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MADNESS.

dent in 1809. Under his administration war was declared against Great Britain in 1812 and continued for two years, at a cost to the States of 30.000 lives and 100.000.000 dollars. After serving two terms. Mr. Madison retired to private life in March, 1817. He lived to the age of eightyone, although he had never enjoyed good health. He died 28th January, 1836.

MADNESS. See INSANITY; LUNACY.

Neilgherries. North of the Godavari River the Eastern Ghats rise to an elevation of upwards of 5000 feet, the highest points being Gallikonda, 5346 feet, and Galli Parvatam, 4988 feet. The Western Ghats, on the other hand, rise to over 6000 feet, and at the Neilgherries culminate to 8760 feet. Owing to the superior height of the western range. and its vicinity to the coast, all the head waters of the great rivers of the Presidency originate there, and traverse the Eastern Ghats on their way to the sea.

The principal rivers are the Godavari, the Krishna or Kistna, in their lower courses, the Penner, Paler, and the Cauvery. Numerous feeders, the chief of which is the Tungabadhra, from the Western Ghats and the plateau of the Deccan, discharge themselves into the Kistna and Penner. The rivers of the western and southern coasts are numerous, but necessarily short in their courses and unimportant, as are also those in the extreme north-eastern districts of the Presidency.

MADO QUA (Neotragas saltiana) is a remarkably small and slim-built antelope inhabiting the mountainous districts of Abyssinia. The summit of the shoulder is only 14 inches above the level of the ground; but it stands rather higher on the hind quarters. The horns are correspondingly thin, and about 3 inches in length, nearly straight and curved a little forward. The tail is only rudimentary, measuring scarcely more than 1 inch from root to tip. The females are hornless. The back is reddish-brown, the sides gray, and the under surface white; the face and legs are red. I The coast on the west, called Malabar, from the northMADRAS', PRESIDENCY OF, occupies the south-western extremity to Mangalore, is in general bold and ern portion of the peninsula of India, with a considerable rocky; from Mangalore to Cape Comorin, it is considerably extension north-eastward along the coast of the Bay of lower and either muddy or sandy, having several shallow Bengal. It is bounded on the north and north-west by inlets termed backwaters," extending in some cases a the districts of Kanara and Dharwar of the Bombay Presi- considerable distance (200 miles) inland, parallel with the dency, Hyderabad or the Nizam's Dominions, and the coast, more or less navigable, and receiving the drainage southern native states of Bastar and Kalahandi of the of the streams coming from the Western Ghats. Cochin Central Provinces; on the north-east by the province of is situated on the principal of these openings. Cape ComoOrissa under the Bengal jurisdiction; on the east and rin itself is low and sandy, but a few miles inland, and to south-east by the Bay of Bengal; on the south by the the north of the extreme point, the southern summits of Indian Ocean, and on the west by the Arabian Sea. The the Ghats rise in lofty and majestic peaks known as the eastern portion of the Presidency extends from Cape Co- Palni Hills. To the north-east of Cape Comorin, the morin, in lat. 8° 4′, to the northern extremity of district coast, for 166 miles, is low, rocky, and much beset by Ganjam, touching Orissa in lat. 20° 18′; the western por- reefs, and is little frequented, as navigation northwards tion extends to the coast at the eastern extremity of into the Bay of Bengal is obstructed and rendered inMysore native state, in lat. 13° 50′-the greatest length practicable for vessels by a sandbank extending from the from the extremity of Ganjam to Cape Comorin being mainland of India to Ceylon, called Adam's Bridge, which about 1000 miles, and the greatest width, measured from has only two navigable channels, not however deep enough the coast at the eastern extremity of Mysore to Madras, for the passage of large craft. The sea here, called the about 390 miles. The total extent of sea-coast is about Gulf of Manar, has on the coast to the north-west the har1700 miles, without, however, any single really good har-bour of Tuticorin. From Adam's Bridge to Point Calymers, bour. Exclusive of the native states, the area of the Presidency is estimated at 138,318 square miles; including these states it may be taken at 148,063 square miles.

The principal features which give character to the portion of India embraced within the Presidency of Madras, are the two mountain ranges which run through it on the east and on the west, viz. the Eastern and the Western Ghats. The former rauge runs for some distance alınost parallel with the eastern coast, the latter with the western. Starting from the north, the Eastern Ghats, running with the coast to about 50 miles north of Madras, sweep to the south-west and eventually unite, in the vicinity of the Neilgherries, with the Western Ghats, which extend to Cape Comorin on the one side, and to the north-western extremity of the Presidency on the other. These two great ranges may be said to form-one on the south-west, the other on the south-east-the buttresses or walls of the triangular table-land included between them, commonly called the Deccan. Though this table-land rises considerably towards the south, it has a general slope of surface to the east and south-east, as indicated by the large streams flowing in that direction, and emptying themselves into the Bay of Bengal. The low land lying between the base of the Western Ghats and the sea is of less breadth than that lying in the like situation with respect to the Eastern Ghats, being in some places not more than 25, and nowhere more than 50 miles in breadth. Compared with the Western Ghats, the Eastern, south of the Godavari River, are of trifling elevation, the mean height of the chain being about 1500 feet, but attaining a higher elevation as the range approaches southward, near Madras and the junction with the other range in the vicinity of the

on the north of Palk's Strait, the shore has no boid features. From Point Calymere the Coromandel coast commences, and holds a direction due north across the estuaries of the Cauvery, which inclose a delta having a base of 82 miles towards the sea, where are the ports of Negapatam and Tranquebar; the Coromandel coast continues to hold a northerly direction for 297 miles further to Gondegam, where the river Musi is considered to bound it to the northward, and retains the same character of slight elevation and general sandy formation, with shallow water along-shore. Blackwood Harbour is the only shelter throughout this distance for large ships; at all the other ports along this coast ships must be anchored in the open From Gondegam the shore is termed the Golgonia coast, holding a direction north-east for 270 miles to the southern point of district Vizagapatam, and passing the estuaries of the Kistna and Godavari. Here the coast is so low that it is often inundated. Masulipatam, Cocanada, and Coringa are the most important maritime places on this coast, which terminates in lat. 17° 13'. The Orissa coast commences at this point; here the coast becomes boid and rocky, and retains this character for about 230 ml-s to the north-eastern extremity of the Presidency. The eastern coast has a few extensive lakes.

sea.

The rivers of Southern India give but little assistance to inland communication, but by means of canals and excellent roads everywhere, this convenience is attained; there are, besides, several lines of railway running through the Presidency. The Madras Railway, 858 miles in length, and the Southern India Railway, 612 miles long, connect Madras with Bombay and the principal towns in the Deccan, as well as with those in the west and south; Madras is

45

Europe lit the first flame of hostility on the Coromandel coast. In 1746 the weak garrison of Madras was forced to surrender to Labourdonnais, and Fort St. David remained the only British possession in Southern India. By the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Madras was restored to England; but henceforth the national antipathies were destined to run their course. An excuse was found in the disputed successions which always fill a large place in Oriental politics. English influence was generally able to secure the favour of the rulers of the Karnatic and Tanjore, while the French succeeded in placing their own nominee on the throne at Hyderabad. At last, after many vicissitudes and countless intrigues, the great Frenchman, Dupleix, rose to be the temporary arbiter of the fate of Southern India. His strength lay in his profound insight into the native temperament and the semi-Oriental magnificence of his ambition. But when his ascendency was at its height it was suddenly overthrown by the straightforward valour of the yet greater Englishman, Clive, whose defence of Arcot in 1751 forms the turning-point in Indian history. Dupleix was shortly afterwards recalled, to be succeeded by Bussy and Lally, who possessed higher military skill, but less political genius, than their predecessor. In 1760 the crowning victory of Wandewash, won by Colonel (after- | wards Sir Eyre) Coote over Lally, established for ever the doctrine that one European nation, and that the English, must be supreme in India. In the following year, despite help from Mysore, Pondicherri was captured; and the name of France ceased to awaken disturbing associations in the minds of the natives.

But though the English had no longer any European rival, they had yet to deal with Mohammedan fanaticism and the warlike population of the highlands of Mysore. The dynasty founded by Hyder Ali and terminating in his son Tippoo Sultan, proved itself in four several wars the most formidable antagonist which the English had ever encountered. The Madras government, then at a low ebb of efficiener, was incapable of offering a worthy opposition. On more than one occasion the horsemen of Mysore swept unmolested through the lowlands of the Karnatic, plunderhug up to the very gates of the English forts. The first war was ended in 1769 by a peace dictated by Hyder Ali beneath the walls of Madras. In the course of a second war, a British force under Colonel Ballile was cut to pieces by Hyder near Conjevaram; and Tippoo fairly drove the English out of Malabar, taking several garrisons prisoner. But the disaster near Cenjevaram was avenged in the following year by Sir Eyre Coote, who had been despatched by Warren Hastings from Bengal to take up the command.; The victory of Porto Nora, won after a severe struggle, proved that the English were still masters in the open field, though Hyder's superiority in marching power enabled him to escape the worst consequences of defeat, Hyder died in 1782. Two years later, Tippoo consented to sign a treaty which stipulated for the resteration of conquests on either side. This patched-up peace, which left Tippoo in possession of all the means of offence that he had inherited from his father, certinned till 1790. The ostensible reason for a renewal of hostilities was Tippoo's erue! devastation of Travancore, but the real cause is to be won ht in his inveterate hatred of the English name, Lerd Cornwallis, the governer geveral, tock the feld in person, In 14 the fort of Ban alore was captured by assault, and in the following year Fippop only saved his capital by ponsenting to a treaty which deprived. I'm of bat bis dominions, and exacted an indemnity of more than 41.000.000 sterling The intrigues of Tinnoo with the French republicans led to the fourth and last Mysore War, of tim, which was ended, ma tew ment's by the stormhi of Myron spatam and the death of the sultan in the Mince the begining et the present century Malian has known no regular war,

its

3

MADRAS.

MADRAS CITY, the capital of the above Presidency, with suburbs, extends 8 miles along the coast, and runs miles inland, and covers an area of about 27 square miles. In 1881 it had a population of 405,848. Although at first sight the city presents a disappointing appearance, and possesses not a single handsome street, it has several edifices of architectural pretensions and many spots of historical interest. Seen from the roadstead. the fort, a row of merchants' offices, a few spires and pabie buildings, are all that strike the eye. The site is so low that it is difficult to realize that behind the first line of buildings lies one of the largest cities in Asia. Roughly speaking, it consists of (1) Black Town, an ill-built, dersely populated block, about a mile square, within the old city wall, with more or less crowded suburbs stretching 3 miles north of the Cooum River. This is the business part of the town, and contains the banks, custom-house, High Court, and all the mercantile offices. The latter, for the most part handsome structures, lie along the beach. On the sea face of Black Town are the pier and the new harbour. Immediately south of Black Town there is (2) an open space with a sea frontage of about 2 miles and a depth of three-quarters of a mile, which contains the fort, esplanade, brigade parade ground (" the Island"), Government House, and several handsome public buildings on the sea face. (3) West and south of this lung of the city comes a series of crowded quarters. (4) To the west of Black Town are the quarters chiefly inhabited by Eurasians, and the suburbs, adorned with handsome European manskas, and their spacious "compounds" or parks. (5) Southwest and south lie the European quarters of Tanampet and aristocratic Adyar. The city is thus spread over a large area; and it is only after some residence that one realizes the stately semi-suburban life which distinguishes it from the more concentrated social activity of Calcutta. In short, a very large proportion of the tract of country comprised within the municipal limits of the city of Madras-covering as it does an area of 27 square miles, with twentythree villages-consists of the poor rural district, more or less under cultivation, which surrounds the fort, and the native town and suburban villages now incorporated within its limits. Among the buildings most deserving of notice for their architectural features are the cathedral, Sectch kirk, Government House, Patcheappah's Hall, senate house, Chepak Palace (Revenue Board), college, and Central Railway Station.

As the seat of the Madras government, and the beadquarters of the Madras army, nearly all the most important offices of the Presidency, and the headquarters of every department, are located in the city. | Notwithstanding its exposed situation, Madras rarks third among the ports in India, in respect of the number and tonnage of vessels calling and the value of its imports and experts. The port trades with every part of the world, exporting coffee, cctton, grain, hides, indigo, oil-seeds, dyestuffs, sugar, and berns; and importing piece-gools, ira and other metals, and all kinds of European manufactures. The landing and shipping of goods is effected partly by Fighters to the pier-head and partly by the old mamla boats. The pier, which is 1100 feet long by 40 feet wide, was commenced in 1859 and completed in 1862 at a cest of £110,000; and although but a poor substitute for a harbour it was found very useful. An inclosed harbour has recently been constructed, which consists of two propeeting masonry piers, crossed by similar piers parallel to the shore. The space inclosed is about 200 acres, and accommodates from thirteen to forty ships of large dranght, besides small vessels. The roadstead of Madras, like the whole line of the western coast, is liable to be swept by hurricanes of irresistible fury, which occur at irregular intervals of years, generally at the beginning of the moa soems in May and October.

MADREPORE.

The trade of the town does not depend on any special keal manufactures or produce. Such industries as once Aurished-weaving, for instance-have decayed, and no ethers have grown up to replace them.

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MADRIGAL.

distant, are not navigable. Numerous dungeon-like convents have been cleared away, and there are wide and wellpaved streets, well-planted promenades, fountains in many of the squares, gorgeous churches, and handsome public buildings. The houses are large and well constructed. There are over seventy-two squares and open spaces, of which the principal are-that of the Royal Palace; that of Santa Catalina, where a beautiful bronze statue of Cervantes has been placed; the Puerta del Sol, where the five principal streets of Madrid meet; the Plaza de la Cevada, where criminals were formerly executed; and lastly, the Plaza Mayor, which is the finest of all.

Madras is not ordinarily an unhealthy town, either for zatives or Europeans. Its sea-breeze and dry soil appear to more than compensate for the lowness of the site. The temperature is high all the year round, but there are fewer Fadden alternations of heat and cold than in most places in a. The mean temperature in the shade ranges between 74 and 87 Fahr., the extremes being 67° in January and 93 in June. The death-rate averages thirty-three per thousand per annum. It usually increases during the cold The royal palace (Palacio Real), though unfinished, is and rainy season, and is at its minimum during the dry one of the finest royal residences in Europe. The interior xt months of April, May, and June. The population is is decorated in a style of costly magnificence. It has four able to periodical visitations of cholera and small-pox. fronts, 470 feet in length and 100 feet high. The custom The and rises slightly as the distance from the sea in-house; the Casa de Correos (post office), in the Puerta del ses, but in no part of the municipal limits is the elevato more than 24 feet above the sea, while in many thickly palated neighbourhoods the levels are so low as to offer Tas obstacles to drainage. The average rainfall over Letown area is nearly 48 inches in the year. The chief estets for the discharge of excessive rainfall are the Cooum Ever, the main drain of Black Town, and two minor chanbetween the Cooum and Saint Thomé. The heaviest nifal usually occurs during the north-east monsoon, as runas 18 inches having been known to fall within twentyfar tears. The locality of the town is liable to prolonged perds of drought, as well as to heavy floods.

The derivation of the name of Madras is doubtful. Miraj or Mandala Ráj, both words implying governbest, and Madrissa, a Mohammedan school, have been sted as the etymology; Dr. Burnell favours the latter. The native name is Chennapatnam, or the city of Chentappa, the brother of the local chief or naik at the time of andation. The name Madraspatnam seems to have been in use almost from the same date.

MAD REPORE. See CORAL. MADRID', the capital of New Castile and of Spain, ndow also of the province of Madrid, is situated on a bare and exposed plateau, 2060 feet above the sea-level, in the middle of the extensive plain of New Castile, which bearded on the north by the mountains of Guadarrama, en the south by those of Toledo. Madrid is supposed copy the site of the Mantua Carpetanorum of the Lans. It was a frontier town in the time of the Moors, i was constituted the capital of Spain by Philip II. The eys of a quadrangular form, nearly 2 miles long from th to south, and nearly a mile and a quarter in breadth, surrounded by a wall 20 feet high, entered by sixgates. One of these, the Alcala Gate, near the middle the east wall, is very fine; it is a triumphal arch, 72 feet ht, and has five arched roadways; the Toledo Gate sa south, and the Vicento Gate on the north-west, have mert. Occupying an area about 5 miles in circumce, and with a population at the last census of 397,816, stars on the left or eastern bank of the Manzanares, a arver, which is crossed by two majestic bridges, called Furte de Toledo and Puente de Segovia. The general aspect of Madrid from all the approaches is ng but inviting. The sterility of the neighbourhood pressing in its glaring nakedness. Throughout the ter part of the year the city is insufferably hot and ty, while even in the height of summer it is subject to Sevent of bitter winds from the Guadarrama. Since tation of 1868 many works have been carried out der the capital more convenient and healthy, and Low railway and tramway connection in all direc: the line from Santander enters on the north-west of the city, under the low hill called Montana del Pape Pio; but there is very little trade, except of a al nature, and the rivers, including the Tagus, 26 miles

Sol; the palace called de Buena Vista, formerly belonging to the dukes of Alba, now converted into an artillery museum; the royal printing office, in the street of Carretas; and the palace of the Duke of Berwick-are among the public and private buildings which adorn the capital. Among the numerous churches and convents which fill the streets of Madrid very few can be mentioned as a specimen of a pure style of architecture. The public promenades are many; the chief are the Prado, the Retiro, and the Delicias.

Madrid is the see of a bishop, and has as its cathedral the church of Santa Maria de la Almudena, erected before the institution of the see. There is a university, and schools of medicine and veterinary surgery, military and engineering schools, a normal school, schools of trade, arts, and music, a national library of above 200,000 volumes and valuable MSS., museum, observatory, and botanic garden, and a magnificent collection of armour of all ages near the western palace, the finest of the kind in Europe. There are many large convents, hospitals, a workhouse, educational hospitals for soldiers' children, and other benevolent institutions; a mint, palaces of the Cortes or Houses of Parliament, many private palaces of the Spanish magnates, some with fine picture galleries and armouries, botanic gardens, and numerous theatres and opera houses.

The museo or picture gallery, one of the finest in the world, is open to the public on Sundays and Mondays, and to foreigners on other days on producing their passports. It contains upwards of 2000 pictures, among which are sixty-two by Velasquez, forty-six by Murillo, ten by Raphael, and a proportionate number by other great masters.

Madrid has little manufacturing industry. A manufactory of porcelain and another of tapestry are both the property of the government. There is also a government tobacco manufactory, at which serious riots took place in 1885 in consequence of the introduction of machinery. The climate is of the excessive type, the cold of winter and spring being very intense, and the summer heat very great. This is owing to the elevation, the unsheltered situation, and the proximity of the lofty snow-clad sierras. Even in summer the changes of temperature are very sudden and dangerous, especially with a north-east wind. The temperature often falls below zero. Mean of January, 48-7° Fahr.; of July, 87-51° Fahr. The village of the Escurial, with its celebrated palace, is 26 miles distant north-west. The city is well supplied with good water from two sources, one 32 miles distant, in the Sierra Guadarrama, to the north, and another from a spring to the north-west, whence it is raised by machinery into reservoirs.

MADRIGAL, a certain fanciful style of poetry, such as the Elizabethans would call a "conceit," built up on some word play or motto, somewhat as the ballades of old France. The word has given rise to many conjectures as to its meaning; some saying it is Madre gala, honour to the (Virgin) Mother, though most madrigals are amatory or