tended to 2nd November, or All Souls Day. The necessities ef missionary countries alone authorize a temporary departure from this rule. As to the hour of celebration, ugh the early morning hours were always preferred, there was, up to the fifth century, no fixed or general law. At present this law is that mass must not be said before sarise or after midday without a special dispensation.

MASS, MUSIC OF THE. As originally arranged by St. Ambrose, and afterwards by St. Gregory the Great, the prasic of the mass was a collection of ancient chants in PLAIN-SONG, and each part of the mass had its special te, varying with the seasons and festivals.

As music advanced other melodies or counterpoints were aced to the original plain-song, and masses were sung in may parts. Since over-elaboration would seriously interfere with much of the divine service, the choral parts of the mass gradually settled down to six selected passagesthe Kyrie ("Lord, have mercy upon us"); Gloria (“Glory bet God in the highest "); Creed; Sanctus ("Holy, holy, Ly with which is coupled the Osanna); Benedictus Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord"); aa Agnus Dei (“O Lamb of God "), the latter not being araratly set to music. The ingenuity of composers decited in using one and the same tune for all these six Dements, but so varying it with overlying and accompaying harmonies that not sameness but infinite variety result. The mass was known musically by the e of the tune upon which it was thus built up, as -Masa Tu es Petrus," &c. Unhappily we find also such farsities, and that too in numbers excelling those of the 2-song masses, as "Missa l'Homme armé," "Missa i sats regres," &c., when a popular song or secular tune a taken, as the "Cantus firmus," and only the accompany-z melodies are of an ecclesiastical character. Still more extrary is it to find the words of these popular songs

sung-the tenor being the most usually offending re, carrying along his roystering tavern song, while the ther parts sing the sacred words of the mass. At last, in 194, the Council of Trent having some years before issued 1 decrees against this burlesque of divine things, FPs IV. set to work to carry out the council's orders, the commission of cardinals he appointed saw no other way out of the dilemma than by prohibiting all music a. the original venerable plain-song chants in the St. Carlo Barromeo besought them to stay their Bads this friend Palestrina, choirmaster of Santa Maria Migre, Lad shown them specimens of worthier music, as he had been lately studying to produce. Palestrina t to the commission three masses, the first of which the "Missa Papæ Marcelli," for six voices, dedicated the last pope, Marcellus II., a good friend to the comcaring his life, and this being sung in the Sistine en 19th June, 1565, at once converted the cardinals their judgment, and saved music for the church. It "ed a masterpiece, and when, very carefully and effi**y, produced in London in 1885 (at the ancient concerts tion with the International Music Exhibition of it was found to sound as majestic and truly 74 as it appears on paper. Probably every musician admit that it is one of the most perfectly appropriate

rear)

sical pieces we possess, a real miracle of art.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Its

bounded by Rhode Island and Connecticut, W. by New York, and N. by Vermont and New Hampshire. greatest length is about 190 miles, and its greatest breadth 90 miles. The area is 7800 square miles. The population in 1880 was 1,783,086.

The surface of this state is uneven; hilly and broken in the centre, east, and north-eastern parts, and level and sandy in the south-east. The western portion, though mountainous, does not attain to a very great elevation above the sea. Saddle Mountain, the highest land in the state, is 3500 feet; Mount Washington, 2624 feet; and Mount Wachusett, 2018 feet high. The east and southeast coasts are much indented with bays. The principal islands are Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, which are noted for their whale and other fisheries.

The western and mountainous region is traversed by the Housatonic, which flows south nearly 50 miles, when it enters Connecticut; it is a very rapid river, and not navigable in Massachusetts. The Connecticut enters Massachusetts from New Hampshire. The Merrimac rises in New Hampshi on the western declivities of the White Mountains, and falls into the Atlantic after a course of more than 150 miles. The tide ascends to Haverhill, 15 miles from its mouth, but above it the course of the river is obstructed by several falls and rapids, all of which are now avoided by canals, and an uninterrupted navigation has thus been effected as far as Concord in New Hampshire.

The climate of this state is much colder in winter and warmer in summer, than the southern districts of Great Britain, though the difference of latitude amounts but to about 9 degrees. In the spring it is subject to chilling north-east winds. The mean temperature is 48°, or 2 degrees less than that of London. In January the thermometer falls to 8° below zero; while in June it rises to 98° Fahr. The change of temperature is often 40° in twenty-four hours.

As Massachusetts was early settled, a greater portion of its surface is cultivated than in most of the other states. The soil generally is rocky; and although the most approved systems of agriculture are adopted and pursued with great industry, the corn produced is not sufficient for home consumption. The principal productions are Indian corn, rye, oats, potatoes, hemp, flax, pease, hops, beans, and pumpkins, which last are used as food for swine and cattle. Wheat, buckwheat, and barley are raised only in smaller quantities. All the fruit trees of England are cultivated. The fishery of cod in Massachusetts Bay and on the banks near Nantucket is important. Large quantities of mackerel are likewise taken.

Iron occurs in several places, and limestone abounds in the western parts of the state, where some good marble is found. Near the coast are numerous salt marshes. Much sand is used in glass manufacture. Railways intersect the state, and connect all the large towns.

Massachusetts is one of the most enterprising states of the Union, and has very extensive manufactures of agricultural implements, general machinery, cotton, boots and shoes, and watches. There are also flourishing shipbuilding yards, and at least one-sixth of the United States navy has been supplied by Massachusetts. The principal port is BOSTON, which is admirably screened from the storms of the Atlantic, and is accessible to the largest

It is not necessary to trace down the progress of the -tie; every one knows Bach's wondrous Bier, every one knows the so-called "Mozart's Twet. Mass," which he did not write, and some of those Me did write, while few are unacquainted (and none it to be) with the two stupendous masses of Beethoven, the masterpieces of Cherubini. MASSACHUSETTS, one of the United States of North Les between 40° and 42° 45′ N. lat., and 70° 1. ad 73° 30′ W. lon. The Atlantic Ocean washes etern and southern shores. On the south it is

History and Constitution.-The first settlement was formed in 1620 at Plymouth, by about 120 families of English nonconformists, who had fled to Holland, and thence proceeded to Cape Cod. It is thus the oldest of the New England states. The American Revolution began in Massachusetts. The first constitution was formed in 1780, and was revised and modified in 1820. The legislature consists of forty senators and 240 representatives, elected for one year. The governor is also elected annually.

grainally pushed forward from behind as they are in the elephant, and displayed the same relative increase in propertion as the animal was advanced in life; but unlike those of the elephant, their crowns exhibited on cutting the gum large conical points of a mammiform structure, stence the animal derives its name. As these conical pits were worn down by mastication, the tooth presented eses more or less large according to the degree of attrition with it had undergone. The molar teeth were six in ber on each side in each jaw, of which as many as three were sometimes in place at the same time. The tres or upper incisors were well developed and straight. Like the elephant the mastodon had also short tusks in the lower jaw, but these do not seem to have been ever present in some species, and were generally shed early by female, the male sometimes retaining one or both. The species of mastodon are tolerably numerous, and have been found in both hemispheres. In Europe and Asia they appear to have become extinct in the Pliocene epoch, bres in America they survived into the Pleistocene period. Mastodon arvensis, remains of which have been be found in the crags of Norfolk and Suffolk, belongs to section of the genus Mastodon distinguished by having far ridges to the molar teeth. One of the best known species is the North American Mastodon (Mastodon gigantrus or ohioticus), which did not become extinct till quite ate in Pleistocene times, and whose remains are found in abendance in various parts of the United States, often in by places in an excellent state of preservation. The tis 11 feet high, 17 feet long exclusive of the tusks tai, and the tusks are about 11 feet long. One short tas-Lke incisor was retained in the lower jaw of the male. A Mastodon (Mastodon turicensis) discovered at Turin by nda in beds of the Upper Miocene period seems to are had no lower incisors, and agrees with Mastodon tics in having three ridges to its molar teeth. A peter (Mastodon siralensis), from the Sivalik Hills in E of the Upper Miocene time, had five ridges to its Numerous other species are known of this genus. As far as may be inferred, the mastodon agreed with the art in its habits, feeding on vegetable matters. MASULIPATAM ́ (Hindu, Machli-patnam, Fish-town) Le chief town of Kistna district, Madras, situated on amall offshoot of the Kistna River, 215 miles north of Muras city, and has a population of 40,000. The Fort conth the barracks and arsenal, which have been suffered to da into decay since the withdrawal of the garrison in 1865, the Protestant and the Roman Catholic churches. All round tes an expanse of waste land, swampy in the rainy Ma and deep with sand during the remainder of the About a mile to the north-west rises a slight hill, the highest part of which are the houses of the European Pets and the modern cantonment. Further away, and awer elevation, stands the pet or native quarter, which fairly well laid out with streets and brick houses. Mapatam is still the principal port of Kistna district, though has few natural advantages, and suffers in addition from tion with Coconada, on the Godavari, with which the Kista delta has inland communication by water. The sea deepens so gradually that large ships cannot anchor arer than 5 miles from the shore; and during the monB. from October to December, all communication is mended.

Mas patam, which is said to have been first acquired by the Massulmans in 1480, was the earliest British settleten the Coromandel coast. An agency was established bere in 1611 by Captain Hippon, who commanded the on what is known as the "seventh voyage" of the Last India Company. In 1622 the English traders, driven by the Dutch from the Spice Islands, and also from Pulicat, acceded in founding a factory at Masulipatam. In 1628 they were driven out for four years, but they returned under

MATCHES.

a firman from the Mohammedan king of Golconda, which is known as the Golden Firman. The station then became the centre of English trade in those parts, and was managed by a chief and council. About 1660 the Dutch also established a factory, and the French followed in 1669. In 1686 the Dutch quietly took possession of the government of the town, forbidding the English to trade. This state of things did not last long, however, for three years later Zulfikar Khan seized the factory, and in 1690 the full right of trade in Masulipatam was given to the English by firman. From this time until the Wars of the Karnatic there appear to have been no events of importance at Masulipatam. In 1750 it was, with the surrounding country, given to the French by the Nizam; and from 1753 to 1759 the English were excluded. In the latter year Colonel Forde carried the town and fort by storm, and in 1765 the Northern Circars were assigned to the English. It was to promote the export of cotton goods that Europeans first settled on the Coromandel coast. Up to the present day weavers form a large portion of the inhabitants of Masulipatam, though their trade has greatly declined since the beginning of this century. In modern times Masulipatam has acquired a new interest as the centre of missionary labour in the Telugu country, but the importance of the town is on the decline. A heavy blow to it was the storm wave of 1864, which swept over the entire town, and is reported to have destroyed 30,000 lives. As happens not unfrequently, this disaster occurred at night, so that many were drowned in their beds. Even in the European quarter the survivors owed their lives to being warned in time from the Fort, so that they were able to escape to the upper storeys of their houses. A similar calamity is traditionally related to have befallen the place in the days of the Dutch occupation.

MATAN ZAS, a fortified seaport on the north coast of Cuba, next in commercial importance to Havanna, from which it is 52 miles distant. It stands on the level of the banks of the San Juan, by the mud of which its harbour is much injured. It is well and durably built of stone, but has few handsome buildings. The harbour, in front of the city, is protected by a ledge of rock, 4 feet below the surface, which serves as a natural breakwater to defend the vessels at anchor within it from the swell. The town has a good trade in sugar and coffee. The population is about 40,000.

MATAPAN', CAPE, the ancient Tænarus, the southernmost point of the Morea, Greece, being the most southerly point of the continent of Europe, except Cape Tarifa, in Spain. It is composed of limestone of the Cretaceous system, and rises boldly from the sea. In it is a remarkable cavern, believed by the ancients to have been one of the entrances to the lower world.

MATCH, in gunnery, is a material employed in firing military mines and occasionally in discharging pieces of ordnance. Before the invention of firelocks hand-guns or small-arms were fired by matches, which the soldiers carried with them when on service; and matchlock firearms are still used in some remote parts of Asia.

Slow-match is only a piece of slightly twisted hemp which has been well soaked in a strong solution of saltpetre with boiling water. It burns very slowly, a piece a yard in length being scarcely consumed in less than eight hours. Quick-match consists of a wick of cotton steeped in a mixture of salt petre and mealed gunpowder with spirit of wine and rain-water.

MATCHES. These useful articles for obtaining instantaneous fire and light, and which seem such an indispensable adjunct of civilization, are of very recent introduction. Up to the end of the first quarter of the present century almost the only method used in civilized countries was that of striking sparks upon tinder by means of a flint and a piece of steel. A flint, steel, and tinder box formed part of the furniture of every household, and one