"That is the road to my country." Hence to this day the Manx name for the Milky Way is, Raad mooar Ree Gorree, Le. "the great road of King Orry." Orry and h's followers were heathen worshippers of Odin. During the breath century the Danes in the Isle of Man and ths in Dublin maintained a very close connection, but stently we find the Scandinavians in power. In 1246, however, Alexander, king of Scotland, purchased the it and title to the Isle of Man and the Hebrides for 400 marks sterling, but on the king's death the Manx placed themselves under the protection of Edward I. of Ireland. In 1397 Sir William Scroop, afterwards earl of Wit-hire, purchased the island, but it subsequently came t possession of the Earl of Northumberland. He was deprived of it in 1406 by Act of Parliament, when it was gated to Sir John Stanley, his heirs and successors, on paying to the kings of England a cast of falcons at ther coronations. It continued in the Derby family, with he interregnums, until 1735. In 1753 James, second dase of Athole, became Lord of Man in his wife's right; et the British crown finally purchased the island from the Atle family. Since 1805 the island has been under it-governors appointed by the crown and responto them. The lieutenant-governor, the Governor's Ce, and the House of Keys constitute the three politiestates of the island. The last is now elected by the pe, and the qualification of a voter is fixed at " £4 alvine, owners and tenants all round." A still Leral measure of reform also was adopted-the of the franchise to female property-owners. By Last Reform Act the number of voters has been largely and. The working of popular representation in the verment of the island has infused new life and energy at the conduct of affairs. The erection of harbour works 4 Tarous ports, the construction of railways, the erhaven of kcal government in the towns, reforms in the e of jurisprudence, the introduction of compulsory entary education, and the establishment of a daily EL between Liverpool and Douglas may be enumerated the improvements which have been effected. A £10,000 a year is paid to the imperial exchequer as the island's share of the cost of the maintenance of the

The Lates speak a dialect of Erse known as Manx, *at's rapidly becoming obsolete. It has, however, been preserved from being totally lost by the Manx Society, which posted a complete dictionary and grammar of it. The y people still retain a plentiful store of those fantastic as wild in overawed the reason of a credulous age and are the curiosity of our own. During the last twenty *. rty years, since the establishment of steam communiwith other parts of the kingdom, the island has de great favour as a watering-place. The number Valors now averages nearly 150,000 every summer, tulsancasing every year as the island gets better known. Pyzelate, beautifully clear sea water, and picturesque 7, are most powerful attractions as a health and rest The principal towns in the island are Castletown, - Pe', and Ramsay. MAN WITH THE IRON MASK. See IRON MASK. MAN AKIN (Pipridae) is a family of Passerine birds ed to the American Chatterers (Cotingidae or The manakins are beautiful little birds inthe forests of tropical South America, associating ards and feeding on berries, &c. They are so for liveliness and activity that they have been snifications of perpetual motion. The bill is tator feet feeble, and the outer toe is united to the te for a good part of its length. The colour of age is usually brilliant and varied. Some sixty this family are known, which have been placed All the birds are of small size. The

"

MANATEE.

Capped Manakin (Pipra pileata) belongs to the typical genus Pipra. This bird is of a fine cinnamon-brown colour above, yellow beneath; the crown of the head is covered with black feathers, which are capable of being raised so as to form a sort of crest, and over each eye is a yellow streak. The quill feathers of the wings are black. The Red-headed Manakin (Pipra rubro-capillata) is of a deep lustrous black colour, with the head orange red; and the White-headed Manakin is also black, with the head pure white. The Blue-headed Manakin is olive-green above with the head blue and the rump yellow; the lower surface is yellow, and the quill feathers are black. All these species are little more than 3 inches in length.

MANATEE' (Manatus) is a genus of aquatic mammals belonging to the order SIRENIA. The manatee, the origin of the mermaid myth, has a somewhat fish-like body, terminated by a flattened, shovel-like horizontal tail. The body, the usual length of which is not more than 8 or 9 feet, is covered with a dark coarse wrinkled skin, which resembles considerably that of an elephant, and is scantily provided with hairs. The fore limbs are flattened into paddles, and show externally no trace of division into digits, except for the presence of three small flat nails. Hind limbs are entirely wanting, though rudimentary pelvic bones are present, which do not, however, form any connection with the vertebral column. The head is conical, and scarcely separated from the trunk. The muzzle is blunt and peculiar in shape; at its apex are the nostrils. two minute slits shaped like a half moon. The upper lip is cleft in the middle into two lobes, which by their separate movement enable food to be taken into the mouth without the assistance of the lower lip; each lobe of the upper lip is provided with short stiff bristles. The minute eyes are situated at the sides of the head. In the front of the mouth the place of incisor teeth is usurped by a roughened horny plate in each jaw. Beneath these plates are, in the young animal, four minute incisor teeth, which never reach the surface, and disappear before maturity. Canines are always absent. The molar teeth succeed one another from before backwards, as in the elephant, the more anterior ones being shed before the hinder ones make their appearance; in consequence, although eleven are developed in all on each side in each jaw, there are seldom more than six present at the same time. These molar teeth have square crowns raised into transverse ridges. The manatee has only six cervical vertebræ, and is thus one of the three exceptions to the rule that all mammals have seven vertebræ belonging to the region of the neck, the other exceptions being two species of sloth. The mammæ are two in number, placed close to the arm-pits.

The manatee inhabits the African and American continents. The African Manatee (Manatus senegalensis) is usually considered a distinct species; it is found along the west coast, and ascends the Senegal, Niger, Congo, and other rivers. The American Manatee (Manatus australis) inhabits the Gulf of Mexico and West Indies, Brazil and Guiana, the South American form being sometimes distinguished as Manatus latirostris.

Manatees inhabit the sea-shore, especially near the months of rivers, and even ascend the rivers themselves. They spend all their life in the water, browsing on the aquatic vegetation, and only raising the head out of the water at regular intervals for the purpose of breathing. They are usually found associated in small troops. They are very harmless and gentle, and display great attachment to their young. Their numbers are on the decrease in consequence of the persecution to which they are subjected by man. The oil obtained from the blubber is of fine quality, the flesh is very wholesome, and being considered fish may be eaten by Roman Catholics on fast days, while the hide is made into harnesses and whips. The Northern Manatee or Sea-cow (Rhytina stelleri) belongs to a closely-allied

MANCHE, LA.

genus, and has only become extinct within a comparatively recent period; it is noticed under the head RHYTINA. MANCHE, LA, a department in France, consisting of the peninsula of Cotentin and the district of Avranchin, parts of the former province of Normandy, bounded S. by the departments of Ille-et-Vilaine and Mayenne, E. by those of Orne and Calvados, N.E. N. and W. by the English Channel, which is called in French La Manche, whence the department takes its name. Its greatest length from north to south is about 90 miles; its average width is about 27 miles. The area is 2292 square miles, and the population in 1882 was 526,377.

Rivers, &c.-The department is traversed from south to north by hills of no great elevation, which branch of from the Armoric chain, and terminate northwards in Cape La Hague. These hills slope down gradually towards the coast on the eastern and western sides of Cotentin, in some places presenting bold cliffs against the sea, in others subsiding into sands and beaches of vast extent, which are always covered at full tide. Along the coast there are several harbours and roadsteads, the most important of which are- -Cherbourg, La Hogue, Granville, Regneville, Carteret, &c. Among the numerous islands that stand in near the coast, besides the Channel Islands, are-Mont St. Michel, the Chaussey group, Pelée, north-east of Cherbourg; and Tatihou and St. Marcouf, on the east coast of Cotentin. Most of these islands are fortified and garrisoned; many of them, traditions say, were once joined to the mainland. From the nature of the surface the rivers must be all of short course: the principal are the Vire [see CALVADOS], the Taute, Merderet, Douve, and Selune, all navigable. Capes La Hague and La Hogue, and Point Barfleur, are on the coast. The climate is mild but moist, and too cold for the cultivation of the vine.

Products, &c.-The department yields more of breadstuffs than suffices for the consumption. Wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat, black oats (cakes made of which form the chief food of the labouring class), and potatoes are the chief crops. Apple and pear trees are extensively cultivated for making cider and perry, the favourite beverages of the country. Of cider, 30,000,000 gallons are made annually; some of it, especially that made near Avranches, is of excellent quality. Hemp and flax are grown in considerable quantity on the eastern slopes of Cotentin. Fruits of various kinds are sedulously cultivated in the arrondissement of Avranches. Horses of the true Norman breed are numerous, and yield the breeder good prices; they are much sought after as cavalry horses, and are said to be the best in France. The pastures are good and extensive, affording food for a great number of horned cattle of large size and excellent fattening qualities. A considerable number of sheep are fed on the sandy plains which extend between the sea and the cultivated land; they are small, yield inferior wool, and have sweet flesh. Game, water-fowl, and fish of all kinds are abundant. The department is rich in minerals. Iron, lead, and coal mines are worked; granite and building stone are quarried; marble, slate, potter's clay, and limestone are found. Mineral springs are numerous; there are a few salt marshes along the coast.

Manufactures, &c.-Manufacturing industry is actively exerted in the making of iron, the working of zinc and copper, the fabrication of plate glass, serge, calico, drugget, cutlery, woollen stuffs, lace, tape, haircloth, linens, porcelain, oil, hardware, cotton yarn, paper, leather, soda made from kelp, basket-work, &c. Shipbuilding is actively carried on at Cherbourg and other towns on the coast. The articles enumerated and the products of the soil support an active commerce and coasting trade.

The department is divided into the six arrondissements of St. L, Coutances, Valognes, Cherbourg, Avranches, and Mortain. The capital is St. Lô.

MAN CHESTER is situated in the south-east of Lancashire, on the river Irwell, which separates it from the borough of Salford. It is 186 miles north-west by north from London by the old coach roads, but 188 miles by the London and North-western Railway, 31 miles from Liverpool, 41 from Sheffield, and 85 from Birmingham. One of the greatest railway and canal centres in the kingdom, it is unrivalled by any city in the world for the extent of its manufactures and the perfection of its industrial machinery. The borough of Salford is virtually a part of the city, communicating with it by ten bridges, and a suspension bridge between Lower Broughton and Pendleton. The parish of Manchester is of great extent, and includes numerous townships. Both the city and the townships have increased with great rapidity during the present century, and together now form the wealthiest and most populous community in the British dominions. In 1801 the parish of Manchester coutained 112,300 inhabitants; in 1851, 451,754. It is now considerably over 600,000.

Manchester was made a parliamentary borough by the Reform Act of 1832; in 1838 a charter of incorporation was granted, and it was raised to the dignity of a city in 1853. From 1868 it returned three members to the Hense of Commons, and under the provisions of the Redistribution Act of 1885 it has six representatives. For municipal purposes it is divided into fifteen wards, and is governed by a mayor, sixteen aldermen, and forty-eight councillors. The population of the municipal borough in 1881 was 393,584, as against 316,213 in 1851; and of the city proper in 1881, 341,414, as against 303,382 in 1851.

The city of Manchester is a place of great antiquity, having existed from the time of the Roman occupation of Britain, when it was called Mancunium, evidently from the name which it bore as a settlement of the Brigantes, Mancenion. It was a borough in the time of the Anglo-Saxon kings. The conversion of its inhabitants is said to have been accomplished by Paulinus about 627. It was occupied by the Danes in the ninth century, but they were expelled in 923 by Edward, king of Mercia.

The De Gresleys were Barons of Manchester for several generations after the Conquest; and it was from Thomas de Gresley or de Grelle, one of the barons, that Manchester obtained its governing charter in the year 1301. Many years previously King Henry II. had granted to the De Gresleys the right of holding markets and fairs at Manchester. To the Gresleys succeeded the La Warres, and in 1422 Thomas la Warre, rector of Manchester, and the last of his name, having succeeded to the barony, determined upon collegiating the then existing rectorial church, and at his own cost founded a college as a residence for the warden and the staff of subordinate ecclesiastics who were to minister in it. The foundation of the college was followed by the enlargement of the church, which, with its successive additions, eventually became the cathedral.

Manchester began to be a manufacturing town in the reiga of Edward I., and was the most active inland trading place in the north of England in the reign of Henry VIIL Manchester cotton is spoken of as early as 1352, but the fabric so designated was really a coarse woollen cloth. At that time, and considerably later, the woollen manufacture was the principal branch of industry carried on. For this it was admirably suited, owing to the abundant supplies of water and of water-power furnished by the three rivers, the Irwell, the Irk, and the Medlock, which unite at or flow through the city, and which bring together at that point a greater amount of water-power than is to be found at any other place in Lancashire. Soon after the woolen manufacture had been established, that of linen was intr duced, the chief supplies of yarn being obtained from Ireland, by way of Liverpool. Somewhat later the cotton manufacture was commenced, which gradually took the

lead of all the rest.

MANCHESTER.

The questionable honour of a right of sanctuary was confred on Manchester in 1540; but this was soon found to be intolerable nuisance, and was abolished at the petition of the inhabitants in the succeeding year by a special Act of Pant. The preamble of the Act abolishing the right of sanctuary at Manchester shows how much progress the pare had made even in the reign of Henry VIII. It states that the town of Manchester is well inhabited, and distinsted for its trade both in linens and in woollens; that te inhabitants have obtained rich and wealthy livings, and arly many artificers and poor people; and that by "their rit and true dealings" they have given rise to the resort many strangers from Ireland and elsewhere with linen rs, wool, and other necessary wares for making of cloth be sold there. The preamble then proceeds to state that the course of the manufacture of linen the flax and yarn are to le out in the fields night and day for half a year, whitened or bleached, before they can be made into th; and that the woollen cloth made in the town and burhood must also hang on the tenters to be dried bre it can be dressed. It further states that Manchester, besides being the principal place for manufacturing linens wieciens, is also frequented by the manufacturers of reighbouring towns and villages to bring goods to be ted and sold. Many strangers," says the same pre,"inhabiting other townships and places have used stomarily to resort to the said town with a great number uttons to be altered and sold by the inhabitants, whereby ay poor people have been well set to work, as well with ag and frizzing of the said cottons, as with putting to the same." All these persons," says the preamble the Act, "are endangered by the resort of light and evilspeed persons to the town." For these and other reasons, ** proposed and enacted that the right of sanctuary d be taken away from Manchester and be transferred Chester, where there was no such occupying of merchanSuch was Manchester in the reign of Henry VIII. of Elizabeth. It was already an industrious and flourAt manufacturing town, where the woollen and linen were carried on with spirit and success; a place frequented by strangers for the purposes of trade, the trading capital of all the adjoining districts, as it to this day. The first Manchester manufacturer of great te was Byrom, one of the three famous clothiers of EngAbout eighty years after his time arose Humphrey eten, a most successful manufacturer, who nobly emged his great wealth in founding an hospital and library Mester. In the year 1638 Manchester contended York for the honour of becoming the seat of a univerich it was then proposed to found in the north of cani. In a memorial numerously signed by the nobility, , clergy, and freeholders, and other inhabitants northern parts of England, it is stated that Manester is about the centre of the northern parts; a town at antiquity; formerly both a city and a sanctuary, ef great fame and ability by the happy traffic of habitants; for its situation, provision of food, fuel, dogs, as happy as any town in the northern parts kirgam." About the same time Lewis Roberts, in Irry of Traffic," says:-"The town of Manchester, latcashire, must be herein remembered, and worthily, enecuragement, commended; who buy the yarn of the in great quantity, and weaving it, return it again and to sell. Neither doth their industry rest there, y bay cotton wool in London that comes first from s and Smyrna; and at home work the same, and perit into fustians, vermilions, dimities, and other such and then return to London, where the same is vended d, and not seldom sent into foreign parts, who have at far easier terms to provide themselves of the same Forty years later Andrew Yarranton, an able on trade, in urging the establishment of the tape and

thread manufacture in Warwickshire, says "that if they once fix well in that manufacture there, they will become the great masters of it, as Manchester is of all things it trades in."

In the great Civil War Manchester adopted the side of the Parliament very early, and with great determination repulsed the royalist forces under James, earl of Derby, the lord-lieutenant of the county of Lancaster, who had laid siege to the place. It afterwards, however, became dissatisfied with the rule of Cromwell and the army, and welcomed with enthusiasm the restoration of monarchy. The partisans of the house of Stuart in later times became powerful at Manchester, especially among the clergy and the numerous Roman Catholics in and around the city; and this continued to be the case till the rebellion of 1745, when the Pretender obtained many adherents at Manchester. Until about the year 1720 Manchester did not possess the advantage of water carriage with any other part of the county of Lancaster. The river Irwell is not naturally navigable either to the sea or above the city, but in the year 1720 an Act was obtained for the purpose of rendering it so, from Manchester to the point where it joins the Mersey, and of rendering the Mersey also navigable to the tidewater of the estuary at Warrington, and thus to the port of Liverpool and the sea. This was the first great improvement in the means of communication between Manchester and distant parts. A much greater one was effected between the years 1758 and 1777, when Francis, duke of Bridgewater, constructed his celebrated canals. The first of these extended from the duke's coal mines at Worsley, about 7 miles distant, to Manchester, crossing the Irwell at Barton by an aqueduct which was then considered the greatest work of the kind that existed in England. The second and much more important canal, constructed by the genius of Brindley supported by the wealth of the Duke of Bridgewater, was one joining that from Worsley, at a short distance from Altrincham, and extending to the estuary of the Mersey at Runcorn, a distance of about 25 miles. By means of this canal the merchants and traders of Manchester obtained a cheap and easy communication with the port of Liverpool and the sea, available at all tides. Subsequently the Manchester and Warrington Canal was greatly improved, extended to Runcorn, and, as the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, became one of the most useful lines of internal communication in the kingdom. These two canals now belong to the Bridgewater Trust, and notwithstanding the introduction of railways, still afford the means of carrying on the greater portion of the trade between Liverpool and Manchester. A waterway of greater magnitude and of more importance to the trading and manufacturing district of which Manchester is the centre has lately been projected-a ship canal for the conveyance of ocean-going vessels from the sea direct into the heart of the town. The canal, for the construction of which, after repeated refusals by Parliament, an Act was granted in August, 1885, will be 35 miles long, and will impound the water by a series of locks; after leaving Manchester it will pass through the outer basins of the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company above Runcorn, whence it will be continued along the Runcorn shore and past the mouth of the river Weaver into the Frodsham marshes, where it will pass inland and continue to a point near Eastham Ferry, where it will re-enter the Mersey in deep water. A depth of 26 feet of water will be maintained throughout the entire length, and the docks, which will be situated on the western side of Manchester, will allow steamers of the largest size to load and unload at the quays. The estimated cost of the undertaking is £6,875,000.

In the year 1830 Manchester took the lead of all the manufacturing towns in the kingdom in obtaining the advantage of the railway system, and is now the central point of a perfect network of lines.