stones.-Believers who are built upon the true foundation, the Lord Jesus Christ.-1 Pet. ii. 5. Ye also as lively (or living) stones are built up a spiritual house.

4. Heart of stone.-A hard, stubborn, and unbelieving heart.-Ezek. | xxxii. 26. I will take away the stony heart.

5. Stone. An idol of stone. Habak. ii. 19. Woe unto him that saith unto the wood," Awake!" and to the dumb stone, "Arise!" and it shall teach.

6. White stone.-A full pardon and acquittal.-Rev. ii. 17. I will give him a white stone. See an explanation of the custom alluded to, in Vol. II. p. 56.

7. Precious stones (1 Cor. iii. 12.), the doctrines of the Christian religion, or the mode of teaching them. SUN.

1. The Lord God.-Psal. lxxxiv. 11. The Lord God is a Sun. 2. Sun of Righteousness.-Jesus Christ.-Mal. iv. 2. The SUN OF RIGHTEOUSNESS shall arise with healing in his wings. Among the various hieroglyphics discovered by Dr. Richardson in the ruins of the ancient temple of Tentyra or Dendera, in Upper Egypt, is one which may illustrate this expression of the prophet. Im mediately over the centre of the door-way," says he, "is the beautiful Egyptian ornament, usually called the globe, with serpent and wings, emblematic of the glorious sun, poised in the airy firmament of heaven, supported and directed in his course by the eternal wisdom of the Deity. The sublime phraseology of Scripture, The Sun of Righteousness shall arise with healing in his wings, could not be more accurately or more emphatically represented to the human eye, than by this elegant device." [Dr. Richardson's Travels along the Mediterranean, &c. vol. i. p. 187.]

TREE of Life.-Immortality.-Rev. ii. 7. To him that overcometh, will I give to eat of the tree of life. See a description of it in Rev. xxii. 2-14., and an excellent sermon of Bishop Horne's Works, vol. iv. Sermon iii. on the Tree of Life.

TREES.

1. Men in general, fruitful and unfruitful.-Psal. i. 3. He (the good man) shall be like a tree, planted by rivers of water.-Matt. iii. 10. Every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit, is hewn down, and cast into the fire.

2. A great tree.-A king or monarch. See Dan. iv. 20-23.

3. The nobles of a kingdom.-Isa. x. 18, 19. It shall consume the glory of his forest, and of his fruitful field both soul and body.... And the rest of the trees of his forest shall be few. [See CEDARS, OAKS.] As trees denote great men and princes, so boughs, branches, or sprouts, denote their offspring. Thus, in Isa. xi. 1., Jesus Christ, in respect of his human nature, is styled a rod of the stem of Jesse, and a branch out of his roots; that is, a prince arising from the family of David.

VEIL of the Temple.-The body of Christ opening the kingdom of heaven by his death, when the veil of the temple was rent.--Matt. xxvii. 51. The veil of the temple was rent in twain.-Heb. x. 20. By a new and living way, which he has consecrated for us through the veil, that is to say, his flesh.

VINE

SWORD.

1. The cares, riches, and pleasures of life.-Luke viii. 14. That which fell among thorns, are they, which, when they have heard the word, go forth, and are choked with cares, and riches, and pleasures of life.

2. Thorns and briers; wicked, perverse, and untractable persons.Ezek. ii. 6. Son of man, be not afraid of them....though briers and thorns be with thee.

THREE OF THIRD. See NUMBERS.

THRESHING.-Destruction.-Jer. li. 33. Babylon is like a threshing. floor: it is time to thresh her; that is, to subdue and destroy her power. See Isa. xli. 15. Amos i. 3. Micah iv. 13. Hab. iii. 12. THRONE.-Kingdom, government.-Gen. xli. 40. Only in the throne will I be greater than thou. In 2 Sam. iii. 10. kingdom and throne are synonymus. To translate the kingdom from the house of Saul-and to set up the throne of David over Israel. The setting of the throne in 2 Sam. vii. 12, 13. 16. signifies the settling or establishment of the government in peace; and the enlargement of the throne, in 1 Kings i. 37. compared with 47., implies a great accession of power and dominions.

THUNDER-The voice of God.-Psal. xxix. 3. The voice of the LORD is upon the waters; the God of glory thundereth. In Rev. x. 4. the seven thunders may mean either a particular prophecy, or perhaps seven distinct prophecies, uttered by seven voices, loud as thun

der.

1. A state of anguish and misery.-Jer. iv. 31. I have heard a voice as of a woman in travail, the anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child, the voice of the daughter of Zion.-Jer. xiii. 21. Shall not sorrows overtake thee as a woman in travail? See also Isa. xxvi. 17. 18. lxvi. 7. Jer. xxx. 6. 7.

2. The sorrow of tribulation or persecution.-Mark xiii. 8. These are the beginnings of sorrows, literally, the pains of a woman in travail. See 1. Thess. v. 3.

TREAD under, or trample upon.-To overcome and bring under subjection.-Psal. Ix. 12. Through God we shall do valiantly; for it is he that shall tread down our enemies. See Isa. x. 6 xiv, 25. VOL. II.

3 N

2.

The Jewish Church.-Psal. lxxx. 8. Thou broughtest a vine out of Christ the head of the church.-John xv. 1. I am the true vine. Egypt. See also verse 14. Jer. ii. 21. Ezek. xix. 10. Hos. x. 1. VINEYARD-The church of Israel.--Isa. v. 1-7. The vineyard of the LORD of Hosts is the house of Israel.

VIPER.-One who injures his benefactors. Matt. iii. 7. xii. 34. O generation of vipers, that is descendants of an ungrateful race. VOICE.

1. Voice of the bridegroom.-The festivity of a wedding, and the expressions of joy which are uttered on such occasions.-Jer. vii. 34. Then will I cause to cease from the cities of Judah, and from the -streets of Jerusalem, the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride. The same expression also occurs in Jer. xvi 9. xxv. 10. xxxiii. 11. and John iii. 29.

2. Speaking with a faint voice, denotes the being in a weak and low condition.-Isa. xxix. 4. Thou shall be brought down, and shall speak out of the ground; and thy speech shall be low out of the dust. 3. Voice of the Lord. See THUNDER.

WATER.

1. The purifying grace of the Holy Spirit.-John iii. 5. Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. See also Psal. li. 2.

2. Living water.-The word of the Gospel.-John iv. 10. He would have given thee living water. WATERS.

1. Troubles and afflictions.-Psal. lxix. 1. Save me, O God: for the waters are come in unto my soul. 2. A great multitude of people.-Isa. viii. 7. The LORD bringeth up upon them the waters of the river, strong and many, i. e. army of the king of Assyria; whose overwhelming force is compared to the waters of the great, rapid, and impetuous river Euphrates. See Rev. xvii. 15,

3. The Blessings of the Gospel.-Isa. lv. 1. Ho! every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters.

WAVES of the Sea.-Numerous armies of the heathens marching against the people of God.-Psal. lxv. 7. Which stillest the noise of the seas, the noise of their waves. See also Psal. Ixxxix. 9. and xciii. 3. 4. Jude 13. Raging waves of the sea.

WEEK.-Seven years.-Dan. ix. 24. Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people; that is, seventy weeks of years, or four hundred and ninety years.

WHEAT. Good seed, the children of the kingdom. Matt. xiii. 38.
WHITE. See GARMENTS, 1.; HORSE, 3.; STONE, 5.
WILDERNESS.

1. All manner of desolation.-Isa. xxvi. 10. The defenced city shall be desolate, and the habitation forsaken and left like a wilderness. Jer. xxii. 6. Surely I will make thee a wilderness [and] cities [which] are not inhabited. See also Hos. ii. 3.

2. This world, through which all real Christians pass, and undergo all the trials of the Hebrews in their way to the heavenly Canaan.-1 Cor. x. 5. 6. They were overthrown in the wilderness. Now these things were our examples.-Isa. xli. 18. I will make the wilderness a pool of water.

WIND.

1. Violent wind.-Destruction.-Jer. li. 1. 1 will raise up against Babylon....a destroying wind.-Jer. iv. 11, 12. A dry wind of the high places in the wilderness..even a full wind from those places shall come

unto me.

2. The four winds.-General destruction.--Jer. xlix. 36. Upon Elam will I bring the four winds, from the four quarters of heaven. See also Dan. vii. 2. viii. 8. Rev. vii. 1. See AIR. WINE.

1. Wine, when mentioned together with corn and oil (as it very frequently is), denotes all kinds of temporal good things.-Hos. ii. 8. I gave her corn, and wine, and oil. See Joel ii. 19. Psal. iv. 7. 2. As the choicest heavenly blessings are frequently represented in the Scriptures by the salutary effects of wine: so, from the noxious and intoxicating qualities of that liquor,-(which anciently was mixed with bitter and stupefying ingredients, and given to malefactors who were about to suffer death,)-is borrowed a most tremendous image of the wrath and indignation of Almighty God.-Psal. lxxv. 8. In the hand of the LORD there is a cup, and the wine is red; it is full of mixture, &c.-Psal. Ix. 3. Thou hast made us to drink the wine of astonishment. See Jer. xxv. 15. Rev. xiv. 10.

xvi. 19.

i. 15.

WINE-PRESS.-Treading the wine-press, from their custom of pressing grapes, signifies destruction attended with great slaughter.-Lament. The LORD hath trodden under foot all my mighty men in the midst of me; he hath called an assembly against me to crush my young men the LORD hath trodden the virgin, the daughter of Judah, as in a wine-press. See Isa. lxiii. 3. WINGS.

1. Protection.-Psal. xvii. 8. Hide me under the shadow of thy wings. See Psal. xxxvi. 7. and xei. 4.

2. Wings, when used to fly upwards, are emblems of exaltation.-Isa. xl. 31. They shall mount up with wings as eagles; that is, they shall be highly exalted.

WOLF-A thief, or religious impostor; a devourer of the church.Luke x. 3. I send you forth as lambs among wolves.-John x. 12. He that is a hireling....seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth: and the wolf scattereth them.

WOMAN.

1. A city, a state, or body politic, or the inhabitants thereof.-The daughter of Tyre in Psal. xlv. 12., of Babylon in Psal. cxxxvii. 8., and of Jerusalem in 2 Kings xix. 21., signifies the inhabitants of those cities, respectively. The daughter of Jerusalem, when

2.

the sun.

virtuous, is honoured with the high appellation of the espoused of God in Isa. liv. 1. 5., and Jer. xxxi. 4. When wicked and idolatrous she is styled the harlot, the adulteress. See ADULTERESS. The true church of Christ.-Rev. xii. 1. A woman clothed with WRITE.-To publish or notify. This was the first intention of writing; and, in the earliest ages, no writings were made but upon pillars or monuments, merely to notify things.-Jer. xxii. 30. Write this man childless; that is, publish it, and let all men know that he shall have no child to succeed him upon the throne. For it appears from 1 Chron. iii. 17, 18. and Matt. i. 12., that Jeconiah (of whom the prophet is speaking) had children; but being born probably after he was carried to Babylon, where he lived many years a captive, none of them ever succeeded to the royal authority. See 2 Kings

XXV. 27.

YOKE.

1. Oppressive bondage.-Dent. xxviii. 48. He shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he shall have destroyed thee. See Jer. xxvII. 14. In Gal. v. 1. the yoke of bondage means the burdensome cere monies of the Mosaic law, from which the Christian law of liberty has delivered us.

2. Punishment for sin.-Lam. i. 14. The yoke of my transgressions is bound by his hand. 3. Those useful restraints, which arise from a sense of the duty which we owe to God, and the obedience we ought to pay to his lawsLam. iii. 27. It is good for a man to bear the yoke in his youth.

Take

4. The doctrines and precepts of Jesus Christ, and the temper, dispo sitions, and duties which flow from them.-Matt. xi. 29, 30. my yoke upon you, and learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart, and ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.-Quesnel's remark upon the last sentence is not more beautiful than devout. "How easy and sweet is it, to serve Christ even in bearing his cross! How hard and painful is the slavery of the world, of sin and of our own passions, even with all their false pleasures! That satisfaction, peace, and comfort, which grace gives here below, and that which hope encourages us to expect in heaven, make a Christian full amends for all his pains in subduing his passions, and in opposing the world.... A yoke, which Christ takes together with us,-can that be uneasy? A burden, which He bears in us by His Spirit,-can that be heavy? Come, then, taste and know by experience how sweet the Lord is, and how worthy His yoke is to be chosen and loved!"

ABBREVIATIONS in manuscripts, account of, I. 221.

Abraham, predictions concerning, and their fulfilment, I. 122, 123. His posterity, in what sense as numerous as the stars of heaven for multitude, 421.

Abyssinian (Ancient) version of the Old and New Testaments, 1. 273, 274.

Accents (Hebrew), uses of, I. 192.

Accommodation, theory of, shown to be unfounded, I. 324.
Acamets, notice of, I. 223. note.

Acrostic poetry of the Hebrews, I. 381.

Acts of the Apostles-Title, II. 318. By whom written, ibid. Genuineness and authenticity, ibid. Scope, ibid. Chronology, 319. Analysis of this book, 320. Observations on its style, ibid. Importance of this book, as an evidence for the truth of Christianity, 320, 321. Confirmation of its veracity by Josephus, I. 80. Coincidence between it and the apostolic epistles, 50, 51. Acts of the Senate, what. I, 81. Appeals made to them by the first Christians, as evidence, 82.

Adjunct, metonymy of, what, I. 360, 361.

Advantages, peculiar to the Christian revelation, a proof of its superiority over all other religions, and that it is from God, I. 177–180. Adverbs (emphatic), instances of, I. 328.

Affections, the moral government of, enforced in the Gospel, I. 153, 154.

Age of Hebrew manuscripts, how ascertained, I. 217. Agreement of ancient manuscripts and versions, a proof of the uncorrupted preservation of the Scriptures, I. 54, 55. Of quotations by Christian writers, a like proof, 55.

Alexander of Pontus, fabulous miracles recorded of, exposed, I. 117. Alexandrian Manuscript, account of, I. 222–224. Fac-simile of it, 224.

Alexandrian Version. See Septuagint.

Alexandrine Recension of the New Testament, account of, I. 205. Allegorical Sense, I. 323.

Allegory defined, I. 364. Different species of, ibid. Rules for the interpretation of allegories, 364, 365.

Allusions to the Old Testament in the New, I. 312. 318.
Alphabetical Poems of the Hebrews, account of, I. 381.
America, observations on the peopling of, I. 76.
Ammonian Sections, what, I. 214. Ammonian dialect, 273.
Amos (the prophet), account of, II. 259, 260. Occasion of his pro-
phecy, 260.
Its scope, ibid. Synopsis of its contents, ibid. Ob-
servations on his style, ibid.
AVYσμт, or Church-Lessons, I. 214.
Analogy of languages, defined, I. 340, 341. Use of grammatical
analogy for interpreting Scripture, 341. Of kindred languages,
341, 312. Foundation of analogy in all languages, 342. Analogy |
of Scripture, 330-333. Analogy of faith defined, 342. Its im-
portance in studying the sacred writings, 342, 343. Rules for
investigating the analogy of faith, 343, 344.
Ananias, why not acknowledged as high-priest by St. Paul, I. 50.
Ancestors put for posterity, I. 359.

Anglo-Saxon version of the New Testament, account of, I. 280.
Antediluvians, longevity of, confirmed by heathen writers, I. 71.
Ante Hieronymian Version of the Bible, I. 275.
Anthropopathy, nature of, I. 362.

Avtos, propriety of the title of, given by St. Paul to Sergius
Paulus, I. 90.

Antiquities (Biblical), importance of, to the study of the Sacred
Writings, I. 350. Cautions in applying them, 350, 351.
Antitype, what, I. 385. Rules for the application of types to anti-
types, 386, 387.

Apamean Medal confirms the Mosaic account of the Deluge, I. 88.
Apocalypse. See Revelation of St. John.
Apocrypha, derivation of the term, I. 435.
1. The Apocryphal Books of the Old Testament, why rejected from

Ana

the canon of Scripture, I. 435, 436. Their uses, 344. 436. lysis of these books, II. 289-293. Supposed quotations from them in the New Testament, I. 318. Actual value of these productions, 436.

2. Apocryphal Books of the New Testament, I. 437. Enumeration of these writings, ibid. EXTERNAL EVIDENCE to show that they were never considered as inspired or canonical, 437, 438. INTERNAL EVIDENCE, 438-442. These apocryphal books are so far from affecting the credibility of the genuine books of the New Testament, that the latter are confirmed by them, 47, '48. 442. Apollonius, of Tyana, fabulous miracles ascribed to, exposed, I. 118. Apostles and evangelists, credibility of. See Credibility and Inspiration. On the descent of the Holy Spirit upon them, I. 447, 448. Apostolic Fathers, testimonies of, to the authenticity of the New Testament, I. 44, 45. In what manner they quoted the Scriptures, 41. Force of their testimony, 45. Aquila's version of the Old Testament, I. 268, 269. Arabic language, notice of, I. 199.

Arabic versions of the Old and New Testament, I. 274, 275. Of the
Samaritan Pentateuch, 204.

Aramaan Language, and its dialects, I. 199.
Aramaisms of the New Testament, I. 198.
Aretas, a king of Arabia Petræa, why at war with Herod the Great,
I. 50.

Aristeas's fabulous account of the Septuagint version exposed, I. 264, 265. Fabulous miracles related of Aristeas the Proconnesian exposed, 117.

Ark of Noah, dimensions of, I. 75.
Armenian version of Scriptures, I. 275.
Arnobius, testimony of, to the genuineness of the New Testament
I. 42.
Article (Greek), elucidations of, 1. 327, 328.
Articles of faith, not to be established from single, obscure, or figu-
rative texts, I. 395.

Arts, the late invention and progress of, a confirmation of the cre-
dibility of the Mosaic History of the Deluge, I. 73, 74.
Asaph, Psalms ascribed to, II. 239.

Ascension, Odes of, II. 243.

Ascension of Jesus Christ, circumstances of, considered, I. 446.
Asher (Rabbi Aaron Ben), Codex of, I. 203.

Atheists, principles of, contrasted with those of the Gospel, I. 176,
177. Effects of, in republican France, 25, 26.
Athenagoras, testimony of, to the genuineness of the New Testa
ment, I. 43.

Athens, miserable condition of the women at, I. 19. note 7. Origin of the altar erected at, to "The unknown God," 90. St. Luke's and St. Paul's account of the Athenians confirmed by Demosthenes, 80. and by ancient inscriptions, 91. Remarks on Paul's admirable address to them, II. 326, 327.

Atonement, true notion of, unknown to the heathen, I. 17. Though they felt the necessity of an atonement for sin, 70, 71. The doctrine of, as set forth in the New Testament, 150. Authenticity defined, 1. 28. Of the Old and New Testaments proved, 28-52. Recapitulation of this argument, 184. Especially of Matt. i. and ii. and Luke i. and ii., II. 299–302. 309. Of Luke viii. 27-39., 310.; and xxii. 44., 310. Of John vii. 53. and viii. 1— 11., 315. Examination of the authenticity of 1 John v. 7., 366—— 375.

Author, put for his book or writings, I. 359. Importance of knowing, 348.

Bel and the Dragon, apocryphal history of, II. 292.
Benefits conferred by Christianity, a proof that it is from God, I. 169

-177.

Bethlehem, massacre of the infants at, I. 419. Bible, a perfect rule of faith and practice, I. 186. Moral qualifications for studying it advantageously, 186, 187. In what order it should be read, 187. Refutation of the assertion that the Bible is the most immoral book in the world, 166. Does not inculcate a spirit of intolerance and persecution, 166, 167. Harmony between all its parts, a proof of its divine origin and authority, 167, 168. As also its preservation, 168. See Scriptures, Versions, Testament (Old), and Testament (New).

Blind man restored to sight, remarks on the miracle of, I. 104, 105. Blount (Mr.), absurd and contradictory notions of, on religion and morals, I. 23. His profligacy, 26.

Boils, on the plague of, in Egypt, II. 207.

Bolingbroke (Lord), absurd and contradictory tenets of, on religion and morals, I. 24, 25. His hypocrisy exposed, 26. His involuntary testimony in favour of the evangelist, 68.

Book, every writing so termed by the ancients, however small, 1. 56. Book of the Covenant, I. 57.

Book of Jasher, remarks on, I. 57. II. 216.

Book of the Wars of the Lord, observations on, I. 57. II. 210.
Byzantine Recension of the New Testament, I. 205.

CAIUS ROMANUS, testimony of, to the genuineness of the New Testament, I. 42.

Cana, observation on the miracle wrought at, I. 103, 104.
Canaanites, extirpation of, considered, I. 409, 410.

Canon of the Old Testament, account of, I. 28-30. Canon of the New Testament, 39. General divisions of the canonical books of the Old Testament, II. 212, 213.

Catalogues of the books of the Old Testament, I. 29, 30.; and of the New Testament, 41.

Catholic Epistles, origin of the appellation of, II. 358. Its antiquity, ibid. The authenticity of the Catholic Epistles, and in what order usually placed, ibid. Their dates, 330.

Cause, metonymy of, I. 359, 360.

Celsus, testimony of, to the genuineness and authenticity of the New Testament, I. 46, 47.; and to the character of Christ, 82.; and of the first Christians, 85.

Census, alluded to by St. Luke, explained, I. 419, 420.
Cerinthus, account of the tenets of, II. 316, 317. His testimony to
the genuineness and authenticity of the New Testament, I. 46.
Cetubim, an ancient division of the Old Testament, account of, I.
213.

Chaldeans, pretence of, to antiquity, disproved, I. 73.
Chaldaisms of the New Testament, I. 198.

Chaldee Language, notice of, I. 199.

Chaldee Paraphrases on the Scriptures, account of, I. 262-264. Chapters and verses, origin of, in the Old Testament, I. 213. And in the New Testament, 214.

Characters (Hebrew), antiquity of, I. 190.

Children, the visiting of the fathers' sins on, explained, I. 409. Chinese, pretences of, to antiquity, disproved, I. 74. Degraded state of religion and morals among the Chinese, I. 21. CHRIST (Jesus). Duration of his ministry, I. 321. The Lord's supper a perpetual memorial of the truth of the Gospel, 67. Testimony of Josephus to the character of Jesus Christ, 81. 463, 464. Of the Talmuds, 81. Of Pontius Pilate, 81, 82. Of Suetonius, Tacitus, Pliny, Ælius, Lampridius, Celsus, and Porphyry, 82. Of Julian and Mohammed, 83. Jesus Christ put for his doctrine, 359. Parables, why used by him, 368, 369. Superiority of his parables, 369, 370. Difficulties in his genealogy solved, 400, 401. 417, 418. Why he used external means in performing some of his miracles, 99, 100.; and gave different degrees of notoriety to them, 98, 99. Their number, 101. Variety, ibid. Design, 101, 102. Greatness, 102. Before whom wrought, 103. In what manner wrought, ibid. Their effects, ibid. Were never denied, ibid. A critical examination of some of Christ's miracles, particularly the conversion of water into wine, ibid. The feeding of five thousand men, 104. The healing of the paralytic, ibid. The giving of sight to the man who had been born blind, 104, 105. The raising of Jairus's daughter to life, 105. Of the widow's son at Nain, ibid. And of Lazarus, 105, 106. The circumstances of his Resurrection stated and scrutinized, 106-115. And of his Ascension, 446. The miracles of Christ compared with pretended pagan and popish miracles, 115-119. Character of Christ, 149. Testimonies of heathen adversaries to his life and character, 81 -83. Involuntary testimonies of the infidels, Chubb and Rousseau, to his character, 156. and note. Christ a greater prophet than Moses, 453, 454. Salvation only through him, 462. Necessity of believing in him, and danger of rejecting him, ibid. Christ put for his doctrine, 359. See MESSIAH. Christianity, propagation of, a proof of the credibility of the New Testament, I. 67. And that the Gospel is from God, 130-132. Gibbon's five secondary causes of its success refuted, 133. Its rejection by unbelieving Jews and Gentiles, and non-universality, no argument against its divine original, but rather a confirmation, 134-140. The Mosaic dispensation introductory to it, 147, 148. Excellence of its doctrines, 149–151. And morality, 152-156. Superiority of its motives to duty, 156-158. Its doctrines not

contrary to reason, 158-160. Its doctrine of a future judgment not improbable, 160, 161. Does not establish a system of prest craft, 161, 162. Or prohibit free inquiry, but on the contrary invites it, 162. Its morality not too strict, 162, 163. Nor any of its moral precepts unreasonable and impracticable, 163, 164. Does not produce a timid spirit, 164. Nor overlook the generous sentiments of friendship, 164, 165.; and of patriotism, 165, 166. Nor inculcate either intolerance or persecution, 166, 167. The t dency of Christianity (evinced by facts) to promote the present and eternal happiness of mankind, 169-175. Comparison of the actual effects of the Gospel, with those produced by the atheistcal philosophy, 175-177. A further proof that it is from God, is afforded by its superiority over all other religions, 177. Particu larly in its perfection, ibid. Its openness, ibid. Its adaptation to the capacities of all men, 178. The spirituality of its worship, ibid. Its opposition to the spirit of the world, 179. Its huma tion of man and exalting the Deity, ibid. Its restoration of order to the world, ibid. Its tendency to eradicate all evil passions from the heart, ibid. Its contrariety to the covetousness and ambition of mankind, ibid. Its restoring the divine image to man, ibid. Its mighty effects, ibid. Examination of the difficultes attendant on the propagation of Christianity, 448-450. Christians, exemplary character and conduct of, I. 169, 170. Attested by their heathen adversaries, 83-85. 170. The crimes of nominal Christians not chargeable on the Gospel, 173. Chronicles (two books of), II. 222. Their title, ibid. Author and date, ibid. Scope and analysis of these books, 223. Observations on these books, 224. Account of the Targums or Chaldee para phrases on, I. 263.

Chronology, alleged contradictions in, considered, and shown to be unfounded, I. 404, 405. Importance of, to biblical students, 349. Chubb (Mr.), absurd and contradictory tenets of, concerning religion, I. 23, 24. His hypocrisy, 26. Involuntary testimony of, to the divine mission of Jesus Christ, 68.; and to his character, 155. Churches (Christian), state of, necessary to be known in studying the Epistles, I. 393.

Cilicisms of the New Testament, I. 199.

Circumcision, the observance of, a proof of the credibility of the Old Testament, I. 66.

Circumstantiality of the Old Testament narratives a proof of their authenticity, I. 31, 32.; as also of the Pentateuch, 35, 36.; and of the New Testament narratives, 49, 50. Clarius's (Isidore) revision of the Vulgate version, notice of, I. 277 Classification of the books of the New Testament, II. 293, 294. Clement of Alexandria, testimony of, to the genuineness of the New Testament, I. 43.

Clement of Rome, testimony of, to the genuineness of the New Testament, I. 45.

Cognate, or kindred languages, what so termed, I. 199. Account of them, ibid. The use of the cognate languages for illustrating the Scriptures elucidated, 199. 341, 342.

Coincidence of the Old and New Testament narratives with the relations of profane authors a proof of their credibility, I. 49–52 69-87.

Coins (ancient), collateral testimony of, to the credibility of the New Testament, I. 88-91. Importance of, as an hermeneutical aid, 350.

Collins (Mr.), absurd and contradictory tenets of, on religion, I. 23. His hypocrisy, 26. Colossians, Saint Paul's Epistle to, II. 340. Account of the church at Colossæ, 341. Date of this Epistle, ibid. Its occasion, ibal Scope and analysis of its contents, ibid. Commentaries, different classes of, I. 352. Of commentaries, strictly so called, ibid. Their utility, 353. Design to be kept in view in consulting them, ibid. Rules for consulting them to the best advantage, 353, 354.

Comparison not to be extended to all the circumstances of an alle gory, I. 365.

Complexion, varieties of, in different nations, not contrary to the Mosaic account of the origin of mankind, I. 76. Conjecture (critical), a source of various readings, I. 284. Rules for applying it to the determination of various readings, 289, 290. Constantinopolitan Recension of the New Testament, I. 205. 209. Contemporary Writers, testimony of, a source for ascertaining the meaning of Scripture, I. 329-333

Context, definition of, I. 336. Rules for investigating it, 337, 338 Importance of attending to the context, in the interpretation of allegories, 365.

Contradictions, alleged to exist in the Scriptures, considered, and shown to have no foundation, I. 399, 400. In historical passages, 400-404. In chronology, 404, 405. Between prophecies and their fulfilment, 406. In doctrine, 406-408. Apparent contradictions to morality, 408-414. Between the sacred writers, 414 -418. Between sacred and profane writers, 418-420. Seeming contradictions to philosophy and the nature of things, 420-422 Conversation with the Deity, the most eminent degree of prophetic inspiration, II. 256.

Conversion of Paul, remarks on, II. 322, 323. Coptic version of the Old and New Testament, I. 272. Corinthians (Saint Paul's First Epistle to), II. 334. Paul's character of the Gentile Corinthians confirmed by profane historians, I. 80. State of the Corinthian church, II. 334. Occasion and scope of this Epistle, ibid. Analysis of its contents, 335. Date and genuineness, ibid. Examination of the question, how many epistles Paul wrote to the Corinthians, ibid.