THE NATIONAL ENCYCLOPÆDIA: A DICTIONARY OF UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE. LUCIFER. LUCIFER (Luci-fer, the light-bringer, in Latin, and Phosphoros, its exact equivalent in Greek), the name among the ancients of Venus as a morning star; Noctifer, Hesperos. Vesper, &c., were her names as an evening star. Lofer is also used as an epithet of several goddessesAurora, Diana, &c. In the classical mythology Lucifer or Phospher was a son of the star-god Astræus and the dawngulless Aurora (Eos), or, as some poets have it, of Kephalos Es. He was held to be the father of the Hesperides. Indiæval times Lucifer came to be the original name of Natan, the embodiment of pride, the archangel who fell ragh ambition. "I saw that one who was created noble More than all other creatures, down from heaven, Flaming with lightnings, fall upon one side." -Dante, "Purg." xii. This probably arises from the passage in Isaiah (xiv. 12) the prophet inveighs in a parable against Nebuchad, the earthly embodiment of pride in his day: "How art to fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the mornMilton uses Lucifer as the special pride-giving epithet of Satan, and in one fine passage couples the epithet in the star also LUCKNOW. as long as the animal, is cylindrical, pointed, and slightly heeled at the base. There are about seventy species. Their geographical range is wide; they are found on the coasts of Norway and of the West Indies and New Zealand. Two hundred and fifty species have been found fossil, commencing in the Upper Silurian. The species of the family Lucinidæ are numerous; they are chiefly natives of temperate and tropical seas, living upon sandy and muddy bottoms, and ranging from the sea-shore to great depths. The genera Corbis, Kellia, Diplodonta, and Ungulina are included in this family. LU'CIUS was the name borne by three popes. LUCIUS I., Bishop of Rome, succeeded Cornelius, 25th September, 252, and was martyred at the hands of the pagans in March, 253. LUCIUS II. (Gerard) succeeded Celestine II. 12th March, 1144. Immediately on his accession the people met on the capitol and declared the Roman republic re-established, and while professing obedience to the Pope in spiritual matters threw off their temporal allegiance, and elected a patrician or temporal governor. Resistance was overborne on every side, and the distressed Pope appealed for aid to the Emperor Conrad. As the emperor did not respond Lucius himself led the party of reaction, and was slain by a slinger's stone in attempting to storm the capitol, 25th February, 1145. LUCIUS III. (Ubaldo) succeeded Alexander III., 1st September, 1181. Stormy Rome rose and drove him out in 1182, and again in 1183, with varied forms of insult. He held a council at Verona with the Emperor Barbarossa In Spenser's "Faerie Queene" Lucifera is the goddess of (Frederick I.), 1184, and died at Verona soon after its pro, whose splendid house is built on sand. "Know then, that after Lucifer from heav'n, -"Paradise Lost," vii. 131. LUCIFER MATCHES. See MATCHES. LUCIF UGA is a genus of remarkable fishes inhabiting the subterranean waters of caves in Cuba. As these Estes never see the light, eyes are useless, and are therefore ether absent altogether, or covered by the skin and quite entary. The body is elongated and covered with zate scales. The median fin is continuous, running Ang the greater part of the back round to the vent. The Tra fins are mere filaments attached to the shoulder grie. The barbels on the snout of its allies are replaced Lanfaga by numerous minute cilia or tubercles. Lucifar belongs to the family Ophidiidae, of the order ANA CANTINI LUCI NA is a genus of LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, a type family Lucinidae. The shell is orbicular in shape, free and closed, and of a white colour. The umbones are Stressed; the lunule distinct; the margins small or mately erenulated. The animal has the mantle freely w; the siphonal orifice simple; the mouth minute; the is single on each side; and the foot, which is twice VOL. IX. close, 25th November, 1185. LUCKNOW' (Lakhnao), the capital of the province of Oudh, British India, is situated on both banks of the river Gumti, and is distant from Cawnpore 42 miles, from Benares 199 miles, from Calcutta 610 miles. The population is 261,303. Though quite a modern town, Lucknow at present ranks fourth in size among Indian cities, being only surpassed by the three presidency capitals of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. It stands on an elevated plain, 403 feet above sea-level; and although destitute of any considerable trade or manufacture, still possesses very great wealth. Till recent years it formed the metropolis of a great Mohammedan kingdom, and afterwards contained the administrative headquarters of a considerable British province; while even at the present day it retains its position as a centre of modern Indian life, being the leading city of native fashion, and the chief school of Indian music, grammar, and Mussulman theology. Lucknow stands on both banks of the Gumti, but the greater portion of the city stretches along its western side, a few suburbs only covering the further shore. Four bridges 1 LUCKNOW. span the river, two of them built by native rulers, and two since the British annexation in 1856. Viewed from a distance, Lucknow presents a picture of unusual magnificence and architectural splendour, which fades on nearer view into something more like the ordinary aspect of a crowded Oriental town. Nevertheless, many of its streets are broader and finer than those of most Indian towns; and the clearance effected for military purposes after the mutiny was instrumental in greatly improving both the aspect and the sanitary condition of the city. A glacis half a mile broad surrounds the fort; and three military roads, radiating from this point as a centre, cut right through the heart of the native quarter, often at an elevation of some 30 feet above the neighbouring streets. The Residency crowns a picturesque eminence, the chief ornament of the city. Lucknow contains two noble mosques, one Imambara of imperial dimensions, four tombs of regal splendour (those of Saadat Ali Khan, of Mushid Zadi, of Mohammed Ali Shah, and of Ghazi-ud-din Haidar), together with two great palaces, or rather collections of palaces (the Chattar Manzil and the Kaisar Bagh). Besides these larger works, it also comprises a large number of royal garden houses, pavilions, town mansions, temples, and mosques. Since the annexation the nobility of Oudh have built a large number of town houses. They generally possess an imposing gateway as one main feature of the façade, consisting of arch within arch, rising from the same base, and covered with a modern Oriental profusion of gaudy colouring. Various charitable dispensaries, schools, and other works of public utility have also been built since the occupation of the city by the British. Since the introduction of British rule, the new authorities have laid out well-kept roads, widened the tortuous native streets, and founded commodious bazaars, in which due attention has been paid to the comfort and convenience both of the commercial classes and their customers. The sanitary officers enforce stringent rules of cleanliness; and a municipality, containing many elective members, provides for the welfare of the city with a just regard to native feeling and wishes. 2 LUCKNOW. gether with one regiment of military police, one of Oudh irregular cavalry, and two batteries of native artillery. The town thus contained nearly ten Indian soldiers to every European, or 7000 to 750. Symptoms of disaffeetion occurred as early as the month of April, when the house of the surgeon to the 48th was burned down in revenge for a supposed insult to caste. Sir Henry Lawrence immediately took steps to meet the danger by fortifying the Residency and accumulating stores. On the 30th of April the men of the 7th Oudh Irregulars refused to bite their cartridges, on the ground that they Lad been greased with cow's fat. They were induced, with some difficulty, to return to their lines. On 3rd May Sir Henry Lawrence resolved to deprive the mutinous regiment of its arms, a step which was not effected without serious delay. On 12th May Sir Henry held a darbar, and made an impressive speech in Hindustani, in which he called upon the people to uphold the British government as most tolerant to Hindus and Mohammedans alike. Two days earlier the massacre at Meerut had taken place, and a telegram brought word of the event on the morning after the darbar. On the 19th Sir Henry Lawrence received the supreme military command in Oudh. He immediately fortified the Residency and the Machi Bhawan, bringing the ladies and children into the former building. On the night of the 30th May the expected insurrection broke out at Lucknow. The men of the 71st, with a few from the other regiments, began to burn the bungalows of their officers, and to murder the inmates. Prompt action was taken, and early next morning the European force attacked, dispersed, and followed up for 10 miles the retreating mutineers, who were joined during the action by the 7th Cavalry. The rebels fled towards Sitapur. Though the city thus remained in the hands of the British, by the 12th of June every other post in Oudh had fallen into the power of the mutineers. The chief-commissioner still held the cantonments and the two fortified posts at the beginning of June, but the symptoms of disaffection in the city and among the remaining native troops were unmistakable. In the midst of such a crisis Sir Henry Lawrence's healta unhappily gave way. He delegated his authority to a council of five, presided over by Mr. Gubbins, the financial commissioner, but shortly after recovered sufficiently to resume the command. On the 11th June, however, the military police and native cavalry broke into open revolt. followed on the succeeding morning by the native infantry. On the 20th of June news of the fall of Cawnpore arrived; and on the 29th the enemy, 7000 strong, advanced upon Chinhat, a village on the Faizabad road, 8 miles from the Residency. Sir Henry Lawrence marched out and gave battle at that spot. The result proved disastrous to the British arms, through the treachery of the Oudh artillery, and a retreat became necessary. The troops fell back ca Lucknow, abandoned the Machi Bhawan, and concentrated all their strength upon the Residency. The siege of the inclosure began upon 1st July. On the 2nd, as Sir Henry Lawrence lay on his bed, a shell entered the room, burst, and wounded him severely. He lingered till the morning of the 4th, and then died in great agony. Major Banks succeeded to the civil command, while the military authority devolved upon Brigadier Inglis. On 20th July the enemy made an unsuccessful assault. Next day Major Banks was The chief interest of Lucknow to British readers is its shot, and the sole command was undertaken by Inglis. On connection with the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857. Two months the 10th of August the mutineers attempted a second before the outbreak at Meerut, Sir Henry Lawrence (20th assault, which was again unsuccessful. The third assaut March, 1857) had assumed the chief-commissionership of took place on the 18th; but the enemy were losing heart the newly annexed province of Oudh. The garrison at as they found the small garrison so able to withstand the r Lucknow then consisted of the 32nd (British) Regiment, and the repulse proved comparatively easy. Meanwe a weak company of European artillery, the 7th Regiment the British within were dwindling away and eagerly es Native Light Cavalry, and the 13th, 48th, and 71st Regi-pecting reinforcements from Cawnpore. On 5th September ments of native infantry. In or near the city were also news of the relieving force under Outram and Havelock quartered two regiments of irregular local infantry, to- reached the garrison by a faithful native messenger. The traffic of Oudh flows southward from Bahramghat and Faizabad through Lucknow to Cawnpore. Large quantities of grain and timber come in from the transGogra districts, while raw cotton, iron, and imported goods go northward in exchange. The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway, with its branches, has a station in the town, and gives direct communication with Benares, Bareilly, and Cawnpore, besides connecting with the great trunk lines to Calcutta, Bombay, and the Punjab. Manufactures are carried on to a considerable extent, the chief products being those which call for the usual Oriental combination of patience, industry, minute manual skill, and delicate taste in the management of colour. Cotton muslins and other textile fabrics have a high reputation. Gold and silver brocade, however, made of small wires, forms the leading manufacture. It is used for the numerous purposes of Indian pomp, and has a considerable market even in Europe. The gorgeous needlework embroidery upon velvet and cotton, with gold thread and coloured silks, also employs many hands. Glass-work and moulding in clay still maintain their original excellence. The railway workshops employ several hundred workmen. On LUCKNOW. 22nd September the relief arrived at the Alambagh, a walled garden on the Cawnpore road held by the enemy in force. Havelock stormed the Alambagh, and on the 25th fought his way with continuous opposition through the Barrow lanes of the city. On the 26th he arrived at the gate of the Residency inclosure, and was welcomed by the gallant defenders within. General Neill fell during the action outside the walls. The sufferings of the besieged had been very great; but even after the first relief, it became clear that Lucknow could only be temporarily defended till the arrival of further reinforcements should allow the garrison to cut its way out. Outram, who had Dow re-assumed the command which he generously yielded to Havelock during the relief, accordingly fortified an enlarged area of the town, bringing many important outworks within the limits of defence; and the siege began cree more till a second relieving party could set the besieged at liberty. Night and day the enemy kept up a ettional firing against the British position, while Outram retaliated by frequent sorties. Throughout October the garrison continued its gallant defence, and a small party stat up in the Alambagh, and cut off unexpectedly from the main body, also contrived to hold good its dangerous pest. Meanwhile Sir Colin Campbell's force had advanced f Cawnpore, and arrived at the Alambagh on the 10th of November. From the day of his landing at Calcutta, Sir Colin had never ceased in his endeavours to collect an army to relieve Lucknow, by gathering together the liberated Ibi feld force and the fresh reinforcements from England. Or the 12th the main body threw itself into the Alambagh, after a smart skirmish with the rebels. Sir Colin next caped the Dilkusha Palace, south-east of the town, and thes moved against the Martiniere, which the enemy had fitted with guns in position. After carrying that post te forded the canal, and on the 16th attacked the Sikandra Bagh. the chief rebel stronghold. The mutineers, driven bay, fought desperately for their fortress, but before ering the whole place was in the hands of the British. As soon as Sir Colin Campbell reached the Moti Mahal, the outskirts of the city proper, General Havelock came vet from the Residency to meet him, and the second relief * successfully accomplished. Even now, however, it ained impossible to hold Lucknow, and Sir Colin Campbell determined, before undertaking any further asive operations, to return to Cawnpore with his army, rting the civilians, ladies, and children rescued from Lering imprisonment in the Residency, with the view forwarding them to Calcutta. On the morning of the 5th of November the troops received orders to march for the Alambagh; and the Residency, the scene of so long sing a defence, was abandoned for a while to the army. Before the final departure Sir Henry Havelock from an attack of dysentery. He was buried in the bagh, without any monument, a cross on a neigharing tree alone marking for the time his last restingSir James Outram, with 3500 men, held the bagh until the commander-in-chief could return to re the capital. The rebels used the interval well te furtification of their stronghold to the utmost extent Her knowledge and power. They surrounded the greater of the city, for a circuit of 20 miles, with an external 3 of defences, extending from the Gumti to the canal. Aartben parapet lay behind the canal; a second line of works connected the Moti Mahal, the Mess-house, i the Imambara; while the Kaisar Bagh constituted Level citadel. Stockade works and parapets closed ry street, and loopholes in all the houses afforded an tarity for defending the passage inch by inch. The pated strength of the insurgents amounted to 30,000 seys, tother with 50,000 volunteers; and they posed 100 pieces of ordnance-guns and mortars. On la 2nd of March, 1858, Sir Colin Campbell found himself | free enough in the rear to march once more upon Lucknow. He first occupied the Dilkusha, and posted guns to command the Martiniere. On the 5th, Brigadier Franks arrived with 6000 men, half of them Gurkhas sent by the Rajah of Nepal. Outram's force then crossed the Gumti, and advanced from the direction of Faizabad (Fyzabad), while the main body attacked from the southeast. After a week's hard fighting, from the 9th to the 15th March, the rebels were completely defeated, and their posts captured one by one. Most of the insurgents, however, escaped. As soon as it became clear that Lucknow had been permanently recovered, and that the enemy as a combined body had ceased to exist, Sir Colin Campbell broke up the British Oudh army, and the work of reorganization began. LUCRE TIA, the name of a great patrician clan or gens of ancient Rome, and subsequently of a less famous plebeian gens also. The greatest Lucretius is the poet [see LUCRETIUS]; but one of the women of the family (who of course all bore the name Lucretia) lends it its greatest celebrity in story. Lucretia was the wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, who had unknowingly charmed the base Sextus Tarquinius, her husband's cousin, the son of Tarquinius Superbus, last king of Rome. This man arriving suddenly by night from the army, where he should have been engaged campaigning with her husband, forced Lucretia to dishonour, threatening her, if she did not submit, to lay a slave with his throat cut beside her and tell her husband he had caught and killed him there. Lucretia summoned her husband and his friends as soon as Sextus Tarquin had left her, declared the whole matter to them, swore them to vengeance, and then stabbed herself, as unfit longer to survive her shame. Thus began the great revolution which destroyed for ever kingdom in ancient Rome, and established in its stead the most powerful republic the world ever saw. LUCRE TIUS, with his full name TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS, was born B.C. 95, and is said, on unsatisfactory evidence (or rather on none at all, but the bare assertion), to have died by his own hand, driven mad by a love potion administered by his wife B.C. 52, in the forty-fourth year of his age. The poem of Lucretius entitled "De Rerum Natura" (On the Nature of Things), in six books, contains a development of the physical and ethical doctrines of Epicurus. Notwithstanding the apparently unpromising nature of his subject, there is no writer in whom the Latin language displays its majesty and stately grandeur so effectively as in Lucretius, who amply proves, in his own person, that poetry is not incompatible with science, and that it is possible for a man to investigate the laws of nature without blinding his vision to the loveliness of the ideal world. Add to this, that the passionate fervour of the poet's revolt against a creed as cruel as it was superstitious finds an echo in many despairing souls of our own age, and we have all the elements of the powerful fascination which Lucretius exercises over the minds of to-day. The primary aim of the poet was a law of life, and philosophical theories only served as the means of exposition. Nevertheless the early statement of the atomic theory is remarkable in Lucretius. It forms the subject of one of the latest contributions to the Lucretian criticism, "The Atomic Theory of Lucretius," by John Masson (London, 1884). The English translations of Lucretius which are most worthy of notice are by Creech (1714) and by Mason Good (1805), and the English prose edition by the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. (1851); and there is an excellent general account of the poet's aim and works by Mr. Malloch in the Ancient Classics Series (London, 1878). LUCUL'LUS, LUCIUS LUCIN'IUS, descended from a distinguished Roman family, was born about B.C. 115, and served under Sulla in the Marsian war. While Sulla was besieging Athens (B.C. 87), Lucullus was sent |