tity of ammonia which enters into combination. The molecule of water is H2O, the atomic weight of which is 18, as no smaller quantity can be made to enter into combination or separated from any compound containing it. The molecule of hydrochloric acid is more simple; it is HCl, the atomic weight of which is 36.5. The hydrogen in hydrochloric acid can be replaced by one atom only of another element or by another compound molecule, in water by two atoms or molecules, in ammonia by three atoms or molecules in each case forming another compound having the same general type. Molecule is, in fact, the name given to the ultimate groups of atoms of which matter is composed. In pure elementary bodies the molecules would be, by the hypothesis, actual atoms or combinations of atoms with each other (an atom being an inconceivably minute and indivisible portion of homogeneous matter), but in all compound bodies the ultimate particles are of course not atoms, but groups of dissimilar atoms. For instance, the ultimate particles of water are not atoms, sometimes of oxygen, sometimes of hydrogen, but they are molecules or combined groups, always composed either of one atom of oxygen with two of hydrogen or of a multiple of that proportion. Molecular forces are the forces which bind together the atoms into molecules, and which regulate the relations of the molecules themselves, so that the body made up of them assumes the solid, liquid, or gaseous state. The further consideration of molecules, their maximum size, &c., is entered into in the articles ATOм and ATOMIC THEORY. MOLESKIN is the name given to a stout heavy fabric of cotton woven as a satin twill on strong warps. It is sometimes printed in imitation of tweed, but more usually it is finished a bleached white or a slaty colour. Being very tough and durable it was formerly much used for the garments of labouring persons, and for the clothing of male inmates of workhouses, &c., but latterly it has gone out of favour. For carriage covers, gun cases, &c., it is very useful. MOLIÈRE. Louis XIII. Young Poquelin was sent to the College de Clermont, which was under the care of the Jesuits, where he remained till the end of the year 1641. When his studies both in literature and philosophy were ended, be filled his father's office about the king's person, and attended Louis XIII. in the expedition of 1642, distinguished by the capture of Perpignan from the Spaniards. In 1645 we find him performing in the Faubourg St. Germain with a company of amateurs who at first acted fr pleasure, but afterwards attempted to combine profit with amusement. At this period he assumed the name of Molière. The company was unsuccessful. In 1653 be was playing at Languedoc, whither he had been invited. as the head of a company, by the Prince de Conti, whe appreciated his histrionic talents. In the company was Madeleine Béjart, with whom he became on terms of the closest intimacy, and whose daughter, or, as some antborities say, sister, subsequently became his wife. He afterwards went with his company to Lyons, where, in 1655, he produced his first play, "L'Étourdi," with much suxess. In 1654, having returned to Languedoc, he produced Le Dépit Amoureux," which was likewise successful. After remaining four or five years in Languedoc, the company quitted that province for Grenoble, where they played during the carnival. They then went to Rouen, and finally to Paris, where Molière was introduced to the king, Louis XIV., before whom his company played the tragedy of "Nicomede,” in 1658, at a theatre erected in the guard-hall of the old Louvre. In 1660 Molière's company removed to the Palais Roys! It is curious that the public to the last loved Moliere chil as a comic actor, and failed to see the transcendent merit of his works. Even Louis XIV., when Racine named Moders, in reply to the king's inquiries who had been the most illustrious man of letters of his reign, answered. "I stil not have thought him so." In 1659 Molière produced Lis celebrated "Précieuses Ridicules;" and in 1660 he write "Le Cocu Imaginaire." "Don Garcie de Navarre," bronzit out in 1661, was unsuccessful; but his fame was again raised by the "École des Maris," which was produced in the same year with great success, and was followed by an exquisite trifle, "Les Fâcheux." In 1662 appeared "L'Ecole des Femmes." Molière was so indignant at the hypercriticisms on this fine comedy, that in 1663 he retaliated on his critics in "La Critique de l'École des Femmes," in which he held them up to public derision. A little piece entitied "L'Impromptu de Versailles" was produced the same year, which consists merely of a satirical conversation among the comedians. It is preceded by a "Remerciement," of poem of thanks to the king, who had, in the year of its production, granted Molière a pension of 1000 lives. Molière's happiness would have been greater had be not married Armande Béjart, then about seventeen, whe lively and coquettish disposition kept him in all the aquaies of jealousy. To relieve himself from domestic disquietuds, he pursued his labours with additional ardour, and white "Le Mariage Forcé," and "La Princesse d'Elide," which re produced in 1664, and "Le Festin de Pierre," picduxi in 1665. In this year the king engaged Molière's conpany for his own service, granting them a pension of 7000 livres, and they took the title of Troupe du R. A dramatic trifle called "L'Amour Médecin " followed up the attack on the medical profession, which Molière Lad inci MOLESWORTH, SIR WILLIAM, an English politician and a leading member of the " 'philosophic Radicals," was born in London, 23rd May, 1810, and succeeded to extensive family estates in 1823. Educated at Cambridge and Edinburgh, and in Germany, he entered Parliament in 1832 as member for the Eastern Division of Cornwall. He afterwards, from 1837 to 1841, represented Leeds, and in 1845 was returned for the borough of Southwark, which position he retained till the end of his life. As a member of the House of Commons his speeches, though few, were of a valuable character. He was a warm advocate of the ballot, and he devoted special attention to the condition of the colonies. He attacked with success the system of transporting convicts out of the kingdom, and at last in July, 1855, he was called to preside over the Colonial Office. He had, however, no opportunity to display his powers of administration, as his career was cut short by death, 22nd October, 1855. In its eulogistic notice of his life the Times referred to him as "the liberator and regenerator of the colonial empire of Great Britain." Sir William Molesworth was a man of literary tastes, and he was one of the founders of the London Review. He afterwards purchased the Westminster Review, and after amalgamating the two magazines, he acted for some time as editor in conjunction with his friend J. S. Mill.dentally commenced in the "Festin de Pierre." His chief literary undertaking, however, was the issue, at a cost of £6000, of a complete edition of the works of Hobbes, and he commenced, but did not complete, a biography of that philosopher. MOLIÈRE was the name assumed by the great comic dramatist and actor, Jean Baptiste Poquelin. Molière was born in Paris on the 15th of January, 1622. His father held the office of "valet-de-chambre-tapissier" to His excellent comedy “Le Misanthrope" was produced in 1666, and is reckoned among his chefs-donere. La the same year appeared "Le Médecin malgré Lai," a humorous attack on the physicians, well known to the English stage by Fielding's version, entitled the "Mock Doctor." With respect to the date of the celebrated comedy "Le Tartufe" there is a little difficulty. T first three acts of "Le Tartufe" seem to have been played MOLINA. in 1664, but the entire piece was not acted till 1667. However this may be, on its very first production the more bigoted part of the community were enraged, and such carmest applications were made to the king that he ordered the piece to be withdrawn. The representations of Molière ced the king to revoke this order, but the dramatist did not consider it prudent to perform it till 1669, when it at once established itself as his masterpiece. About the same period he produced three trifling pieces, "Melicerte" (a mere fragment), "Pastorale Comique," and "Le Sicilien;" and in 1668 appeared his " Amphitryon." The admirable eedy of "L'Avare" seems to have been brought out in the same year, and now also Molière ventured on the second representation of "Le Tartufe." "Monsieur de Porceauge," a farce representing the awkwardness of a pompous Contry gentleman in a large metropolis, was represented in 1669 with great success, and the famous "Bourgeois Gestlomme," produced in the following year, was equally I rate. It was followed in 1671 by "Les Fourberies Spin." In 1672 Molière composed his "Femmes Sites," one of his best comedies, in which the learned as and witlings of the time are admirably satirized. 311 On MOLLUSCA. became famous was that entitled " Liberi Arbitrii cum Gratiæ Donis, Divina Præscientia, Providentia, Prædestinatione et Reprobatione, Concordia" (4to, Lisbon, 1588). In this work he maintains the doctrine that the free action of the human will is a necessary condition to the efficacy of divine grace, but his teachings, though in harmony with the feeling then prevailing in the Roman Catholic Church, were assailed by the Dominicans, and a violent controversy arose. The Pope was compelled to interfere in the dispute, and after enjoining silence upon both parties he appointed a council De Auxiliis Gratia to decide upon the matter. After 200 sittings the council was dismissed in 1607 by Paul V., who promised to give a decision upon the question at a fitting time, which, however, never arrived. He forbade the disputants to write any more upon the subject in 1611, but the injunction was but imperfectly obeyed, and the Molinist subsequently became merged in the Jansenist controversy. A modified form of Molinism has since been taught in the Jesuit schools of theology. MOL'INOS, MIGUEL DE, a celebrated Quietist, was born of good family near Saragossa, in 1627. Having entered the priesthood of the Roman Catholic Church, he In the year 1672 Molière became reconciled to his wife, settled at Rome about his fortieth year, and soon gained with whom he had long been at variance, and at the same great popularity as a confessor. Among his many distintae quitted a milk diet, to which he had restricted him-guished friends was Cardinal Odescalchi, afterwards Innoself on account of a complaint in the chest, for animal fi. This increased his complaint, but he worked hard ax composition of "Le Malade Imaginaire," which was produced in 1673, and is among his finest works. the third day of the representation of this comedy Molière fet the pain in the chest much increased, and while actthe part of Argan a convulsion seized him. Soon after arrival at home he began to spit blood, which at length fed from his mouth in such abundance as to suffocate L., and he died at ten in the evening of 17th February, 1673. Actors at this time were, by their profession, exmunicate. Louis XIV. desired the archbishop, however, to waive forms, and to bury Molière in consecrated grand. It took all the king's diplomacy to effect this, ad even then the ceremony had to be performed at night a hilf surreptitious manner. He was interred in the ensætery of St. Joseph, and his remains were transferred some pomp to P'ère la Chaise in 1817. Moere is the prince of comic dramatists, equal even to Shakspeare in this branch of the art. No other writer of edy is so inexhaustible in resource, so genial in humour, kful in the portrayal of character, and so felicitous in luge, nor has any other stripped the veil from vice ta such eloquent boldness. This arises no doubt from the colossal intellect being humanized and broadened out of a bitterness by the sweet nature of the man, shown in his fri ndship alike with the king and with his own servants; his patience under insult and under misfortunes and health; his constant friendliness and generosity, and his may appreciation of great merit. Few authors have been opaistaking towards their audience. It was Molière's staat habit to read over his finest work to his faithful Berat Laforest, and if the old peasant woman failed to case over the situations or the speeches of his characters, or to understand his allusions, the work was condemned to further emendation; for he had determined to please and atisfy every intelligent person, however uncultivated. An Esh translation of Molière's works by M. Van Laun 4d in 1876. cent IX. In 1675 Molinos published a small duodecimo volume entitled "Guida Spirituale," which soon became vastly popular and obtained a wide circulation. Innocent IX. provided the author with rooms in the Vatican, and showed him much favour; but in 1681 the "Guida Spirituale," or rather its teaching, was attacked by the Jesuit preacher Paolo Segneri, and a fierce controversy arose. Molinos was at the outset defended by the Inquisition, and the works of his opponent were branded as false and heretical; but in 1685 he and his friend Petrucci were laid under arrest, and the whole of the papers of Molinos were seized. Petrucci was soon afterwards liberated and raised to the rank of cardinal, but Molinos was kept in prison, and sixty-eight doctrines imputed to him were condemned as heretical by the Inquisition. This condemnation received papal approval, and though Molinos saved his life by abjuring his opinions he was never released, and he died in the prison of the Inquisition, 28th December, 1696, the epithet Hæreticus being placed upon his tomb. In addition to the charges of heresy laid against him, he was also accused of immorality, but the evidence upon which these accusations were based is unknown. MOLINA, LUIS, a Spanish Jesuit and theologian, arm at Cuenca, in 1535. He became a member of the Company of Jesus at the age of eighteen, and afterwards became professor of theology at Evora in Portugal, where le renained twenty years. He was removed from this post to fill the chair of moral theology at Madrid, where he died 12th October, 1600. He was the author of several theological works, but the treatise for which he Molinos taught that the pious soul must enjoy quietude in abstraction from visible objects, so that, drawn into itself, it may become more susceptible of spiritual influence, intellect and will being merged in God. As such a doctrine was in opposition to church ceremonial and all externalism, it roused the enmity of the Jesuits, to whom mysticism and Jansenism were as hateful as Protestantism. MOLL, in music, the German term for MINOR. MOL LAHS, among Mohammedans, are a superior order of judges, and expounders of the religious, civil, and criminal laws. The four chief mollahs who preside over the important pashalies of Adrianople, Brusa, Damascus, and Cairo, are officials of the highest rank. Mollahs of lower rank are appointed monthly to exercise their functions in the principal seats of justice, and also in many inferior towns and districts. In Persia the office of mollah is similar to that in Turkey; but in Turkestan the mollahs have nearly all the power of the government in their hands. MOLLUS CA is one of the great subkingdoms of the animal kingdom. The mollusca are soft-bodied, unsegmented animals without lateral locomotory appendages. The integument of the dorsal surface is generally produced into a fold, the mantle. The cavity between the free portion of the mantle and the body-wall is the subpallial chamber, within which are usually developed respiratory organs, the brand or is and into which open the kidneys and allimentary canal. In the most typical molosca the ventral surface of the body is highly muscular, and forms a locomotive creeping cran, the foxt, which undergoes varions modifications in shape. In most cases a shell is secreted. a entismlar product of the mantle; it may grow very large and unsymmetrical, as in mest gaster pods, or be altogether absent, as in a few of the same group, or consist of two valves, as in the Lamellbranilata, or be internal, as in most of the cephalopods. In the ali-, mentary canal, œsophams, stomach, intestine, and rectum can generally be diselipuisted; and a large liver is usually present. The kidneys are often paired and symmetrical. but often one is rudimentary or wanting: they open on the one hand into the pericardium, the chamber in which the heart is situated, and in the cther to the exterior. The heart is systemie, and onsists of a ventricle and two auricles, of which one of the latter is often suppressed. Definite capillaries are not known to exist in mollases, the blood collecting more or less in irregular spaces called Lacane. Respiration is usually by means of gills; more rarely, as in the pulmonate gasteropods, the subpaal chamber forms a lung. The nervous system usually consists of a pair of cerebral ganglia over the mouth. united by an ascphageal nerve-ring, with the pedal gangia in the anterior region of the fort, and with visceral ganglia lying posteriorly among the viscera Tentacles firming organs of touch are often present on the bead; in the headless lamellibranchiates the lattal palps fulfil this office. There are usually two eyes on the head, but in the lamebranchi- | ates they are scattered on the edge of the mantle, and in the chitons, which are the most primitive gasteropods, there are curicus eyes and tactile organs on the shells. Auditory organs are usually present in the form of otocysts, closed, vesicles containing a calcarecus eoncretion. Reproduction is always sexual, but hermaphroditism is common. In development the Mollusca typically present a trochosphere larva, similar to that of annelids and other forms, which becomes a veliger, so called from the velain, a feld of integument fringed with cilla, developed in the cephalie region, and functioning as an organ of loermotion. The majority of the Mollusca are inhabitants of the sea; many are fresh-water forms, and a few only live on land. The Molluscan subkingdom, as now restricted, consists of the following classes:-GASTEROPODA, SCAPHOPODA, PTEROPODA, CEPHALOPODA, and LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. The first four classes differ from the last in the presence of a well-developed head and of a remarkable rasping organ, the odontophore or tongue. Three other classes are often placed in this subkingdom-Tunicata, Polyzoa, and Brachiopoda -the first of which presents remarkable affinities to vertebrates, and is by some placed in that subkingdom, while the two latter must provisionally stand alone. The Plates prefixed to this volume show some of the various forms of shells in this subkingdom. MOLL WITZ, the site of Frederick the Great's first battlefield, is a hamlet lying 7 miles west of Brieg, on a tributary of the Oder, and not far from Breslan. The battle was fought on the 10th of April. 1741, the forces on both Prussian and Austrian side being about 20,000. The battle went well for Frederick at first, but the entire cavalry of his right wing being by a series of accidents overthrown, the day seemed lost, and the young king was besought, especially by Marshal Schwerin, to leave the field. He disappeared into fairyland," as grim Carlyle puts it ("Frederick the Great "), but the fine discipline of the Prussian infantry, due to his father, and the excellent disposition of the battle, due to his own skill, rose superior to the severe check the Prussians had received; affairs righted themselves and a victory was won. After some hours, during which he was once practically in the enny's hands (had they sought to take him prisoner instead MOLTKE. of firing at him), the news of the victory reached the king, and Frederick wrathfully rode as madly back to Morei as he had ridden from it. He had been absent for sixteen bears. He never pardoned Schwerin for giving him the advice to fly. The results of Mollwitz upon Europe were prodigions. France allied itself with Prussia, and Stevia Was ist to Austria Every one felt that with this young soldier a new era had come. MO LOCH or MOLECH (Heb. melech, king), an honorific title meaning supreme raler, applied to the divity of the Ammonites in the Old Testament. The first direct historical allusion to the worship of Moloch is found during the reign of Solomon, who is charged with the building of places for the worship of Chemosh and Moloch (1. Kas 1. 7, the latter deity being also referred to in the same chapt r as Micom. The element of fear seems to have enter largely into the conception of the attributes of Moloch, and his worshippers sought to appease his anger in times of extremity by offering up their children as sacrifices. The practice is referred to as being a common one among the surrounding nations, but there is no clear evidence that it was practised to any great extent among the Jews UL. a comparatively late period of their history. That the offering of human sacritice was not unknown to them at earder periods of their history is evident from the stories of Abraham and Isaac, the sacrifice of Jephthah's daughter, and the sacrifice of seven men, sons of Saul, who we s hanged up before Jehovah at a time of famine 2 Sam. xxi. 1-14); but such offerings seem to have become commu and frequent only in the period of prolonged trouble and danger which preceded the downfall of the two kingd ms. Compare Lev. xviii. 21; Dent. xii. 31; 2 Kings In 3; xxi. 1-6; Ps. evi. 36-38; Jer. vii. 31; xix 5; Er xvi. 20-21; xxiii. 37, 39. Some attempts have beea made by the later Jewish rabbins to explain the phrase passing through the fire" as a rite of purification, a passing between two fires, but the allusions to actua slaughter in most of the passages referring to the practice are too plain to be mistaken. The tradition that Moloch was represented as a calf-headed brazen image, wika which, or within the arms of which, the children offered were burned alive, though often repeated, is now regarded as fabulous. The passages referring to these sacritices ia the Old Testament certainly favour the idea that the children offered were killed like ordinary victims, and that after their blood had been poured out their bodies were burnt on the altar of the deity. Compare Isa. lvii. 5; Jer. xix. 4; Ps. evi. 38. MOLOCH (Moloch horridus) is one of the most u couth and awful-looking of LIZARDS. It is a native of Western Australia, and belongs to the family Aganida. The body of this lizard, which bears the name of Miter's horrid king," is covered from the head to the end of the tall and on the limbs with numerous spines. The body is depressed, about 6 inches in length, and bears the spites in rows. The head is very small, and furnished with two cr three very large spines, which look like horns. The body is brilliantly coloured, the under surface being covered with black-edged dark red spots. In spite of its formidatie appearance the moloch is quite harmless. MOLO THRUS. See Cow-BIRD, MOLT KE, HELLMUTH KARL BERNHARD, COUNT VON, chief marshal of the German Empire, the son of an officer of the Mollendorf Regiment, was born at Gnewitz, his father's estate, near Parchim, 26th October, 1800. Soon after his birth his parents settled in Holstein, and in his twelfth year the young Moltke was entered in the Copenhagen military school. In 1822 be entered the Prussian army as a lieutenant of the 8th Regiment of infantry, and studied at the military academy and at the divisional school at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder. In 1835 be went to Turkey, and receiving a commission from the MOLUCCA ISLES. 313 MOLYBDENITE. Pe was consulted by Sultan Mahmud on the reorgani-western coast of Papua, or New Guinea, and covering an Lay of the Turkish army. He remained in the Turkish service several years, and in 1839 took part in the campaign Against Mehemet Ali and his eldest son, Ibrahim Pasha. I 1×45, having returned to Prussia and published an avant of his Turkish experiences in his Briefe über Zetande und Begebenheiten in der Türkei, 1835-39" (Beran, 1841; English translation, 1877), he became aistant to Prince Henry of Prussia, then resident at Be. After the death of the latter he was engaged in erection with the general command of the Rhine, beering a member of the Grand General Staff in 1848, and 149 chief of the staff of the 4th Army Corps in Magde5. In 1858 he was raised to the rank of chief of the Grand General Staff, and was made lieutenant-general the year following. In the Austro-Italian War of 1859 he or panied the Austrian headquarters. After the conson of peace he devoted himself with the utmost energy wards the development of the Prussian army, and as of the staff he planned the invasion of Denmark in 4. Two years later the time had come for the display fxfull powers, and the efficacy of the plans and methods ad been preparing so long was triumphantly established the crashing defeat of the Austrian army. The whole * of the Bohemian campaign was due to Moltke, who prosent at the battle of Königgrätz (1866), and it Le also who arranged the bold advance of the Prussian &n against Olmütz and Vienna, and who arranged the of the armistice and the preliminaries of peace after * defeat of the Austrians. For these services he received - national dotation, and was invested with the Order of the Ek Eagle. His next great work was to prepare for a te table war with France, and while the army of the latter try was year by year becoming weaker through malAistration and corruption, everything was made ready Prussia, under his careful supervision, for the coming On the 15th July, 1870, the French emperor ared war against Prussia, and by the 3rd August the berman troops had begun to enter France. Five hundred and men had been by this time mobilized in Germany drawn up to the French frontier, so that, in accordwith the plans of Moltke, they entered France in great armies. His masterly strategy was carried out at energy and zeal on the part of the German comers which left nothing to be desired, and the tide of ty, which began at Weissenberg (4th August, 1870) ed on in an almost unbroken current until 28th January, 1, when the war was brought to an end by the surrender Paris. On 28th October, 1870, Moltke was created a in September, 1871, he was appointed chief marshal German Empire, and was awarded a second national . It was said of "Vater Moltke," as he was arly terined in the Prussian army, that he "could silent in seven languages;" but an address he made the German Reichstag in 1877, on the necessity for tating the efficiency of the German defences, showed le could speak in an elegant and impressive manner ⚫ he pleased. Acting in accordance with his own -* aration, that the gains of one year's campaign would *t be guarded for half a century, he spared no pains er the war with France to increase the efficiency of the **** an army, and to strengthen and render impregnable frifications of the country. Of his literary works tre important are "Der Italienische Feldzug von, **" (third edition, Berlin, 1870), and Der Deutschische Krieg" (Berlin, 1873). An English transa of his "Observations on the Influence that Arms Precision have on Modern Tactics" was published at .145.5 in 1871. MOLUC CA ISLES, or SPICE ISLANDS, con****** a part of the Indian Archipelago, dispersed over the * which extends from the eastern coast of Celebes to the area of about 450 miles from east to west and 800 miles north to south. Nearly all these lands are mountainous, and some of them contain peaks which rise to the height of 7000 or 8000 feet. The rocks of which they are composed are mostly of a volcanic nature, and there are at least eight volcanoes still in action. Like other volcanic countries, the surface is very rugged and broken, though the lower regions possess a great degree of fertility, and the coast has many sheltered harbours. As none of these islands are more than 9 degrees from the equator, the climate is hot all the year round, but the heat is not excessive, on account of their comparatively small size and the uninterrupted continuance of the monsoons for at least ten months of the year. The agricultural productions do not differ from those of Java, with the exception of rice, which is not cultivated, but imported. The common food of the people is derived from the sago-palms. Fish, wild deer, and hogs are also articles of food. Fine woods and fruit are produced; and the sago plant forms immense forests. But the islands are best known for the cultivation of nutmegs, cloves (from French clou, a nail), and other valuable spices, which are extensively exported. In addition to these articles they send to the markets of China edible birds'-nests, sea-slugs, and shark-fins. A small quantity of gold is also exported, as well as birds of paradise. In the neighbouring seas are pearl and trepang fisheries. These islands, like nearly all those which constitute the Indian Archipelago, are inhabited by two races, the Malays and the Papuans. The Malays are in possession of the coasts, where they cultivate the ground or gain their subsistence by fishing. The Papuans have been extirpated on the smaller islands, but they still maintain their ground in the mountainous districts of the larger islands. The islands may be divided into three groups: the Gilolo group, or Proper Moluccas; the Ceram group; and the Timor Laut group. The Gilolo group is the most northern, and extends from 2° S. lat. to 5° N. lat., and contains the islands of Gilolo, Morty, Mandioly, Batchian, Ooby, and Mysole, with numerous smaller islands lying between and about them, among which the islands of Ternate and Tidor are the most important. The Ceram group occupies the middle, between 3 and 5° S. lat., and comprehends the two large islands of Ceram and Booroo, and among the smaller ones, which lie to the south of them, the Spice Islands, or Amboyna and Banda Islands. History. The Portuguese took possession of the Moluccas in 1510, but about 100 years later the Dutch drove them out and established a complete monopoly in the spice trade. In 1796 the British took possession of them, and kept them till the peace of Amiens (1801), when they were restored to the Dutch. The British again took possession of them in 1810, and again gave them up to Holland at the treaty of Paris in 1814. Since that time the Dutch have abandoned some of the smaller establishments, but they still maintain several in the principal islands. The population is estimated at 500,000. MOLYB DENITE (from Gr. molubdaina, lead) is the sulphide of molybdenum (MoS). It is a mineral closely resembling graphite in appearance, but giving a streak with a shade of green in it, and a sulphur reaction before the blowpipe. It is soluble in nitric acid. It occurs in scales and foliated masses disseminated through or in veins in granite, gneiss, mica slate, crystalline limestone, and other metamorphic rocks. It has a specific gravity of about 4:5, and hardness slightly over 1. It is the only commercial source of molybdenum, which has little use except as a chemical reagent. Molybdine or molybdic acid is the trioxide of molybdenum. It is of a straw-yellow colour, and occurs associated with molybdenite, from which it is probably forined 324 1. MONACO, instant of time. Thus an ef nd to produce it wall not Pat the word has passed i na smple øre of mixtion, ani last feet of m the tal Lite,ze see the article VIRTU in LEVER, a third in Momentum benesti. and a forth, 12o E we proved to explain. 6 this fourth sense is quantity to fire an actual defin't terms: but flearn reptionis sta beame that the efits produced by man Ditics are zecessary may be attent DATE POSTE TO Home matter. or res A beary blow, for insta T. climate is delightful. 1.ENT NE and Eccairata, belerad D • Grimal til and existed as an independent res te to century. In 1×14 it was på. I of Sandria ti the materi godb Frans, February, 1×1. ined from the guiting Casina Joxan the anunt Ferovia Mono i Portus, is b IN A SCUT DAs & rek rising aber» the sea-coast, and abct in shibets mni a hubour for small ves The ancient misträisted palace, with numer, as medert, a tax is interesting, and the climate and scelery are v |