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LUCKNOW.

22nd September the relief arrived at the Alambagh, a walled garden on the Cawnpore road held by the enemy in force. Havelock stormed the Alambagh, and on the 25th ught his way with continuous opposition through the Larrow lanes of the city. On the 26th he arrived at the rate of the Residency inclosure, and was welcomed by Le gallant defenders within. General Neill fell during the action outside the walls. The sufferings of the besieged had been very great; but even after the first relief, it became clear that Lucknow could only be temporarily defended till the arrival of further reinforcements should allow the garrison to cut its way out. Outram, who had now re-assumed the command which he generously yielded to Havelock during the relief, accordingly fortified an enlarged area of the town, bringing many important outworks within the limits of defence; and the siege began once more till a second relieving party could set the besieged at liberty. Night and day the enemy kept up a continual firing against the British position, while Outram retaliated by frequent sorties. Throughout October the parrison continued its gallant defence, and a small party stat up in the Alambagh, and cut off unexpectedly from the main body, also contrived to hold good its dangerous pust. Meanwhile Sir Colin Campbell's force had advanced fra Cawnpore, and arrived at the Alambagh on the 10th November. From the day of his landing at Calcutta, Sr Colin had never ceased in his endeavours to collect an arty to relieve Lucknow, by gathering together the liberated Dai field force and the fresh reinforcements from England. Or the 12th the main body threw itself into the Alambagh, for a smart skirmish with the rebels. Sir Colin next rapied the Dilkusha Palace, south-east of the town, and then moved against the Martiniere, which the enemy had Fortbed with guns in position. After carrying that post be forted the canal, and on the 16th attacked the Sikandra Bagh, the chief rebel stronghold. The mutineers, driven to bay fought desperately for their fortress, but before ng the whole place was in the hands of the British. As soon as Sir Colin Campbell reached the Moti Mahal, on the outskirts of the city proper, General Havelock came cat from the Residency to meet him, and the second relief was successfully accomplished. Even now, however, it rained impossible to hold Lucknow, and Sir Colin Campbell determined, before undertaking any further fr are operations, to return to Cawnpore with his army, escorting the civilians, ladies, and children rescued from kng imprisonment in the Residency, with the view rwarding them to Calcutta. On the morning of the thof November the troops received orders to march for Alambagh; and the Residency, the scene of so long string a defence, was abandoned for a while to the barty. Before the final departure Sir Henry Havelock from an attack of dysentery. He was buried in the bagh, without any monument, a cross on a neighig tree alone marking for the time his last restingSir James Outram, with 3500 men, held the Agh until the commander-in-chief could return to Feature the capital. The rebels used the interval well the fortification of their stronghold to the utmost extent their knowledge and power. They surrounded the greater art of the city, for a circuit of 20 miles, with an external e of defences, extending from the Gumti to the canal. An earthen parapet lay behind the canal; a second line of etwerks connected the Moti Mahal, the Mess-house, the Imambara; while the Kaisar Bagh constituted rebel citadel Stockade works and parapets closed y street, and loopholes in all the houses afforded an rtunity for defending the passage inch by inch. The sted strength of the insurgents amounted to 30,000 bys, together with 50,000 volunteers; and they pose 100 pieces of ordnance-guns and mortars. On the 2nd of March, 1858, Sir Colin Campbell found himself

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LUCULLUS.

free enough in the rear to march once more upon Lucknow. He first occupied the Dilkusha, and posted guns to command the Martiniere. On the 5th, Brigadier Franks arrived with 6000 men, half of them Gurkhas sent by the Rajah of Nepal. Outram's force then crossed the Gumti, and advanced from the direction of Faizabad (Fyzabad), while the main body attacked from the southeast. After a week's hard fighting, from the 9th to the 15th March, the rebels were completely defeated, and their posts captured one by one. Most of the insurgents, however, escaped. As soon as it became clear that Lucknow had been permanently recovered, and that the enemy as a combined body had ceased to exist, Sir Colin Campbell broke up the British Oudh army, and the work of reorganization began.

LUCRE'TIA, the name of a great patrician clan or gens of ancient Rome, and subsequently of a less famous plebeian gens also. The greatest Lucretius is the poet [see LUCRETIUS]; but one of the women of the family (who of course all bore the name Lucretia) lends it its greatest celebrity in story. Lucretia was the wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, who had unknowingly charmed the base Sextus Tarquinius, her husband's cousin, the son of Tarquinius Superbus, last king of Rome. This man arriving suddenly by night from the army, where he should have been engaged campaigning with her husband, forced Lucretia to dishonour, threatening her, she did not submit, to lay a slave with his throat cut beside her and tell her husband he had caught and killed him there. Lucretia summoned her husband and his friends as soon as Sextus Tarquin had left her, declared the whole matter to them, swore them to vengeance, and then stabbed herself, as unfit longer to survive her shame. Thus began the great revolution which destroyed for ever kingdom in ancient Rome, and established in its stead the most powerful republic the world ever saw.

LUCRE’TIUS, with his full name TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS, was born B.C. 95, and is said, on unsatisfactory evidence (or rather on none at all, but the bare assertion), to have died by his own hand, driven mad by a love potion administered by his wife B.C. 52, in the forty-fourth year of his age. The poem of Lucretius entitled "De Rerum Natura" (On the Nature of Things), in six books, contains a development of the physical and ethical doctrines of Epicurus. Notwithstanding the apparently unpromising nature of his subject, there is no writer in whom the Latin language displays its majesty and stately grandeur so effectively as in Lucretius, who amply proves, in his own person, that poetry is not incompatible with science, and that it is possible for a man to investigate the laws of nature without blinding his vision to the loveliness of the ideal world. Add to this, that the passionate fervour of the poet's revolt against a creed as cruel as it was superstitious finds an echo in many despairing souls of our own age, and we have all the elements of the powerful fascination which Lucretius exercises over the minds of to-day. The primary aim of the poet was a law of life, and philosophical theories only served as the means of exposition. Nevertheless the early statement of the atomic theory is remarkable in Lucretius. It forms the subject of one of the latest contributions to the Lucretian criticism, "The Atomic Theory of Lucretius," by John Masson (London, 1884). The English translations of Lucretius which are most worthy of notice are by Creech (1714) and by Mason Good (1805), and the English prose edition by the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. (1851); and there is an excellent general account of the poet's aim and works by Mr. Malloch in the Ancient Classics Series (London, 1878).

LUCUL'LUS, LUCIUS LUCIN'IUS, descended from a distinguished Roman family, was born about B.C. 115, and served under Sulla in the Marsian war. While Sulla was besieging Athens (B.C. 87), Lucullus was sent

LUCUMA.

into Egypt and Africa to collect a fleet; and after the conclusion of the war with Mithradates, he was left in Asia to collect the money which Sulla had imposed upon the conquered states.

In B.C. 74 he was elected

consul, and appointed to the command in the war against Mithradates. During the following eight years, and in a series of brillant campaigns, he completely defeated Mithradates and his son-in-law Tigranes. Lucullus never appears to have been a favourite with his troops; and their disaffection was increased by the acts of Clodius, whose sister he had married. He was consequently removed, and succeeded by Pompey, B.C. 66. Lucullus then returned to Rome, and with the vast wealth amassed in Asia gratified his inordinate love of luxury till his death in B.C. 56. His gardens and banquets are proverbial. At his Naples estate he laid out vast sums, cutting through hills and rocks, throwing out piers into the sea, constructing parks and fish-ponds, &c. He invented new dishes and acclimatized new fruits. Thus he introduced the cherry into Europe from Cerasus in Pontus, whence its name. Some of his favourite trees were nourished with wine. His house in Rome was filled with the treasures of Greek art, and was thrown open to the public on frequent show days. Lucullus was no glutton, though his taste in cookery was excellent and his expenditure fabulous, nor was he ungenerous though so ardent a collector. His fondness for natural beauty is a pleasing trait, and his freedom from grossness or selfishness prevents his luxury from unsparing condemnation.

LU'CUMA is a genus of plants belonging to the order SAPOTACEE. It is chiefly remarkable for the species Lucuma mammosa, which is cultivated in the West Indies and tropical America for the sake of its fruits. These are 4 or 5 inches long, and contain usually a single seed imbedded in a thick pulp, which is very agreeable to the taste, and has been compared to quince marmalade. On this account the fruit is called Natural Marmalade. The Caimito fruit of Peru is produced by Lucuma Caimito; it is smaller, and of a finer flavour. The species (about fifty in number) are chiefly natives of South America, but extend northwards into Mexico and the West Indies; a very few are found in Australia and New Caledonia. They are trees or shrubs with milky juice, leathery leaves, and flowers crowded in the axils and growing on very short stalks.

LUD'DITES, a name given to bands of workmen who had a strong aversion to the introduction of machinery. They were most numerous in the years 1812-17, during which period they resorted to riots and many other kinds of violence, in the hope of intimidating employers. The name was derived from Ned Lud, an idiot, whose chief peculiarity was a strong propensity for breaking machinery. LUD LOW, a municipal borough of England, in the county of Salop, and a station on the Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway, 23 miles S. by E. from Shrewsbury, and 1673 from London. The streets are broad, well paved, and the houses in general well built. Of late years great improvements have been made, an effective system of drainage has been carried out, and water-works erected-providing an ample supply from springs outside the town. The town is said to be the Dinan of the British and the Leadlowe of the Saxons, and is situated on a hill in a healthy spot, near a bend of the river Teme, where the Corve joins it. There are two bridges across the stream. Near the summit of the hill are the keep (110 feet high) and other picturesque remains of Roger Montgomery's Norman castle, which was the seat of the lords president of Wales from the reign of Henry VIII. to 1689. It commands an extensive prospect. Parts of the old town walls also remain. The principal public buildings are:-St. Lawrence's cruciform church, 228 feet long, with a tower 130 feet high, built by Henry VII. and thoroughly restored in 1863; Independent Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist chapels; town-hall and

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market-house, at the end of the main street; guildhall; prison; house of correction; savings bank; theatre; assembly rooms; literary institution; Natural History Society's museum of fossils, &c.; Edward VI.'s free grammar-school (1552); blue-coat school, over the market cross; Hosyer's and Foxe's almshouses; dispensary; two banks, &c. Ludlow has a trade in malt, and some corn, paper, and other mills Trout, perch, and roach abound in both rivers. The borough had a population of 5035 in 1881. The town is governed by four aldermen and twelve councillors. Ludlow returned two members to the House of Commons from 1473 to 1868, and one from 1868 to 1885. Milton's "Comus" was first performed at Ludlow Castle, by the family of Lord President Brackley, the incident of the poem having been suggested by the loss of the daughter of the Earl of Bridgewater for a night in the forest. Henry VII.'s son Artur was married to Catharine of Aragon here, and afterwards kept his court at the castle, where he died.

LUD'LOW BEDS form the uppermost member of the Upper Silurian. They succeed the Wenlock group (with which they have many affinities), and pass upwards without serious stratigraphical break into the Old Red Sandstone formation. They form a well-marked series of beds, about 2000 feet thick. They are separated into lower and upper divisions, between which there is a variable band of limestone-the Aymestry limestone. Like the Wenlock group of rocks, these beds consist largely of argillaceous shale; there is also a close relation in the faunas of the two groups, many species being common to both, especially those found in the limestones.

The Lower Ludlow Rock consists mostly of brown sandy shales and mudstones, with some local calcareous beds: towards the top it is somewhat flaggy. Fossils are plentiful; trilobites appear to be on the decline in numbers, and are replaced in a measure by the phyllopods. The brachiopods are mostly of Wenlock forms. Representatives of the orthoceratites are plentiful; these, with the curved form phragmoceras and litulites, form one of the peculiar features of these rocks. The first representative of vertebrate life appears in the Lower Ludlow; is the remains of a fish, Scaphaspis (Pteraspis) ludensis, allied to the modern sturgeon. This interesting fossil was found at Leintwardine associated with typical Lower Ludlow fossil

forms.

The Aymestry Limestone, or middle division of the Ludlow formation, is a narrow band of earthy limestone of variable occurrence, but seldom exceeding about 6 feet in thickness; in many sections it is altogether absent, the Upper and Lower Ludlow then coming together and forming a thick series of argillaceous beds, that pass into the argillaceous series of the Wenlock, where the Wenlock limestone is absent. The organic remains of the Aymestry limestone are not peculiar, they are mostly of species found in the Wenlock. The most characteristic fossil is Pentameris knighti.

The Upper Ludlow Rock has almost the same lithological characters as the lower division, but it bears some indications of having been deposited in a shallower sea, especially its upper beds, which pass by a series of easy gradations through the tilestones into the overlying Old Red Sandstone formation. One of the most remarkable features of the Upper Ludlow is the Ludlow Bone Bed, a comparatively insignificant layer, not more than a few inches in thickness, but of very constant occurrence over a large area, and containing a considerable number of vertebrate remains. These consist chiefly of fragments of fish, represented by bones, teeth, shagreen-like scales, plates, and spines. Another remarkable feature of the Upper Ludlow is that among the uppermost beds, near May Hill, the remains of land plants have been found; these consist of twigs and the spore-cases of a lycopod, Pachythera spherica. The other fossil remains are mostly similar to

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those of the lower beds, and many of them are Wenlock | shallow enough for a stone railway dyke to be carried species. The trilobites have declined considerably, but the orthoceratites have increased both in number and size. On approaching the top of the Ludlow rock, Silurian forms of life gradually die out, and in the typical Silurian area of South Wales the beds assume the general character of the overlying Old Red Sandstone. In most other districts where the Upper Silurians are developed, the several subdivisions are not so clearly defined, but the rocks have been more altered, and there is a well-marked break between them and the overlying Old Red Sandstone, which rests on their upturned and denuded edges.

LUFF, a nautical term: the order to the helmsman to put the tiller towards the lee side of the ship, in order to make her sail nearer to the wind. A ship is said to spring her luff when she obeys the helm.

LUGANO, one of the chief towns in the canton of Tessin, Switzerland, is a pretty, thriving place on the northwest bank of the Lake of Lugano, 36 miles N.N.W. of Milan. It is thoroughly Italian in character, with dirty arcaded streets; but it has some fine churches, and large mansions, an hospital, theatre, college, manufactories of silk, paper, tobacco, and leather, iron and copper foundries, and 7000

abitants. It is an entrepôt of the trade between Italy and Switzerland. During the Italian struggle against the Austrians it formed a convenient centre for the agitation of Mazzini and his fellow-patriots. The vicinity is planted with vines, olives, and other southern trees, and abounds with country-houses and grottoes.

LUGA NO, the ancient Lacus Ceresius, is a lake of North Italy, partly in the canton of Tessin, and partly in Lombardy, between the Lakes Como and Maggiore, into the latter of which it sends its surplus waters by the river Tra. It has an elevation of about 200 feet above these lakes, or 900 feet above the level of the sea. Its length from N.N.E. to S.S.W. is 16 miles; its greatest breadth, 2 Les The shape, however, is very irregular. shores are lofty, abrupt, and richly wooded, and the scenery of a more solemn character than the sister lakes. The depth varies from over 1000 feet to a depth, near Bissone,

The

across. It is navigated by steamers. One of the mountains, San Salvador, on a promontory washed on two of its sides by the lake, rising to the height of nearly 2000 feet above the level, is a sublime object from the lake, and commands from its summit a most magnificent and varied prospect. In some parts, however, the banks of the lake slope gently down to the water's edge, and are covered with villages, vineyards, and gardens. The Bay of Lugano, on its western side, with its surrounding amphitheatre of hills, is particularly fine. Its waters are quite transparent.

LUG'GER, a vessel which carries a lugsail on each of its masts, and occasionally a topsail. The lugsail is of a

quadrilateral shape, and is bent by the upper side upon a straight yard, which is slung on the mast in an oblique position, one-third being to the windward and two-thirds to the leeward side of the mast. Luggers, in England, scarcely ever exceed large fishing vessels in size, but in the French navy ships as large as British schooners are often lugger-rigged. The form of the sail enables them to beat close to the wind.

LUG-WORM or LOB-WORM (Arenicola piscatorum) is a worm belonging to the order POLYCHATA. The lug-worm is well known on British coasts, burrowing in the sand or mud near low-water mark. The body is

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Arenicola piscatorum, or Lug-worm.

gad cylindrical, attaining a length of about 10 inches. Ie segments of which it is made up are subdivided into Aber of superficial rings. The prostomium or lobe in of the mouth is very minute, and the most anterior -nts are devoid of bristles and can be telescoped. seeding segments are provided with bristles, and at at twelve or thirteen segments in the middle of the By carry branchial tufts, which are spread out in a beautift. arborescent form and supplied with blood vessels. These brasia: tufts are red or purple in colour, and the worm itself is cften red or carmine, but sometimes brownish or dark. The lag-worm makes a burrow about 2 feet, in it lives with its head downwards. Its castings are in the form of coils of sand lying above the burrow. This is much esteemed for bait on some parts of the EngLast coast.

LUI'NI or LOVI'NI, BERNARDINO, was born at Luino, on the Lago Maggiore, about the middle of the fifteenth century. He was a pupil of Lionardo da Vinci. Many of his greatest works, in oil and in fresco, are still in a good state of preservation in the Ambrosian Library, and in the Brera at Milan. Luini was still living in 1530, but the date of his death is not known.

LUKE, ST., the Evangelist. Respecting the birth and early life of this evangelist we have no certain information; of his later history we learn something from his own work, the Acts of the Apostles. A considerable knowledge of the Greek language is displayed in his writings, especially in his introduction to his Gospel, which is written in elegant Greek. On the other hand, his language contains many Hebraisms, and he was evidently well acquainted with the religious rites of the Jews, whose mode of computing time

LUKE, ST.

he follows. (Luke xxii. 1; Acts ii. 1; xii. 3, 4; xx. 6, 16, &c.) Hence it has been much disputed whether he was a Jew or a Gentile before he embraced Christianity. It was a tradition current in Jerome's time, that Luke was a Greek by birth, but became a proselyte to Judaism early in life. The general belief is that he was by descent an Hellenistic Jew, and that he was born at Antioch. From Col. iv. 14, and from the testimony of Eusebius, Jerome, and other early writers, it appears that Luke was a physician. The first distinct mention of Luke in the New Testament is in Acts xvi. 10, 11, where, in relating the vision which Paul saw at Troas, the writer suddenly begins to use the first person plural, whence it is inferred that Luke here joined the apostle (about A.D. 53), whom he accompanied to Philippi (verse 12). He seems to have remained at Philippi during Paul's journey to Athens and Corinth, for he drops the first person at verse 17, and does not resume it till he relates Paul's return to Philippi (xx. 5, 6). From this time it appears from the Acts that Luke was Paul's constant companion till his arrival at Rome (about A.D. 61 or 63), where he remained with the apostle for some time, probably during Paul's first imprisonment. He is mentioned more than once in Paul's epistles, written during this period (Col. iv. 14; 2 Tim. iv. 11; Philem. 24). Respecting the end of Luke's life, the tradition is, that after Paul's liberation from his first imprisonment he retired to Achaia, where he resided some few years, wrote his Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, and died at an advanced age (some say eighty, others eighty-four years), probably by a natural death. The emblem chosen for St. Luke in medieval art was the ox chewing the cud. LUKE, ST., THE GOSPEL OF. See GOSPELS. LUKOUR'GOS, LUSAN'DROS, LUSIM'ACHOS. See LYCURGUS, LYSANDER, LYSIMACHOS.

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quently considered not to be binding; for, after revisiting Italy, and in vain seeking to excite sympathy and co-operation in his designs, he reassumed, unassisted, his enthusiastic enterprise. Proceeding first to Cyprus, and thence to Africa, he was nearly stoned to death, and, when cast into prison, owed his liberty to the generosity of some Genoese merchants. Upon his return to Europe Lully visited its principal cities, preaching the necessity of a crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land, a plan of which he laid before Pope Clement V., by whom it was received with little or no favour. Unchecked, however, by so many disappointments, and with the ardour of his enthusiasm still unabated, Lully returned a third time to Africa, where his zeal for conversion entailed upon him dreadful torments, from which he was a second time rescued by the generosity of the Genoese. The sufferings, however, to which he had been exposed were so great, that Lully died on his passage home, within sight of his native country, in the year 1315. In addition to the labours mentioned, Lully devoted much study to alchemy, and was believed to have discovered the philosophers' stone. Although this is obviously legendary, it is certain that he made some important chemical researches, and was acquainted with a considerable number of important bodies.

LUL'LY or LULLI, JEAN BAPTISTE, the father of French dramatic music, was the son of a miller, and bern at Florence in 1633. Having attracted the notice of the Chevalier de Guise, he was by that nobleman recommended to Mademoiselle de Montpensier, niece of Louis XIV., as a page, and sent to Paris in his fourteenth year. Not being prepossessing in person, he was sent into the kitchen, but his musical talents soon commanded the notice of the king, and then he rose quickly in public estimation. When the Académie Royale de Musique was founded Lully intrigued in the most despicable manner till, by the favour of the king's mistress, Madame de Montespan, he was placed at its head; and his success in this capacity was so great that he realized a handsome fortune, and was raised to the situation of secretary to the king; often working at his art with the illustrious Molière, who nominally filled a kindred state post. Between them these two crowned the magnificent masques and ballets at the fêtes of the young king with a glory unknown before. On the recovery of Louis from a severe operation Lully composed a "Te Deum," and during its rehearsal, while beating the time to the band with his cane, he struck his foot a violent blow, and having placed himself in the hands of a quack, his life paid the forfeit of his credulity. He died in Paris in 1687. Lully is always accused of avarice. He left a fortune of 342,000 livres. Though we cannot respect him as a man, for his stinginess, his falseness, his meanness, and untruthfulness, yet as an artist he is truly great. Many of his ballet airs are still in great favour in our orchestras, needing only such alterations as are necessary to bring them up to the fulness of modern harmony, &c., to make them charming.

LUL'LY, RAYMUND, surnamed the Enlightened Doctor, an enthusiastic and remarkable character of the thirteenth century, was born at Palma, in the island of Majorca, in 1234. In early life he followed his paternal profession of arms in the service of the King of Aragon, and abandoned himself to all the license of a soldier's life. Passing from one extreme to another, Lully subsequently retired to a desert, where he pursued a life of solitude and rigorous asceticism. Here he believed he had visions, and, among others, a manifestation of Christ on the cross, who called him to his service and the conversion of the Mohammedans. He accordingly divided all his property among the poor; and in his thirtieth year he began to prepare himself, by diligent study, for the labours and duties of a missionary. Learning Arabic from a slave, he read in that language several philosophical works, the perusal of which, in all probability, suggested to him his celebrated system of mechanical logic, by which he imagined that men inight reason upon all imaginable topics without laborious thought, and by means of which he hoped to reform science, and thereby the world itself. Full of this idea, he had a second vision of the Saviour in the semblance of a fiery seraph, by LUMBA GO, a rheumatic affection of the muscles of the whom he was expressly enjoined to commit to writing and loins, those on one or both sides being involved. It is usuto publish the treatise to which he himself gave the name ally very sudden in its onset, the patient being seized by of Ars Lullia," but which his followers and admirers sharp pains of a cutting or stabbing character, which are dignified by the title of the "Great Art" (Ars Magua). greatly aggravated by any movement of the body which Having besought James, king of Aragon, to establish a tends to stretch the muscles implicated. The muscles are monastery in Majorca for the education of thirteen monks also very sore when pinched between the fingers, but there in the Arabic language and the duties of missionaries, he is an absence of the acute, defined tenderness upon pressure went to Rome to seek the countenance of Pope Honorius IV. such as marks abscess or neuralgia. Sometimes the pain is for similar institutions and his own mission. Receiving, so severe that the patient is confined to bed, and he is unhowever, little encouragement, he visited Paris and Genoa able to move without intense suffering, but generally he can with the same design, and with as little success. From walk or sit, though with difficulty and a good deal of stiffGenoa he crossed to Africa, where he was in danger of los-ness. The disease is distinguished from inflammation of the ing his life in consequence of his dispute with a Mohammedan whom he sought to convert, but was saved by the intercession of an Arabian mufti, on the condition of quitting Africa for ever. This promise, however, he subse

kidneys by an absence of pain in the groin and of nausea and vomiting, but careful examination of the back is often necessary to prevent the danger of treating cases of serious disease for simple lumbago.

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LUNACY. The subject of lunacy, treated from a medical point of view, will be found in the article INSANITY. Unsoundness of mind is perhaps the most accurate definition of the present legal meaning of lunacy. Formerly a legal distinction was made between lunatics and idiots: a lunatic was one who has had understanding, but has lost the use of his reason; and an idiot, one who has had no understanding from his nativity. The distinction between these two classes of persons of unsound mind also produced some important differences in the management of their property, which have now fallen into disuse. Strictly speaking, perhaps, a lunatic is one who has lucid intervals; but this distinction may also at the present day be disregarded.

The causes of lumbago are the same as those of sub- | between 4 and 5 inches long. Another species, Liparis arate rheumatism generally, and they are chiefly two: first, montagui, is also found on our coasts. Eight species in all exposure to cold, especially the exposure of the muscles to of the genus Liparis are known from the northern seas. a cold draught of air when heated by exertion; and secondly, The Cornish SUCKER (Lepadogaster gouanii) belongs to sprain or strain, such as that caused by violent exertion, a distinct family, Gobiesocida. Efting heavy loads, &c. Where there is a constitutional tendency to rheumatism a very slight exciting cause will be sufficient to bring on an attack of lumbago. The treatment must vary with the intensity of the affection, and it consists in remedying the constitutional condition and reLeving the local pain. The Turkish bath, which is a valuae remedy for nearly all complaints of a rheumatic nature, may be used with advantage in lumbago, and if taken at the very eminencement of the illness it may be sufficient of itif to afford relief. Where this cannot be obtained a warm Lath at bedtime, followed by a dose of Dover's powder, will eften remove a slight attack. Local treatment consists in the application of counter-irritants, such as hot linseed or stard poultices, hot fomentations, with turpentine or adam, applied by means of flannel or spongiopiline, to le part, the use of stimulating liniments, the interrupted Cavanic current, and the application of a heated iron, with a saret of brown paper interposed, the iron being moved to and fro under as firm a pressure as the patient can war, as if ironing linen. Acupuncture, or the pricking of - muscles with a strong sharp needle, is said also to be a very successful method of removing the pains of lumbago. Andynes, applied locally or taken by means of hypodermic section, are sometimes called for, and the application of a string plaster over the part affected is often of great advantae. A belladonna plaster used in this way serves at once sive support and to afford relief. Absolute rest, where it can be obtained, is always a valuable adjunct to treatment. Porns liable to attacks of lumbago should avoid exposure le, wear warm woollen clothing, pay attention to tion and the state of the bowels, and avoid sudden se muscular efforts.

LUM BRICUS. See EARTHWORM. LUMP-SUCKER (Cyclopterus) is a genus of bony 5ces of the order ACANTHOPTERYGII, forming the type of the family Discoboli. This family is distinguished by svg the ventral fins united at the bases to form a round og dise, which has a soft leathery margin. The Lumpker, Lump-fish, or Cock-paddle (Cyclopterus lumpus) found on the northern coasts of Europe and America, he tolerably plentiful on the more northerly parts of British coast. It has a thick short heavy body **ed with tubercles, four rows of which are large and ranged along each side of the body. The head is large, 1n elevated ridge runs along the back. The jaws carry teeth. The lump-sucker lives on the sea bottom in water, attaching itself by its disc to rocks, and g on crustaceans and small fish. It is preyed on largely by seals and sharks. The female deposits her eggs a blow, where the male keeps vigilant guard till they ched; then the young fish attach themselves by their arkers to his sides and back, and are carried away into ** water. At the breeding season this fish is adorned with the most brilliant colours, combining various shades fine, purple, and orange. The average length is about 16, but specimens are sometimes as much as 24 inches

The male is much smaller than the female. The - is much esteemed for food, especially in Scotland. The second species (Cyclopterus spinosus) is Arctic; it the body covered with large conical plates, each with a e in the centre. The young of both species have naked the tubercles only appearing gradually. The send genus of the Discoboli contains the Unctuous Insp-ker or Sea-snail (Liparis vulgaris), found on 11h casts The skin is loose and naked, and pale **wa in cuiour, with irregular streaks of a darker tint. * meually found under stones at low-water mark. It is

Persons of unsound mind may inherit or succeed to land or personal property either by representation, devise, or bequest, but they cannot be executors or administrators, or make a will, or bind themselves by contract. A person of unsound mind, though he afterwards be restored to reason, is not permitted to allege his own insanity in order to make his own act void; for no man is allowed to plead his own disability (13 Vesey, 590), unless he has been imposed upon in consequence of his mental incapacity (2 Carr. & P., 178; 3 Carr. & P., 1, 30); and an action will lie against a lunatic for the supply of necessaries suitable to his station. Acts done during a lucid interval are valid; but the burden of proving that at the time when the act was done the party was sane and conscious of his proceedings lies upon the person asserting this fact. The marriage of a person of unsound mind, except it be solemnized during a lucid interval, is void; but if husband or wife become insane at any time after marriage that is no ground for instituting proceedings for divorce.

As a general rule it may be laid down that where unsoundness of mind, of such a nature as to render the party incompetent to exercise any self-control, is established, criminal punishment will not be inflicted, but he will be kept in safe custody during the pleasure of the crown (39 & 40 Geo. III. c. 94, and 1 & 2 Vict. c. 14). On the subject of criminal responsibility, and what constitutes unsoundness of mind in a legal point of view, the reader is referred to the various treatises on medical jurisprudence. The legal doctrine on the subject, as laid down very clearly and strongly in the case of Reg. v. Blampied, in 1875, is that, in order to exonerate a criminal from legal responsibility, it is necessary to show that he was suffering under a mental derangement which misled him, either as to the specific nature of the act he was doing, or as to its being a wrong action. A lunatic is responsible for acts committed during "lucid intervals," a term by which is understood, however, not mere remissions of the violence of the disease, but periods during which the mind resumes its perfectly sane condition. In forming an opinion concerning such lucid intervals, the absence of the signs of insanity must have considerable duration before it can be concluded that the mind is perfectly sane; for lunatics, when apparently convalescent, are subject to sudden and violent paroxysms.

Extensive alterations were introduced into the law and practice in lunacy by an Act passed in 1855, and the orders thereunder. Of these we name the principal:-A general commission was issued to the Masters in Lunacy in lieu of the special commission formerly issued in each case. Juries were dispensed with, unless in particular cases it be found important to call them. The inquiry as to the state of mind is, except under special circumstances, not carried back, but limited to the present time. All matters affecting the person and property of the lunatic may, after the inquisition, be proceeded on before the masters without any

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