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LYLY.

Togic, by his aptness in illustration, which, combined with a peculiarly flowing narrative-style of language, caused this elaborate treatise to be read by thousands with the same avidity as a novel. In 1863 Sir Charles Lyell published another very important work on "The Antiquity of Man."' summarizing and discussing all the important facts which had accumulated up to that time in favour of the high antiquity of the human race, viewed from the standpoints of the archeologist, the geologist, and the philologist. In recognition of his valued labours in the cause of geological science, he was knighted in 1848 and created a baronet in 1864. But far above these honours he rated those recognitions which he received from his fellow-workers in the field of science. Thus he received in 1858 the Copley medal of the Royal Society, and in 1866 the Wollaston medal of the Geological Society. He was twice president of the Geological Society of London, first in 1836 and again in 1850. He also presided over the British Association at the Bath meeting in 1864. Although his advanced views rendered him for some years unpopular at his university he quite outlived it, and the honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him in 1855. He died in London on the 22nd of February, 1875, aged seventyseven, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. See "Life and Letters of Sir Charles Lyell," edited by Mrs. Lyell (1881).

LYLY, LILY, or LILLY, JOHN, the author of the famous "Euphues" (1580), which gave a new word to the English language [see EUPHUISM], and of some dramas and essays, was born in Kent, 1554, went to Oxford, and graduated M.A. 1575. In his play of "Campaspe" (1584) occur some famous lines which by themselves would suffice to make him memorable:

"Cupid and my Campaspe played

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At cards for kisses; Cupid paid," &c. He was protected by Lord Burghley, but never obtained much court favour, though it was not for want of continned and persistent begging. He asked for the mastership of the revels at every vacancy, but never obtained it. When confiscations were going on, in 1593, Lyly wrote to Queen Elizabeth begging for "some lande, some good fines or forfeitures that should fall by the just fall of these most false traitors, that seeing nothing will come by the Revels I may pray upon the Rebels. Thirteen years your Highness' servant, but yet nothing; twenty friends that though they say they will be sure, I find them sure to be slow," &c. This is a fair specimen of the euphuistic style, full of word plays and conceits. Lyly died 1606. He enjoyed great reputation in his day, and was not undeserving of it. LYME REGIS (the "king's haven"), a small seaport town of England, in the county of Dorset, 20 miles W. from Dorchester, and 149 W.S.W. from London, being 5 miles distant from the Axminster station of the London and South-western Railway. The streets are narrow and irregular, but clean and well paved, and the houses generally Eubstantially built of stone. Some, in the lower part of the town, are often inundated at high tides. The town is frequented in summer as a watering-place, and many respectable families reside in the neighbourhood-the climate being considered very favourable to persons in delicate health. The church is a handsome old structure, and there are Roman Catholic and other chapels. The pier, called the Cobb, was originally built in the reign of Edward III., and greatly lengthened in 1826 at the expense of the goverument. It retains the traditional parapeted character common to the ancient harbour-works of the older seaports of the west. The trade of the port, however, is small. Lyme Regis formerly had a large trade in connection with the Newfoundland fishery, and also with the Mediterranean, and in the time of Edward III. it was a place of very great importance. To the siege of Calais it sent four strips and sixty-two men, and was paid home in

LYMINGTON.

return by invasion, being twice plundered and burned by the French. In 1558 the great engagement with the Armada took place off Lyme Regis, and in 1672 the Dutch fleet was defeated here by the English. The most remarkable and glorious feature in the history of Lyme Regis is its famous defence in 1644 against Prince Rupert, when it was one of the keys of the Roundhead cause in the west of England, and when its capture would have led up to great disaster. In this defence it was that Blake first proved his ability. It was at Lyme Regis that the Duke of Monmouth landed on the 11th June, 1685, and met with a most hearty reception from the townsfolk. As a result the town smarted heavily under the lash of Jeffreys, and thirteen of its inhabitants were executed. The population of Lyme Regis in 1881 was 2290. The lias in the neighbourhood abounds in fossil remains of gigantic reptiles, which were first discovered by Miss Anning, a native of the town. Lyme Regis is a municipal borough governed by four aldermen and twelve councillors. It was formerly a parliamentary borough, but was disfranchised in 1868.

LYME-GRASS (Elymus), a genus of grasses belonging to the tribe Hordeineæ. One species only is a native of the British Isles. Elymus arenarius is a coarse grass, common on sandy sea-shores; and, with other grasses, it sends down long fibrous roots among the sand in such a way as to prevent its moving about with the winds. For this reason it has been sown on the sea-shore, but in Holland Elymus giganteus is preferred.

LYMEX'YLON is a genus of Beetles belonging to the group MALACODERMI, of great interest on account of the destruction to oak trees and ship timber which the European species has caused by its boring habits. Kirby and Spence quote the Lymexylon navale, a British insect, as a striking exemplification of the utility of entomological knowledge. In the royal dockyards of Sweden great quantities of oak-timber were destroyed by the ravages of an insect. The king desired Linnæus to investigate the matter, which the great naturalist did; and finding it was this beetle which caused the destruction, he suggested that the oaktimber should be immersed in water during the time of the metamorphosis of the beetle and its time for depositing its eggs. This suggestion was adopted, and it proved a remedy which effectually secured the timber from its future attacks. The body in this genus is long and narrow, with slender legs; the head is bent down and narrowed behind; the eyes are very large; the maxillary palpi are stout and composed of four joints.

Lymexylon navale.

LYM'INGTON, a town of England, in the county of Hants, 97 miles from London by the London and Southwestern Railway, situated on the right bank of the Boldre, near its mouth in the Solent, 12 miles south-west of Southampton, in the New Forest, of which it is regarded as a kind of capital. It is here that the Forest courts are held. Lymington is a well-built, brisk little town, picturesquely situated on a rather steep declivity running down to the water's edge. Beyond yacht-building it has no particular trade, but it is the centre of an extensive country district, with many good residences in the neighbourhood. In old times it was a great place for making salt, a large number of salterns having once existed here; but there is nothing of the kind now, the Worcester and

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Cheshire rock-salt having destroyed this branch of manu-
facture everywhere. Its port, too, was of great note, for,
in Edward III.'s reign it contributed more than twice as
many ships for the invasion of France as Portsmouth.
Lymington returned two members to the House of Com-
mons until 1868, and one from 1868 until 1885. The
population in 1881 was 4366. It has many houses for
the accommodation of sea-bathers, a very handsome
parish church, a town-hall, baths, and custom-house, and
a celebrated yacht-building yard. The harbour admits
vessels of 600 tons. Steamers ply to Portsmouth and the
Isle of Wight.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. The lymphatics are the system of vessels which, from the part that they take in the process of absorption, are not unfrequently called absorbents. They consist of minute branched tubes of extremely delicate membranes, like very small and thin-walled veins, and most of them, like veins, are provided with folds called valves, to prevent a backward flow. Their extremities are arranged in a more or less dense network in every part of the body, except in the hair, nails, outer skin, and a few other non-vascular parts. From this network they gradually converge into a succession of branches of increasing size, and terminate in the thoracic duct, which empties itself into the left subclavian vein. There is a much smaller duct on the right side, emptying into the right subclavian vein. The flow of the lymph is always in one direction, and is due to the pressure of the muscles of the body upon the lymphatics as they swell when called into action, and also the vis a tergo, the pressure of the lymph itself from behind as it is continually absorbed (compare the flow of sap in a tree). The great bulk of it passes upwards the whole length of the spine along the thoracic duct. This is chiefly provided by those absorbents of the lymphatic system which surround the alimentary canal, and which are called lacteals, because the fluid they extract from the food during digestion is milky in appearance (Lat. lac, lactis, milk); and this milky lymph is called chyle. But there is no essential distinction between lacteals and lymphatics in general. All lymphatic vessels pass at some part of their course through one or more of the bodies known as lymphatic glands. These are glandular structures containing an envelope of nodules of gland substance with a central or medullary part of rounded cords, forming a close fine meshwork. All this is supported by a kind of fine net or scaffolding of interwoven trabecula, processes thrown out from the inside of the capsule of connective tissue which forms the coat of the gland. The lymph is poured into the nodular envelope by the afferent lymphatics, permeates the gland, and is collected and taken away by the efferent lymphatics, which rise in the central medullary portion.

Chyle is elsewhere described [see CHYLE], and lymph is just the same, only that it has less fatty and proteid matter and is clear. And the composition of both lymph and chyle is in all main respects that of the blood, whose waste it is their function to correct. Lymph is undoubtedly chiefly the liquor sanguinis, which is perpetually exuding from the blood capillaries into the tissues they nourish, and which is thus collected by the lymphatics and restored to the blood.

LYNCH LAW, the name given, in the United States of America, to a rough, summary method of administering justice or exacting retribution without the use of the ordinary forms of the law, which is sometimes adopted by communities, societies, or even by riotous and disorderly mobs. The origin of the term is uncertain, though most authorities derive it from the name of a Virginian farmer of the seventeenth century, who was accustomed to punish thieves by flogging without calling for the aid of the law, and who, at the request of his neighbours, was accustomed to act as judge, though without recognized legal authority. Others

LYNN.

trace the use of the term back to the fifteenth century, and find its origin in the act of James Fitzstephen Lynch, a magistrate of Galway, Ireland, who is said to have hanged his own son without the formality of a legal trial for the crimes of murder and robbery; while a third theory would derive it from the Anglo-Saxon word linch, which meant to beat with a stick or club. In the well-settled states lynch law is almost unknown. except in times of great popular excitement; but in the frontier towns and mining camps it is still a recognized and useful institution. In the early history of the western states lynch law was administered by regularly formed societies, known as vigilance committees, or regulators, and as the authority of these bodies was supported by all the reputable members of the community, they were able to promptly break up and disperse any criminal organization, and to keep the most reckless desperadoes in awe. In dealing with minor offences the punishments administered generally consisted of the giving of a few hours' notice to quit the town or camp for ever, flogging, or tarring and feathering; but burglary, highway robbery, horse stealing, and murder were always punished with death.

LYNDHURST, a village in the centre of the New Forest, Hampshire, 8 miles W.S.W. of Southampton, and 87 miles from London, being 3 miles from the Lyndhurst Road station of the South-western line. It has only 1589 inhabitants, but contains the King's House, or official residence of the lord warden of the forest. It possesses a pretty Second Pointed church, with a tower and octagonal spire 130 feet high. In the vicinity is the spot where William Rufus is supposed to have been slain by Tyrrel's arrow.

LYNDSAY, SIR DAVID. See LINDSAY, SIR DAVID. LYNN, distinguished as Lynn Regis, or King's Lynn. a parliamentary and municipal borough, port, and markettown of England, in the county of Norfolk, is situated on the right bank of the Ouse, a little above its outfall. It is 40 miles W. by N. from Norwich, 27 N. by E. from Ely, and 99 miles from London by the Great Eastern Railway. Lynn is supposed to have existed before the Conquest, and to be on the site of an old Roman town.. At present it extends in length a mile on the east bank of the river, and is about half a mile in breadth. It is traversed or bounded by several narrow streams, which are spanned by many bridges. There are yet remaining a few fragments of the old walls, and also one of the original gates. The principal streets are parallel with the river. Smaller streets connect them, or branch out from them. The town has been much improved; good streets have been laid out; several old ones widened and improved, and many handsome houses erected. The town is abundantly supplied with excellent water. The guildhall, an ancient building of stone and flint, contains court-rooms, assembly-rooms, and the muniments of the corporation. Among them is the Red Book of Lynn, said to be the oldest paper book in existence, which serves as a sort of chartulary for the corporation. There are also a borough gaol, an exchange and custom-house, an excise office, a theatre, market-house and corn-exchange, athenæum, pilot office, and the West Norfolk and Lynn Hospital. The Tuesday market-place is one of the largest and oldest market-places in the kingdom, having been known by that name, Forum Martis, in the reign of Richard I. The Church of St. Margaret's is a cruciform building of spacious dimensions, containing portions of the Early, Decorated, and Perpendicular styles of English architecture. It was thoroughly restored in 1875, and a lantern tower of great height erected. The Chapel of St. Nicholas is a large edifice, chiefly of Decorated or Perpendicular English architecture. All Saints Church is also a cross church, but of smaller dimensions than St. Margaret's. The Chapel of our Lady on the Mount, or Red Mount Chapel, on the east side of the town, is remark

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able for its beauty. All of these have been restored within nedern times. The town contains some cocoa-nut matting and flax mills, corn and seed-crushing mills, agricultural implement and machine works, iron and brass foundries, a pbuilding yard, malt-houses, and breweries. The commerce of the port is considerable, in consequence of the anvenient harbour, which has been much improved by The Common Lynx (Felis lynx) is an inhabitant of cutting a new channel. In 1869 the Prince and Princess Scandinavia, Russia, and Northern Asia. It is now almost of Wales opened a dock with a water surface of 7 acres. extinct in Central Europe, in the forests of which it was The experts are principally corn and agricultural produce, once tolerably abundant: it is still found, extremely rarely, sent coastwise, and a fine white sand ground near the in the Alps. The lynx inhabits forests in mountain regions. town, and used for making glass. A vast quantity of They live on mammals and birds, and when more abundant arimps caught on the shores of the Wash are sent to destroyed numbers of sheep and lambs. They are courLetdon. The imports are corn, coal, oilseed cake, and ageous and bloodthirsty, and capture their prey by strataerk timber from America; timber, deals, hemp, and tallow gem, either lying in wait or stealing noiselessly upon it, from the Baltic; wine from France, Spain, Portugal, &c. and making a sudden spring. The common lynx is about In 1885 there were 100 vessels (9000 tons) registered as 40 inches in length from the snout to the root of the tail, bekaging to the port. The entries and clearances each the latter measuring some 6 or 8 inches; it stands 25 average about 1300 (210,000 tons) per annum. The inches high at the shoulders. The colour is variable, but maukipal borough is divided into three wards, and is gov- usually dark reddish-gray, spotted with reddish-brown. ened by six aldermen and eighteen councillors. The par- Its flesh is eaten in Siberia and also in Switzerland. The Lamentary borough had a population of 18,475 in 1881. skin is valuable. The Siberian Lynx (Felis cervaria) is It formerly returned two members to the House of Commons, by some considered a distinct species; it is a little smaller but was deprived of one by the Redistribution of Seats Act than the common lynx. The Pardine Lynx (Felis pardina) of 1883. The Norfolk Estuary Improvement Company takes the place of the common lynx in the south of Europe, are recovered 4000 acres of land from the neighbourhood being found in Turkey, Greece, Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain. King's Lynn since 1850, and the work is still in progress. It is smaller, with its fur reddish, spotted with black. The King's Lynn (called Bishop's Lynn before Henry VIII. Canadian Lynx (Felis canadensis) is abundant in Canada ferred on it its present name) received its first charter and the Rocky Mountain district. It is about the same King John, in return for valuable services done him size as the common lynx. The fur is thick, gray above byrs inbabitants during the baronial wars. Its corporate with darker clouds, and lighter beneath. The Bay Lynx pileges were confirmed and enlarged by several monarchs, or American Wild Cat (Felis rufa) is smaller and is deal lastly by Charles II. The episode in history most scribed as a cowardly animal. Its fur is reddish-brown. Casely connected with the town is the visit of King John It is widely distributed throughout the United States, from artly before he and his army were overwhelmed by the the Atlantic to the Pacific, the species described from iving tide in the Wash hard by. He is then said to Texas, Mexico, and the Pacific coast (Felis maculata and Lave given the town a cup, weighing 73 ounces, and a Felis fasciata) being probably only varieties. It is not rd, which are still exhibited to the credulous, but which improbable that all the so-called species of the lynx will are really of later date- the former being conjectured to be be found to be local varieties of one fundamental form. older than Edward III., and the latter than Henry VIII. The CARACAL (Felis caracal) is often called the Persian Lan was the only Norfolk town which declared for the lynx, and is nearly allied to this group. against the commonwealth, and stood a siege in 1643, at eventually had to capitulate after a partial cannonading from West Lynn.

mals, while others prefer to regard them as a section of the great genus Felis. The lynx was sacred to Bacchus, but it is uncertain to what animal the title was applied. Many fables were told of this animal; its sight was said to be so piercing as to penetrate opaque objects, whence we get our epithet "lynx-eyed.”

LYN TON GROUP of beds is an alternative name Ar the lowest subdivision of the Devonian rocks as reped in South-west Britain. They consist of slates aschists with green and purple sandstones and thin stres. They form in the aggregate a series of beds desiderable thickness, but the base is not seen. They are not rich in fossil remains, the most plentiful forms z brachiopods and corals; these, however, are not of dan species, with the exception of the brachiopod Arpa reticularis. No remains of either cephalopods or ten pods Lave been found. Several species of trilobites I so some fragments of fish remains. The beds een about Loce, Cornwall, and near Lynton and LynLYNX is the name of a group of animals belonging to the rat tribe (FELIDE). The lynxes are intermediate in a between the lions, tigers, and leopards and the smaller * cats. The ears are long and pointed, with a tuft of hair at the tips, and the fur on the cheeks is Tyg. The lynxes are at once distinguished from the cats by the length of their limbs and the shortness r tail, which is truncated at the tip. The pads of the feet are more or less overgrown with hair. The skull es et differ in any essential character from that of the members of the genus Felis, but that the small upper premolar tooth is usually wanting, thus re42 the total number of teeth to twenty-eight. Some rities constitute a distinct genus Lynx for these ani

LYONNAIS, a former province of France, which now forms the departments of RHÔNE and LOIRE. Lyons was its capital.

LY'ONS (the ancient Lugdunum, and in French Lyon), the capital of the department of Rhône, in France, is situated at the confluence of the Rhône and the Saône, 288 miles S.E. of Paris, and had 352,292 inhabitants in 1882. Lugdunum is said to have been founded by L. Munatius Plancus, who settled a portion of the inhabitants of Vienna (the French Vienne), when driven from their homes by a revolt of the Allobroges, about 42 B.C. Strabo describes it as the most populous city of Gaul, except Narbonne (iv. 192, Casaub.) It was the great mart of the Romans, who had a mint here for coining gold and silver; and it gave name to one of the four great divisions of Gaul. The city was utterly destroyed in a single night by fire, about 59 A.D., and was rebuilt chiefly by a grant from the Emperor Nero, to whom the citizens manifested their affection and fidelity on his downfall. In the beginning of the fifth century the Burgundians possessed themselves of the town and of the south-eastern part of Gaul. On their overthrow it came into the power of the Franks. During the Roman period, it occupies a considerable place in ecclesiastical as well as in civil history. The gospel had been early introduced into this part of Gaul, and a severe persecution raged in the reign of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, in 172 or 177, and the churches at Vienna (Vienne) and Lugdunum sent a relation of their sufferings to those of Asia and Phrygia. Pothinus, bishop of Lyons, was one of the martyrs. His successor was Irenæus, one of the most eminent of the early fathers.

LYONS.

In the division of the Frankish kingdom under the Merovingian princes, Lyons, as we may now call it, was included in the kingdom of Burgundy (561-613). In the division of the Frankish empire among the grandchildren of Charlemagne in 843, the city with the district of Lyonnais, fell to the lot of the Emperor Lothair; and in the subsequent division of his states in 855 to Charles, king of Provence, who made it his usual residence. On his death in 863 it was seized by Charles the Bald, king of France. On the re-establishment of the kingdom of Burgundy by Boson in 879, Lyons was included in his dominions. In the troubled period of the later Carlovingian kings, the town was subject alternately to them and to the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy. It was in these times that the counts or governors of Lyons succeeded in establishing a hereditary sway over the districts of Lyonnais, Forez, and Beaujolais, but not over the city of Lyons, the lordship of which was obtained by Bouchard, archbishop of Lyons, and after his time remained annexed to the see. The archbishops, whose temporal power over the city was confirmed by the emperor in 1157, received the title of exarch; they were allowed free and independent jurisdiction, except in so far as they were subject to the supreme authority of the emperor and the general laws of the empire.

About the middle of the thirteenth century, the citizens became dissatisfied with the government of their ecclesiastical rulers; they elected a municipal body, between whom and the archbishop dissensions broke out, which led to the annexation of the city by Louis IX., the judicial administration remaining partly in the hands of the archbishop and partly in the municipality or consulate, as the civic council of Lyons was called. The citizens had the right to elect their own magistrates, and to control the receipts and outlay of the municipal officers; they were also exempted from the jurisdiction of any courts but those established in the city. Under this government the town increased in population, wealth, and commerce, till the sixteenth century, when it suffered much at the hands of the Huguenots, but recovered its prosperity in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the year 1793, during the government of the Convention, the citizens rose against the tyranny of the revolutionary club which had been established in the city, and seizing the town-hall put Challier, president of the club, to death. To avenge this affront, the Convention sent an army of 60,000 men with 100 pieces of cannon. The town was bombarded, and obliged, after a siege of sixty-six days, to yield to famine and force; and during the cruelties that followed in the next five months nearly 6000 victims perished, including those who fell in the defence; the principal buildings were demolished, and a new name-Commune Affranchie—was given to the city. This dreadful blow, together with the long war which followed the French Revolution, caused the commerce and manufactures of Lyons to languish. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, in 1815, his cause was espoused by the Lyonnese. In 1831 and 1834 Lyons was the scene of great disturbances, which originated in the disputes of the trades unions with the master manufacturers respecting wages, but were increased by the republican party, who made use of them for their own purposes. In the last-mentioned year, the insurgents, by barricading the suburbs, contested the possession of the town for two days with the military. Numerous famous historical personages have been natives of this city; among them Claudius, Caracalla, and Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperors; and St. Ambrose, St. Irenæus, and Pope Clement VI.

The city of Lyons is very advantageously situated on the railway from Paris to Marseilles, and on the navigable rivers the Rhône and the Saône, in the fork between which the greater part of the town is built. This part of Lyons formerly consisted of narrow, crooked, dirty streets, formed by solid-built houses of seven or eight storeys high, but

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LYONS.

many alterations and improvements have been made in the widening of streets and the erection of handsome buildings. To afford room for the extension of the town southwards, the two rivers have been made to meet about a mile below their original junction, thus forming the peninsula of Perrache, on which the streets are built with much regularity and elegance, and some beautiful promenades are laid In March, 1848, the old fortifications were ordered to be demolished, and a wider enceinte constructed, so as to include the suburb of Croix Rousse. A considerable part of the town lies on the right bank of the Saône, both shores of which are lined with quays. Here also is the steep hill and suburb of Fourvières on the south-west, and the suburbs of Serin and Vaize on the west. On the left bank of the Rhône are the suburbs of Brotteaux and Guilktière, and the beautiful park and gardens of Fête d'Or; its right bank is lined with quays throughout the whole length of the city, some of them being planted with trees, and forming delightful promenades.

The suburbs of Fourvières and Croix Rousse are chiefly inhabited by silk weavers. The hill of Fourvières is sail to derive its name from Forum-letus, an ancient Roman structure which stood on its summit, and on the site of which the church of Notre Dame is now built. The remains of an aqueduct and amphitheatre have been found on this hill. From the terrace close by this church, or from a tower erected near it, the view over the city of Lyons, with its two noble rivers, its squares, chief structures, quays, avenues, and bridges, the hills and plains in the vicinity, and the snowy peak of Mont Blanc and the Alps of Dauphiné in the far distance, presents one of the most varied and most beautiful panoramas in Europe.

The Rhône, which runs along the eastern side of the town, flows with a rapid current and a width of 656 feet, and is spanned by nine bridges, that unite the city to the populous suburbs of Guillotière and Brotteaux, which are protected from the inundations of the river by high enbankments. The Saône flows in a gentle current, with a breadth of 492 feet, along the base of the hill Fourvières, a projecting crag of which formerly blocked up the passage along the right bank, but was cut through by the Romans, and hence it got the name of Petra Exscisa, still remaining in the modern name Pierre-Scise. It is crossed by thirtees bridges.

Of the numerous squares or open spaces in the city, the finest are-the Place Bellecour, which is planted with limetrees, and is one of the largest squares in Europe; and the Place des Terreaux, of which the town-hall and the Palais des Arts form two sides.

The public structures of Lyons are numerous, and with some exceptions more remarkable for solidity than elegance. These the space allowed for this article will permit merely to mention. Among the chief religious edifices are-the splendid cathedral of St. Jean, on the right bank of the Saône, the churches of St. Pierre, d'Ainai. de l'Observance, Notre Dame de Fourvières before mentioned, St. Nizier, St. Bonaventure, St. Polycarpe, des Chartreux, St. Georges, St. Irénée, and St. Just. These, together with the palace of the archbishop, form a series of buildings interesting from their architecture, extent, decorations, and antiquity. Among the civic structures are the prefect's residence, once a Jacobin convent, recently reconstructed at a cost of £60,000; the town-hall, the finest building of the kind in France; the court-house; the public library; the Palais des Arts, in which are galleries of paintings and sculptures, cabinets of medals, collections of minerals and of natural history, specimens of silk manufactures, &c. ; the hall of commerce, built at an expense of £120,000; exchange; the college; the veterinary school; the mint; the general hospital, or Hotel Dieu; the Maison de la Charité, or asylum for the poor; the Hospital de l'Antiquaille, built on the site of the Roman palace in which Claudius, Caligula, and Germanicus

LYRA.

were born; the Mont de Piété; the prisons; the two theatres; and the numerous barracks.

The fortifications of Lyons were enlarged and strengthened under the imperial régime, and consist of a girdle of eighteen forts. Its environs are now dotted with numerous country seats, gardens, and vineyards. Lyons is an important manufacturing town. The staple articles of industrial produce are silk stuffs of all descriptans, which are famous for solidity of texture, richness and permanence of dye. and beauty of design. In this manufacture about 250,000 of the population are directly or indirectly concerned. Cashmere and silk shawls, ribbons, cotton cloth, hosiery, hats, printed calico, jewelry, aqueurs, chemical products, gold and silver lace, crapes, tale, glue, sheet lead, musical strings, ornamental paper, &c., are also made. There are, besides, numerous printing establishments, dye-houses, metal foundries, glass-works, potteries. tan-yards, breweries, boat-building yards, &c. Lyons is also, from its advantageous position, a place of great commerce. The products imported into the town for its own consumption, or for re-exportation, are wine, brandy, oil, hemp, flax, soap, rice, chestnuts, salt, raw cotton, coffee, indigo, sulphur, lead, teazles, madder and ether dye-stuffs, &c. Timber, firewood, building stone, and asphalt are the chief articles brought down the Khose to this city. Down the Saône are brought timber of all kinds, oak staves, firewood, charcoal, tanning bark, iron and iron ore, gypsum, hay, straw, corn, building ce, bricks, tiles, &c. Steamers ply on the Saône to Calon-sur-Saône, and on the Rhône to Avignon and Aries. The town has communication with the Rhine by the Canal du Rhône-an-Rhin, and with Paris by the baine and the canals that join it to the Seine. A railway, 55 miles in length, unites Lyons to the great manufacturing town of St. Etienne and the extensive coal-fields of the apartment of Loire.

Lyons gives title to an archbishop, whose see includes the departments of Rhône and Loire. It is the seat of a high court and of a university academy. Connected with the university there are in Lyons faculties of theology and the sciences, a secondary school of medicine, and a

ge. The city has also a tribunal of first instance, a tronal and chamber of commerce, a council of prud'bes, an academy of sciences and arts, a theological

ege, a school of the fine arts, a mint, an establishment Sr deaf-mutes, a school of arts and trades, besides various ether literary, scientific, and benevolent institutions.

LYRA (the Harp), one of the forty-eight constellations of Pompey, representing the lyre of Mercury or of Orpheus. It is surrounded by Cygnus, Aquila, Hercules, and the head of Draco (see Plate CONSTELLATIONS, Northern Hemibere, midway between the pole and the figure XVIII., ag the colure). Its brightest star, Vega ( Lyræ) is a spinous object in the sky from June to November. In August it is overhead from nine o'clock till midnight. Vega is the seventh star in the sky for brightness; it shines with anish lustre. The spectroscope shows that it contains drgen, magnesium, sodium, and iron. If a line be drawn tart the middle of Cassiopeia, the Pole-star, and the ace of Ursa Major, this fine star may be seen nearly in a perpendicular to that line drawn through the Pole-star. LYRE (Gr. lura), a musical instrument of the stringed bad, known under various names from the earliest historical period. Some of the Greeks ascribe its invention to Hermes, some to Hyperion; but it is possible that they Lave had it from the Egyptians, and the Egyptians from Asia. Of many instruments figured or described in any writings it is difficult to decide whether they should be termed lyres, lutes, harps, or guitars. The distinction tween the true lyre and a guitar (citharis) is that the at has a neck extending from the soundboard behind the th, while in the lyre, as in the harp, the strings having

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once left the sounding-board are free, and can be played from either side. The strings of the lyre passed over a bridge erected on the soundboard, to which their vibrations were thus communicated; and from the bridge they passed freely up to the cross-bar or "yoke." To support the crossbar two uprights were necessary, and these were called "horns;" the back of the soundboard, from its shape, was called the "tortoise-shell." The most ancient Grecian lyre had only four strings (efg a). That of Terpander had seven (676 B.C.); and these represented a second tetrachord or group of four notes, beginning where the first left off, a b c d'. Terpander's lyre ran therefore altogether efga bbc' d'. Later on an eight-stringed lyre was used, where by beginning the second tetrachord a note beyond the first the consonance of the octave was obtained; thus, efga, bc' d'e'; the old seven-stringed lyres were made to serve for the new music by leaving out the note c' and tuning the last notes as d'e'. For the further development of the lyre see GREEK MUSICAL SYSTEM. The defect in instruments of the lyre kind is that each string can only give one note, stopping (as in the lute or guitar, upon the neck) not being possible with the open strings of the instrument. Therefore from eight strings only eight notes can be obtained as long as the tuning is unaltered. The lyre was probably used merely to support the voice, and was of little more use melodically than a well-tuned drum. LYRE-BAT. See LEAF-BAT.

LYRE-BIRD (Menura superba) is a remarkable Australian bird, belonging to the order PASSERES, but not having any marked affinity with any other member of

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that order. The lyre-bird was first discovered in New South Wales in 1798. The adult male is remarkable for its long and beautiful tail, which is carried erect, and presents a singular resemblance to an ancient lyre. It is composed of sixteen long feathers, the two outermost of which are very long and broad, and beautifully curved so as to represent the two sides of the lyre: they have the inner web very broad, and the outer web very narrow. middle pair of feathers have a narrow inner web and no outer web; they cross one another near the base and diverge, curving round towards the tip like the outer featherThe rest of the feathers of the tail are furnished only

The

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