country of Damascus on the north. It abounded with rocks,
which afforded shelter to numerous thieves and robbers.
(3.) ITUREA anciently belonged to the half tribe of Ma-
nasseh, who settled on the east of Jordan: it stood to the east
of Batanæa and to the south of Trachonitis. Of these two
cantons Philip the son of Herod the Great was tetrarch at
the time John the Baptist commenced his ministry. (Luke
iii. 1.) It derived its name from Jetur the son of Ishmael
(1 Chron. i. 31.), and was also called Auranitis from the city
of Hauran. (Ezek. xlvii. 16. 18.) This region exhibits ves-
tiges of its former fertility, and is most beautifully wooded
and picturesque. The Ituræans are said to have been skil-
ful archers and dexterous robbers.

detection of Peter as one of Christ's disciples. (Mark xiv.
70.) The Galileans are repeatedly mentioned by Josephus
as a turbulent and rebellious people, and upon all occasions
ready to disturb the Roman authority. They were particu-
larly forward in an insurrection against Pilate himself, who
proceeded to a summary mode of punishment, causing a
party of them to be treacherously slain, during one of the
great festivals, when they came to sacrifice at Jerusalem.
This character of the Galileans explains the expression in
St. Luke's Gospel (xiii. 1.), whose blood Pilate mingled with
their sacrifices; and also accounts for his abrupt question,
when he heard of Galilee, and asked if Jesus were a Galilean
(Luke xxiii. 6.) Our Redeemer was accused before him of
seditious practices, and of exciting the people to revolt; (4.) GAULONITIS was a tract on the east side of the lake of
when, therefore, it was stated, among other things, that he Gennesareth and the river Jordan, which derived its name
had been in Galilee, Pilate caught at the observation, and in- from Gaulan or Golan the city of Og, king of Bashan.
quired if he were a Galilean; having been prejudiced against (Josh. xx. 8.) This canton is not mentioned in the New
the inhabitants of that district by their frequent commotions, Testament.
and being on this account the more ready to receive any (5.) BATANEA, the ancient kingdom of Bashan, was situat
charge which might be brought against any one of that ob-ed to the north-east of Gaulonitis, and was celebrated for its
noxious community.2
excellent breed of cattle, its rich pastures, and for its stately
oaks: the precise limits of this district are not easy to be de-
fined. A part of it is now called the Belka, and affords the
finest pasturage, being every where shaded with groves of
noble oaks and pistachio trees. It was part of the territory
given to Herod Antipas, and is not noticed in the New Tes-
tament.

Galilee of the Nations, or of the Gentiles, mentioned in Isa. ix. 1. and Matt. iv. 15., is by some commentators supposed to be Upper Galilee, either because it bordered on Tyre and Sidon, or because the Phoenicians, Syrians, Arabs, &c. were to be found among its inhabitants. Others, however, with better reason, suppose that the whole of Galilee is intended, and is so called, because it lay adjacent to idolatrous na

tions.3

(6.) PEREA, in its restricted sense, includes the southern part of the country beyond Jordan, lying south of Ituræa, east of Judea and Samaria; and was anciently possessed by the two tribes of Reuben and Gad. Its principal place was the strong fortress of Macharus, erected for the purpose of checking the predatory incursions of the Arabs. This fortress, though not specified by name in the New Testament, is memorable as the place where John the Baptist was put to death. (Matt. xiv. 3-12.).

2. SAMARIA.-The division of the Holy Land thus denominated, derives its name from the city of Samaria, and comprises the tract of country which was originally occupied by the two tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh within Jordan, lying exactly in the middle between Judæa and Galilee; so that it was absolutely necessary for persons who were desirous of going expeditiously from Galilee to Jerusalem, to pass through this country. This sufficiently explains the remark The canton of DECAPOLIS (Matt. iv. 25. Mark v. 20. of St. John (iv. 4.), which is strikingly confirmed by Jose- and vii. 31.), which derives its name from the ten cities it phus. The three chief places of this district, noticed in the contained, is considered by Reland and other eminent authorScriptures, are Samaria, Sichem, or Schechem, and Anti-ities as part of the region of Perea. Concerning its limits, patris.

3. JUDEA.Of the various districts, into which Palestine was divided, Judaea was the most distinguished. It comprised the territories which had formerly belonged to the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Simeon, and to part of the tribe of Dan; being nearly coextensive with the ancient kingdom of Judah. Its metropolis was JERUSALEM and of the other towns or villages of note contained in this region, the most remarkable were Arimathea, Azotus or Ashdod, Bethany, Bethlehem, Bethphage, Emmaus, Ephraim, Gaza, Jericho, Joppa, Lydda, and Rama.

4. The district of PEREA comprised the six cantons of Abilene, Trachonitis, Itura, Gaulonitis, Batanæa, and Perea, strictly so called, to which some geographers have added Decapolis.

and the names of its ten cities, geographers are by no means agreed; but, according to Josephus (whose intimate knowledge of the country constitutes him an unexceptionable authority), it contained the cities of Damascus, Otopos, Philadelphia, Raphana, Scythopolis (the capital of the district), Gadara, Hippos, Dios, Pella, and Gerasa.

5. IDUMEA. This province was added by the Romans, on their conquest of Palestine. It comprised the extreme southern part of Judæa, together with some small part of Arabia." During the Babylonish captivity, being left destitute of inhabitants, or not sufficiently inhabited by its natives, it seems to have been seized by the neighbouring Idumæans; and though they were afterwards subjugated by the powerful arms of the Maccabees and Asmonæan princes, and embraced Judaism, yet the tract of country, of which they had thus (1.) ABILENE was the most northern of these provinces, possessed themselves, continued to retain the appellation of being situated between the mountains of Libanus and Anti-Idumæa in the time of Christ, and, indeed, for a considerable Libanus, and deriving its name from the city Abila, or Abela, It is supposed to have been within the borders of the tribe of Naphtali, although it was never subdued by them. This canton or territory had formerly been governed as a kingdom (Box) by a certain Lysanias, the son of Ptolemy and grandson of Mennæus; but he being put to death B. c. 36, through the intrigues of Cleopatra, Augustus placed over it another Lysanias, a descendant (as it appears) of the former, with the title of tetrarch. (Luke iii. 1.) The emperor Claudius afterwards made a present of this district to king Agrippa, or at least confirmed him in the possession of it.

(2.) TRACHONITIS was bounded by the Desert Arabia on the east, Batanæa on the west, Ituraa on the south, and the

that if you had been placed in it, your feet would not have touched the ground. But she so spoiled the business with her pronunciation, that, as the glosser interprets it, her words had this sense:-Sir, slave, I had a beam, and they stole thee away; and it was so great, that if they had hung thee on it, thy feet would not have touched the ground. Lightfoot's Chorographical Century of the Land of Israel, ch. lxxxvii. (Works, vol. ii. p. 79.) See additional examples in Buxtorf's Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum et Rabbinicum, p. 434.

1 Josephus, Antiq. book xviii. c. 3. § 2. and Mr. Whiston's note there. In another place. (book xvii. c. 10 § 2.), after describing a popular tumult, he says, A great number of these were GALILEANS and Idumaans.

Gilly's Spirit of the Gospel, or the Four Evangelists elucidated, p. 328. Kuinöel in loc. Robinson's Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testament, voce г.

c. 13.

Antiq, book xx. c. 5. § 1. De Bell. Jud. oook ii. c. 12. § 3.

subsequent period. Ultimately the Idumæans became mingled with the Ishmaelites, and they were jointly called Nabathæans, from Nebaioth, a son of Ishmael.s

VIII. Of the whole country thus described, JERUSALEM was the metropolis during the reigns of David and Solomon: after the secession of the ten tribes, it was the capital of the kingdom of Judah, but during the time of Christ and until the subversion of the Jewish polity, it was the metropolis of Palestine.

1. Jerusalem is frequently styled in the Scriptures the Holy City (Isa. xlviii. 2. Dan. ix. 24. Neh. xi. 1. Matt. iv. 5. Rev. xi. 2.), because the Lord chose it out of all the tribes of Israel to place his name there, his temple and his worship

Buckingham's Travels in Palestine, pp. 408, 409. London, 1821. 4to. Mr. Burckhardt, who visited this region in the years 1810 and 1812, has described its present state, together with the various antiquities which still remain. See his Travels in Syria and the Holy Land, pp. 51–119. 211–310. London, 1822. 4to.

For a copious and interesting illustration of the fulfilment of prophecy concerning Idumæa, from the statements of modern travellers, see Mr Keith's Evidence of the Truth of the Christian Religion from Prophecy, pp. 172-220.

Besides the authorities incidentally cited in the preceding pages, the following works have been consulted for this chapter, viz. Relandi Palæsti na, tom. i. pp. 1-201. (Traj. ad Rhen. 1714); Ancient Universal History, vol. ii. pp. 452-465. 476-486. (Lond. 1748); Pritii Introductio ad Lectionem Novi Testamenti, pp. 497-518.; Beausobre's and L'Enfant's Introduction to the New Testament (Bp. Watson's Collection of Theological Tracts, vol.

Josephus, Ant. Jud. lib. xiv. c. 13. xv. c. 4. xix. c. 5. Bell. Jud. lib. i. iii. pp. 262-278.); Pareau, Antiquitas Hebraica breviter descripta, pp. 44

52.; Spanhemii Introductio ad Geographiam Sacram, pp. 1-81.

(Neh. iii. 26.), near which the waters of Etam passed, after to the spot where the fountain of Siloam took its rise. We having been used in the temple service, in their way to the have no account of any gates being erected on the northern brook Kedron, into which they discharged themselves.-2. side. The Horse Gate (Neh. iii. 28. Jer. xxxi. 40.), which is supposed to have been so called, because horses went through it in order to be watered.-3. The Prison Gate (xii. 39.), probably so called from its vicinity to the prison.-4. The Gate Miphkad. (Neh. iii. 31.)

4. Previously to the fatal war of the Jews with the Romans, we learn from Josephus, that the city of Jerusalem was erected on two hills, opposite to one another, with a valley between them, which he subsequently calls the Valley of the Cheesemongers. The loftiest of these hills contained the The gates on the western side were, 1. The Valley Gate Upper City (ave ); and the other called Acra, contained (Neh. ii. 13.), also termed the Gate of Ephraim, above the Lower City ( narw To), which seems to have been the which stood the Tower of Furnaces (Neh. iii. 11. xii. 38.); most considerable part of the whole city. Over against this and near it was the Dragon Well (Neh. ii. 13.), which may was a third hill, lower than Acra, and formerly divided from have derived its name from the representation of a dragon, the other by a broad valley; which was filled up with earth out of whose mouth the stream flowed that issued from the during the reign of the Asmonæans or Maccabean princes, in well.-2. The Dung Gate (Neh. iii. 13.), which is supposed order to join the city to the temple. As population increased, to have received its name from the filth of the beasts that and the city crept beyond its old limits, Agrippa joined were sacrificed, being carried from the temple through this to it a fourth hill (which was situated to the north of the gate.-3. The Gate of the Fountain (Neh. iii. 15.), had its temple), called Bezetha, and thus still further enlarged name either from its proximity to the fountain of Gihon, or Jerusalem.

At this time the city was surrounded by three walls on such parts as were not encompassed with impassable valleys, where there was only one wall. The first wall began on the north side, at the tower called Hippicus, whence it extended to the place called the Xistus, and to the councilhouse, and it terminated at the western cloister of the temple. But, proceeding westward, in a contrary direction, the historian says, that it began at the same place, and extended through a place called Bethso, to the gate of the Essenes, then taking a turn towards the south, it reached to the place called Ophlas, where it was joined to the eastern cloister of the temple. The second wall commenced at the gate Gennath, and encompassed only the northern quarter of the city, as far as the tower Antonia. The third wall began at the tower Hippicus, whence it reached as far as the north quarter of the city, passed by the tower Psephinus, till it came to the monument of Helena, queen of Adiabene. Thence it passed by the sepulchres of the kings; and, taking a direction round the south-west corner, passed the Fuller's Monument, and joined the old wall at the valley of Kedron. This third wall was commenced by Agrippa, to defend the newly erected part of the city called Bezetha; but he did not finish

1 Observationes Philologicæ ac Geographicæ. Amstelæ dami, 1747. 8vo. pp. 21-29. 2 De Bell. Jud. lib. vi. c. 6.

IT Tapagg. Sispyoμevos äxan porpor, are the words of Josephus; which Pritius renders alia lata valle ante divisus (Introd. ad Nov. Test. p. 522.), "formerly divided by another broad valley." The rendering above given is that of Mr. Whiston.

it, from apprehension of incurring the displeasure of the emperor Claudius. His intention was to have erected it with stones, twenty cubits in length by ten cubits in breadth; so that no iron tools or engines could make any impression on them. What Agrippa could not accomplish, the Jews subsequently attempted: and, when Jerusalem was besieged by the Romans, this wall was twenty cubits high, above which were battlements of two cubits, and turrets of three cubits, making in all an altitude of twenty-five cubits. Numerous towers, constructed of solid masonry, were erected at certain distances: in the third wall, there were ninety; in the middle wall, there were forty; and in the old wall, sixty. The towers of Hippicus, Phasaelus, and Mariamne, erected by Herod the Great, and dedicated to the memories of his friend, his brother, and his wife, were pre-eminent for their height, their massive architecture, their beauty, and the conveniences with which they were furnished. According to Josephus the circumference of Jerusalem, previously to its siege and destruction by the Romans, was thirty-three furlongs, or nearly four miles and a half: and the wall of circumvallation, constructed by order of Titus, he states to have been thirty-nine furlongs, or four miles eight hundred and seventy-five paces.*

4 M. D'Anville has elaborately investigated the extent of Jerusalem, as described by Josephus, in his learned "Dissertation sur l'Etendue de l'ancienne Jerusalem et de son Temple," the accuracy of whose details Viscount Chateaubriand has attested in his Itinerary to and from Jerusalem. This very rare dissertation of D'Anville is reprinted in the Bible de Vence, tom. vi. pp. 43-84. 5th edition

At present, a late traveller states that the circumference of | by God to persons labouring under the most desperate disJerusalem cannot exceed three miles.1

5. During the time of Jesus Christ, Jerusalem was adorned with numerous edifices, both sacred and civil, some of which are mentioned or alluded to in the New Testament. But its chief glory was the temple, described in a subsequent part of this volume; which magnificent structure occupied the northern and lower top of Sion, as we learn from the Psalm1st (xlviii. 2.); Beautiful for situation, the joy (or delight) of the whole earth, is Mount Sion. On her north side is the city of the great king. Next to the temple in point of splendour, was the very superb palace of Herod, which is largely described by Josephus ; it afterwards became the residence of the Roman procurators, who for this purpose generally claimed the royal palaces in those provinces which were subjeet to kings. These dwellings of the Roman procurators in the provinces were called Prætoria: Herod's palace therefore was Pilate's prætorium (Matt. xxvii. 27. John xviii. 28.): and in some part of this edifice was the armoury or barracks of the Roman soldiers that garrisoned Jerusalem, whither Jesus was conducted and mocked by them. (Matt. xxvii. 27. Mark xv. 16.) In the front of this palace was the tribunal, where Pilate sat in a judicial capacity to hear and determine weighty causes; being a raised pavement of mosaic work (esp), the evangelist informs us that in the Hebrew language it was on this account termed Gabbatha (John xix. 13.), i. e. an elevated place. In this tribunal the procurator Florus sat, A. D. 66; and, in order to punish the Jews for their seditions behaviour, issued orders for his soldiers to plunder the upper market-place in Jerusalem, and to put to death such Jews as they met with; which commands were executed with savage barbarity."

On a steep rock adjoining the north-west corner of the temple stood the Tower of Antonia, on the site of a citadel that had been erected by Antiochus Epiphanes in order to annoy the Jews; and which, after being destroyed by them, was rebuilt by the Maccabean prince John Hyrcanus, B. c. 135.9 Herod the Great repaired it with great splendour, uniting in its interior all the conveniences of a magnificent palace, with ample accommodations for soldiers. This citadel (in which a Roman legion was always quartered) overlooked the two outer courts of the temple, and communicated with its cloisters by means of secret passages, through which the military could descend and quell any tumult that might arise during the great festivals. This was the guard to which Pilate alluded, as already noticed. (Matt. xxvii. 65.) The tower of Antonia was thus named by Herod, in honour of his friend Mark Antony and this citadel is "the castle" into which St. Paul was conducted (Acts xxi. 34, 35.), and of which mention is made in Acts xxii. 24. As the temple was a fortress that guarded the whole city of Jerusalem, so the tower of Antonia was a fortress that entirely commanded the temple.10

Besides the preceding edifices, Josephus mentions a house or palace at the extremity of the upper city, which had been erected by the princes of the Asmonean family, from whom it was subsequently called the Asmonean Palace. It appears to have been the residence of the princes of the Herodian family (after the Romans had reduced Judæa into a province of the empire), whenever they went up to Jerusalem. In this palace, Josephus mentions Berenice and Agrippa as residing," and it is not improbable that it was the residence of Herod the tetrarch of Galilee when he went to keep the solemn festivals at that city; and that it was here that our Saviour was exposed to the wanton mockery of the soldiers, who had accompanied Herod thither, either as a guard to his person, or from ostentation. (Luke xxiii. 7-11.)12

There were several pools at Jerusalem (ß), two of which are mentioned in the New Testament, viz.

(1.) The Pool of Bethesda, which was situated near the sheep-gate or sheep-market (John v. 2.), not far from the temple. It had five porticoes, for the reception of the sick; and it was most probably called Bethesda, or the house of merey, from the miraculous cures there mercifully vouchsafed

Jolliffe's Letters from Palestine, p. 103.

Antiq. Jud. lib. xv. c. 9. § 3. De Bell. Jud. lib. i. c. 21. § 1. et lib. v. c.
4.53.
Cicero contra Verrem, action. ii. lib. v. c. 12. (op. tom. iv. p. 96. ed.
Bipont.)

Ibid. lib. v. c. 35. et 41. (tom. iv. pp. 125. 142.)

1 Compare Josephus, de Bell Jud. lib. v. c. 15. § 5. c. 17. § 8. Josephus, de Bell. Jud. lib. ii. c. 14. §8.

Ibid. Ant. Jud. lib. xii. c. 5. §4.

Ibid. lib. xv. c. 11. § 4.

Ibid. lib. xiii. c. 6. § 6.

10 De Bell. Jud. lib. v. c. 5. § 8.

11 De Bell. Jud. lib. ii. c. 15. § 1. and c. 16. § 3.

12 Schulzü Archæologia Biblica, pp. 27-30.

eases.13

(2.) The Pool of Siloam (John ix. 7.) was two-fold, viz. Upper and Lower. The Upper Reservoir or Pool (Isa. vii. 3.), called the King's Pool in Neh. ii. 14., probably watered the king's gardens (Neh. iii. 15.), while the Lower Pool seems to have been designed for the use of the inhabitants. Both these reservoirs were supplied from the fountain of Siloam: but which of them is to be understood in John ix. 7. it is now impossible to determine.¡4

6. During the reigns of David and Solomon, Jerusalem was the metropolis of the land of Israel; but after the defection of the ten tribes under Jeroboam, it was the capital of the kings of Judah, during whose government it underwent various revolutions. It was captured four times without being demolished, viz. by Shishak, sovereign of Egypt, (2 Chron. xii.), from whose ravages it never recovered its former splendour; by Antiochus Epiphanes, who treated the Jews with singular barbarity; by Pompey the Great, who rendered the Jews tributary to Rome; and by Herod, with the assistance of a Roman force under Sosius. It was first entirely destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, and again by the Emperor Titus, the repeated insurrections of the turbulent Jews having filled up the measure of their iniquities, and drawn down upon them the implacable vengeance of the Romans. Titus ineffectually endeavoured to save the temple: it was involved in the same ruin with the rest of the city, and, after it had been reduced to ashes, the foundations of that sacred edifice were ploughed up by the Roman soldiers. Thus literally was fulfilled the prediction of our Lord, that not one stone should be left upon another that should not be thrown down. (Matt. xxiv. 2.)is On his return to Rome, Titus was honoured with a triumph, and to commemorate his conquest of Judæa, a triumphal arch was erected, which is still in existence. Numerous medals of Judæa vanquished were struck in honour of the same event. The Emperor Adrain erected a city on part of the former site of Jerusalem, which he called Alia Capitolina: it was afterwards greatly enlarged and beautified by Constantine the Great, who restored its ancient name. During that emperor's reign the Jews made various efforts to rebuild their temple; which, however, were always frustrated: nor did better success attend the attempt made, a. p. 363, by the apostate emperor Julian. An earthquake, a whirlwind, and a fiery eruption, compelled the workmen to abandon their design.

From the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans to the present time, that city has remained, for the most part, in a state of ruin and desolation; "and has never been under the government of the Jews themselves, but oppressed and broken down by a succession of foreign masters-the Romans, the Saracens, the Franks, the Mamelukes, and last by the Turks, to whom it is still subject. It is not, therefore, only in the history of Josephus, and in other ancient writers, that we are to look for the accomplishment of our Lord's predictions: we see them verified at this moment before our eyes, in the desolate state of the once celebrated city and temple of Jerusalem, and in the present condition of the Jewish people, not collected together into any one country, into one political society, and under one form of government, but dispersed over every region of the globe, and every where treated with contumely and scorn."16

7. The modern city of Jerusalem contains within its walls several of the hills, on which the ancient city is supposed to have stood; but these are only perceptible by the ascent and descent of the streets. When seen from the Mount of Olives, on the other side of the valley of Jehoshaphat, it presents an inclined plane, descending from west to east. An embattled wall, fortified with towers and a Gothic castle, encompasses the city all round, excluding, however, part of Mount Sion, which it formerly enclosed. Notwithstanding its seemingly strong position, it is incapable of sustaining a severe assault, because, on account of the topography of the land, it has no means of preventing the approaches of an enemy; and, on the other hand, it is commanded, at the distance of a gunshot, by the Djebel Tor, or the Mount of Olives, from which

13 Parkhurst's Lexicon voce. Bp. Pearce (and after him, Dr. Boothroyd), Jalin, Rosenmüller, Kuinöel, and other modern commentators, have supposed the pool of Bethesda to have been a medicinal bath. The reader will find a brief statement, and satisfactory refutation of this notion in Dr. Bloomfield's Annotations on the New Testament, vol. ii. pp. 148–156. 14 Robinson's Gr. Lexicon to the New Test, voce Ziwa.

15 For a full view of the predictions of Jesus Christ concerning the destruction of Jerusalem and their literal fulfilment, see vol. i. Appendix, No. VI. chap. ii. sect. iii.

1 Bp. Porteus's Lectures on the Gospel of Saint Matthew, vol. ii. p. 215,

it is seen to the best advantage. Imposing, however, as the | from 12 to 14,000. This is, indeed, a very slender aggregate, appearance of Jerusalem is, when viewed from that moun- compared with the flourishing population which the city once tain, and exhibiting a compactness of structure like that supported; but the numerous sieges it has undergone, and alluded to by the Psalmist (cxxii. 3.) the illusion vanishes their consequent spoliations, have left no vestige of its origion entering the town. No "streets of palaces and walks of nal power. "Jerusalem, under the government of a Turkish state"-no high-raised arches of triumph-no fountains to aga, is still more unlike Jerusalem, as it existed in the reign cool the air, or porticoes-not a single vestige meets the of Solomon, than Athens during the administration of Peritraveller, to announce its former military greatness or com- cles, and Athens under the dominion of the chief of the black mercial opulence: but in the place of these, he finds himself eunuchs. We have it upon judgment's record, that before a encompassed by walls of rude masonry, the dull uniformity marching army, a land has been as the garden of Eden, behind of which is only broken by the occasional protrusion of a it a desolate wilderness. (Joel ii. 3.) The present appearance small grated window. All the streets are wretchedness, and of Judæa has embodied the awful warnings of the prophet in the houses of the Jews, more especially, are as dunghills. all their terrible reality."4 From the daughter of Zion all her beauty is departed. (Lam. i. 6.) The finest section of the city is that inhabited by the Armenians; in the other quarters, the streets are much narrower, being scarcely wide enough to admit three camels to stand abreast. In the western quarter and in the centre of Jerusalem, towards Calvary, the low and ill-built houses (which have flat terraces or domes on the top, but no chimneys or windows) stand very close together; but in the eastern part, along the brook Kedron, the eye perceives vacant spaces, and amongst the rest that which surrounds the mosque erected by the Khalif Omar, A. D. 637, on the site of the temple, and the nearly deserted spot where once stood the tower of Antonia and the second palace of Herod.

The modern population of Jerusalem is variously estimated by different travellers. The late Professor Carlyle, at the commencement of the nineteenth century, computed it at about 15,000; and Capt. Light, who visited Jerusalem in 1814, estimated it at twelve thousand. Mr. Buckingham, who was there in 1816, from the best information he could procure, states, that the fixed residents (more than one half of whom are Mohammedans) are about eight thousand: but the continual arrival and departure of strangers make the total number of persons present in the city from ten to fifteen thousand generally, according to the season of the year. The proportions which the numbers of persons of different sects bear to each other in this estimate, he found it difficult to ascertain. The Mohammedans are unquestionably the most numerous. Next, in point of numbers, are the Greek Christians, who are chiefly composed of the clergy, and of devotees. The Armenians follow next in order as to numbers, but their body is thought to exceed that of the Greeks in influence and in wealth. Of Europeans there are only the few monks of the Convento della Terra Santa, and the Latin pilgrims who occasionally visit them. The Copts, Abyssinians, Nestorians, &c. are scarcely perceptible in the crowd; and even the Jews are more remarkable from the striking peculiarity of their features and dress, than from their numbers as contrasted with other bodies. Mr. Jolliffe, who visited Jerusalem in 1817, states that the highest estimate makes the total number amount to twenty-five thousand. Dr. Richardson, who was at Jerusalem in 1818, computed the population at 20,000 persons; Dr. Scholz, in 1821, at 18,000; and the Rev. Mr. Fisk, an Anglo-American Missionary in Palestine, in 1823, at 20,000. The Rev. William Jowett, who was at Jerusalem in December, 1823, is of opinion that 15,000 are the utmost which the city would contain in ordinary circumstances, that is, exclusive of the pilgrims, who are crowded into the convents, and fill up many spaces in the convents which are vacant nine months in the year, thus augmenting the population by some few thousands; and he is disposed to estimate the resident population at 12,000.

Upon the whole, it does not appear that the number of the ordinary inhabitants of Jerusalem can be rated higher than

Travels of Ali Bey, in Morocco, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, &c. between 1803 and 1807, vol. ii. p. 245.

In the travels of Ali Bey (vol. ii. pp. 214-227.) there is a minute description, illustrated with three large plates, of this mosque, or rather group of mosques, erected at different periods of Islamism, and exhibiting the prevailing taste of the various ages when they were severally constructed. This traveller states that they form a very harmonious whole: the edifice is collectively termed, in Arabic, Al Haram, or the Temple. Missionary Register for 1824, p. 503.

IX. LATER DIVISIONS OF PALESTINE.

1. UNDER THE ROMANS, Palestine was dependent on the government of Syria; and about the commencement of the fifth century, was divided into three parts; viz.

(1.) Palæstina Prima comprised the ancient regions of Judæa and Samaria. It contained thirty-five episcopal cities, and its metropolis was Cæsarea-Palæstina. In this division were Jerusalem and Sychar or Neapolis.

(2.) Palæstina Secunda included the ancient districts of Galilee and Trachonitis. Scythopolis or Bethshan was its capital; and it contained twenty-one episcopal cities. (3.) Palæstina Tertia, or Salutaris, comprised the ancient Peræa and Idumæa, strictly so called: its metropolis was Petra, and it contained eighteen episcopal cities. Most of these bishoprics were destroyed in the seventh century, when the Saracens or Arabs conquered Palestine or Syria.

2. IN THE TIME OF THE CRUSADES, after the Latins had conquered Jerusalem from the Saracens, they established a patriarch of their own communion in that city, and gave him three suffragan bishops, whose sees were at Bethlehem, Hebron, and Lydda. They also re-established the ancient capitals, viz. Cæsarea, with a suffragan bishop at Sebaste or Samaria; Scythopolis, and afterwards Nazareth, with a suffragan bishop at Tiberias; Petra, with a suffragan bishop at Mount Sinai; and for Bostra, the suffragan-episcopal sees were established at Ptolemais or Acre, Seyde or Sidon, and Beyroot or Berytus in the northern part of Phoenicia. 3. MODERN DIVISIONS of Palestine under the Turkish government.

At present, Palestine does not form a distinct country. The Turks include it in Sham or Syria, and have divided it into pachaliks or governments. "That of Acre or Akka extends from Djebail nearly to Jaffa; that of Gaza compre hends Jaffa and the adjacent plains; and, these two being now united, all the coast is under the jurisdiction of the pacha of Acre. Jerusalem, Hebron, Nablous, Tiberias, and, in fact, the greater part of Palestine, are included in the pachalik of Damascus, now held in conjunction with that of Aleppo, which renders the present pacha, in effect, the vice roy of Syria. Though both pachas continue to be dutiful subjects of the grand seignior in appearance, they are to be considered as tributaries rather than as subjects of the Porte; and it is supposed to be the religious supremacy of the sultan, as caliph and vicar of Mohammed, more than any appre hension of his power, which prevents them from declaring themselves independent."

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Jolliffe's Letters from Palestine, written in 1817, Lond. 1820, 8vo. p. 102. up, from a careful comparison of this intelligent writer's remarks, with the The sketch of the modern state of Jerusalem, above given, has been drawn observations of Professor Carlyle (Walpole's Memoirs, p. 187.); of M. Cha teaubriand, made in 1806 (Travels, vol. ii. pp. 53. 83, 84. 179, 180.), of Ab Bey, made in 1803-1807 (Travels, vol. ii. pp. 240-245.), of Capt. Light, made in 1814 (Travels in Egypt, &c. pp. 178-187.); and of Mr. Bucking ham, made in 1816. (Travels in Palestine, pp. 260-262.) See also Dr. Richardson's Travels along the Mediterranean, &c. vol. ii. pp. 238-368.; Jowett's Christian Researches in Syria, pp. 238. 290., and Mr. Carne's Letters from the East, p. 62.

Relandi Palæstina, tom. i. pp. 204-214.

Abrégé de la Geographie Sacrée, p. 41. (Paris, 1827. 12mo.)

Modern Traveller:-Palestine, p. 6. In the Abrégé de la Geographie Sacrée (pp. 42-44.) there is an account of the Turkish Divisions of Palestine, professing to be drawn from a Turkish treatise printed at Constantinople, and somewhat different from the divisions above noticed; which have been preferably adopted, because they exhibit the actual government of Palestine, as described by the most recent travellers.