LUPERCI.

eembination with a stimulant in somewhat large doses. I. all cases skilled medical assistance should be procured as early as possible, as the complaint from its serious character and attendant dangers is quite beyond domestic

treatment.

Homoptysis, or spitting of blood. Expectoration of od may occur either by exhalation from the mucous membrane of the air-tubes or from the lesion of a bloodresse It generally occurs in early life, from the age of fifteen to thirty-five, and in the former instance may be dependent upon local congestion. This determination of Food to the lungs may be occasioned by the sudden suppression of some natural or accidental discharge from other Farts, as in suppressed or impaired menstruation, or the arrest of a hæmorrhoidal discharge, or by pressure of tuberculous matter. From the latter cause it is frequently a sign of approaching consumption. The expectoration of Food is attended with cough. Sometimes the quantity troght up is very considerable, and is expelled with race; at other times the sputa are only streaked with The expectorated blood is generally of a vermilion clar, and when in small quantities it is frothy and xed with air. When the blood comes from the stomach, it is brought up by vomiting and without cough, without the frothy appearance, and of a dark grumous character. Agh the spitting of blood may be a sign of serious Lease, this is by no means an invariable consequence, as t dun attends a paroxysm of cough which is somewhat were and prolonged, in cases where there is no indication of consumption.

Pmonary apoplexy occurs when blood is effused into the parenchymatous structure of the lungs.

Magnant Diseases.-The lungs are also subject to ¿ases of a specifically malignant nature, such as meduly sarcoma and melanosis; but these rarely occur as a may affection. The medullary and melanoid matter is ted in these organs as a secondary affection, in conin with its existence in other parts, and frequently in the majority of the organs of the body. lammation of the pleura is treated of under PLEURISY. LU PERCI, the priests of the god Lupercus, whom the Romans sought to identify with the Greek god Pan, the most ancient order of the Roman priesthood. They re instituted in honour of Romulus and Remus, as it was to the protection of the wolf-god (Lupercus), saviour stepherds, that the twins owed their life; for when sed to die at their birth, a wolf was recorded to have ed them. The place where the priests assembled was Led Lupercal, and the festivals took the name of Luper. They continued till A.D. 496, when, on account of their tionsness, they were abolished by Pope Gelasius. The est ceremony of the Lupercalia (15th February) was Le caras purification of the city by goats' blood (scapeTwo youths were touched on the forehead with Le blood of goats, and the skins of these goats were then to pieces and worn by the Luperci, who went otherLaf naked at this festival. The trimmings of the they cut into thongs, and in this guise they ran At the city striking with them every one they met. We put themselves forward to be struck, esteeming asare presage of fruitfulness and security in childbeing. The name Februare means to purify, showing that the Lupercalia were older than the name of the month Mark Antony was a Lupercus when consul, and ked in this half-naked procession of runners. It was Inpercalia that Mark Antony offered Cæsar the kady crown, and he refused it, saying

*The Romans have no king but God.
1 all did see how on the Lupercal

I three did offer him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse. Was this ambition?"

-Mark Antony's Speech in "Julius Cæsar."

LU'PINE (Lupinus), a very extensive genus of hardy annual, perennial, and half-shrubby plants, commonly cultivated in gardens for the sake of their gaily coloured flowers. The species inhabit the western parts of America, from British Columbia to Bolivia. A few species are found in the United States and Brazil, and a few in the Mediterranean region. The genus is nearly allied to laburnum and broom.

LU'PULIN is the yellow powder found in the flower of the hop (Humulus lupulus, natural order URTICACE.E), It contains a bitter principle and a volatile oil and resin; these together give the aromatic bitter flavour to beer. It is also used in medicine as a narcotic in doses of from 2 to 5 grains.

LUP US or WOLF is the name which is given to several forms of chronic disease of the skin, and is suggestive of their devouring and destructive nature. The following are the chief varieties of the disease :-(1) Lupus erythematosus, which is the least troublesome and serious form, and which is marked by the appearance of a number of deep red or livid patches on the skin of the cheeks or nose, which, after remaining for a long period unaltered, become covered with thin dirty looking crusts, and ultimately end in a thin white scar. Sometimes both cheeks are attacked at once, and the patches spread and unite across the nose, while in other cases the scalp, ears, eyelids, lips, or back of the hands become seats of the disease. It seldom occurs before the age of puberty, is more common among women than men in the proportion of eight to one, is not hereditary or ultimately connected with any other special disease, and it attacks all classes of society. Beyond the disfigurement which it causes, it is attended with very little pain or other inconvenience, except perhaps slight itching. but it is very obstinate and difficult to cure, and often lasts for years. Treatment consists in careful attention to the general health, diet, and nutrition, and the exhibition of mild caustic applications to the part affected, followed by soothing applications, many such alternations being usually required before a cure is effected. (2) Lupus non exedans, a more serious form of the complaint, usually begins as one or more small smooth, reddish-brown or reddish-yellow blotches, set upon a dark red base of thickened skin. These slowly increase in size, and coalesce so as to form patches and become covered with small hornylike scabs, which may disappear without leaving open sores, though a distinct deep scar remains, or they may ulcerate and thus develop into the most dangerous and severe form of the disease, known as (3) Lupus exedans. This affection, formerly termed Noli me tangere, begins almost exclusively on the nose at the tip of the edges, and it often attacks simultaneously the skin and the internal mucous membrane. Red or brownish-red nodules are first formed, beneath which ulcers are found to extend, the surrounding parts being swollen and the edges of the ulcers of a pinkish colour. There is also a copious purulent secretion, and unless remedial measures are promptly applied the ulceration may attack structures deeper than the skin, and spread until a considerable portion of the nose, or even the whole of it, is destroyed, and severe inroads have been made into the tissues of the cheeks and lips. Though not a fatal disease of itself, it is one of a very serious character, from the great deformity which it may give rise to. Happily it is a complaint of very rare occurrence. is in no way due to syphilis, either hereditary or acquired, and though it sometimes occurs in scrofulous persons, in the larger number of cases the persons attacked seem otherwise healthy. Unlike the first-mentioned form of lupus, this affection usually begins early in life, and rarely appears after the age of thirty. It is more common in females than in males, and occurs more frequently in the country than in the large towns. The treatment of

It

LURCHER.

Lupus non exedans is much the same as that indicated for Lupus erythematosus, with the exception that more active external remedies are required, but in dealing with the more destructive Lupus exedans the applications must be of greater power and more rapid in their action. The caustics most generally used to destroy the new tissue formed by the disease are caustic potash, nitrate of silver, and acid nitrate of mercury. Other methods consist in the scarification of the nodules, or the removal of the diseased tissue by blunt "scrapers" or "spoons" made for this purpose. It will be obvious that for the use of such powerful remedies or mechanical methods, delicate surgical manipulation and careful medical control are requisite. LURCH'ER is the name of a dog which was originally bred as a cross between the greyhound and the shepherd's dog, but was subsequently modified by a cross with the spaniel. It is lower and more thickly built than the greyhound. It is marked by short ears, thick, wiry, and sandycoloured hair. The lurcher is quick at scent, a fleet runner, and, when used by poachers, very destructive to game.

LUR'GAN, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, situated in a flat tract at the northern end of the county, 2 miles from the south shore of Lough Neagh, 17 miles north-east from Armagh, and 86 miles north from Dublin. The population in 1881 was 10,184. The town contains a handsome church, Roman Catholic chapel, nunnery, Presbyterian meeting-houses, and Methodist chapels, some breweries, a tobacco manufactory, and several factories; also a union workhouse, a court-house, in which petty sessions are held, and an Orange Hall erected in 1871. There is a hall for the sale of diapers and linens, which is largely attended. The town has progressed greatly during the last twenty years. For cleanliness and regularity Lurgan is not surpassed by any other inland town. There is a large cemetery, beautifully laid out. The appearance of the town and vicinity is greatly improved by the adjacent demesne of Lord Lurgan, to which strangers have access. LUSTRATION (Gr. luô, I wash), among the ancients, a mode of purification by sacrifices and other religious ceremonies. The initial ceremony seems always to have been the sprinkling of the place or people with water scattered from an aspergillum, or from a laurel or olive branch, followed by the burning of some sweet-smelling incense. Hence the early Christians derived their use of holy water and incense, though they afterwards attached meanings of their own to these usages. Thus they were accustomed to purify their cities, armies, or people, after any impurity or crime; and the Romans also purified their fields after the harvest and their sheep after the lambing season. Then was it that they sang the hymn of the Fratres Arrales (the Field Friars), the oldest monument of the Latin language. [See LATIN LANGUAGE.] The Roman armies also underwent sprinkling with holy water before entering on a campaign. There was scarce any action performed, at the beginning and end of which some lustral ceremony was not required, to purify themselves and appease the gods.

LUSTRE OF MINERALS is one of the characteristics resorted to as aid in recognizing and describing the different mineral species. It is produced by the reflection of light from the surface, and is of course affected by the nature of that surface. There is no means of judging lustre accurately, it is altogether a matter of appreciation of the eye; but several varieties and degrees of intensity are recognized, which can be best judged by reference to the minerals which are taken as typical examples. The most important are:

(1) Metallic, or that possessed by native metals some minerals, as galena and iron pyrites.

and

(2) Vitreous or glassy. This is well displayed by quartz and rock-salt.

(3) Resinous or wary, as in zinc-blende and amber.

|

(4) Pearly, as in talc and selenite.

(5) Silky. This is generally seen in fibrous forms of minerals, as in asbestos, some forms of selenite, &c. (6) Adamantine, as in the diamond.

The degrees of intensity recognized are:(a) Splendent, when the surface reflects objects distinctly, as in well-formed crystals of zinc-blende.

(b) Shining, when the reflection is less distinct. (c) Glistening, when the light is well reflected, but without an image.

of

(d) Glimmering, when there is only a feeble reflection light.

(e) Dull, when there is a total absence of any shine, as in chalk and most amorphous minerals.

LUS'TRUM was the name applied to a period of five solar years among the Romans, as the termination of this period was generally marked by a public lustration after the taking of the census was over.

It is well known that the most ancient Roman year consisted only of ten months, or 304 days, and that this year continued to be used for religious purposes. Niebuhr has shown that at the lustrum the civil and religious years coincided, since five solar years, containing 1825 days, coincide with six religious years of 304 days each, containing 1824 days, with the difference of one day.

LU'SUS NATU'RÆ (Lat., sport of nature), a term applied to a monster or to anything unnatural in the phy

sical world.

LUTE, a stringed musical instrument of the guitar family, in which the strings sound by being plucked. Its origin is pointed out by its name, which is the Arabic ud preceded by the article, al ud. In Portuguese its name is still alaude. It was introduced into Europe by the Crusaders.

The main difference between the lute and the guitar is that the body of the former has a beautifully curved back, which one might roughly compare to the half of a somewhat ovoid melon in shape, and the whole body takes an oval, not an elliptical form, the narrow end of the oval being uppermost, and the back starts at once from the soundboard. The guitar, on the contrary, has a much more violin-like outline, and a flat back and soundboard, which are separated by the curving sides of the instrument, perpendicular to both of them. Both lute and guitar have a long neck stretching upwards from the body, so that the strings which pass up to the head, where they are wound round the tuning-pegs, may be "stopped" by pressure against the neck; and one string be made to give out many diverse notes, according to the sounding length of it, as determined by the stopping. This is of course the plan of construction of the violin family also; but the guitar family, including the lute, differ from violins in not having the neck (or “ finger-board ") smooth. Guitars and lutes have frets across the neck, raised edges of ivory or of metal slips let into the neck and projecting a little above it; and the frets are so placed along the neck as to indicate the places for stopping successive notes in the musical scale of the country. A violinist can play any scale he pleases, and any interval, however small it be; a lutenist can only play in his set scale, and is held to exactitude very nearly as rigidly as a player on an instrument of fixed tones, such as a pianoforte. (The lutenist can vary his tones a little, according as he presses over the fret or behind it, &c., but the range is not great.) When Villotteau endeavoured to study Arab music, his task among the savants who were sent out from France with the great Egyptian expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte (1798), he was continually foiled by his Arab teacher singing out of tune, while when he repeated the airs on the violin the Arab found the same fault with him. After a period of perplexity, be thought of examining the frets of the native lute, and at once saw that the musical scale of the Arabs is quite different from ours, and we can neither sing to them in tune nor they to us.

LUTEOLIN.

The Arab lute came originally from Persia in the sixth century. Its strings, varying in number, are of twisted silk, and the frets are often made by tying pieces of the strings round the neck at the proper places.

The modern Egyptian lute (oud or e'oud) has seven pairs of gut strings, and is played with a quill plectrum, not with the fingers. But there was a lute-like instrument called ser, with an exceedingly long neck, used by the ancient Egyptians in the most remote antiquity. A piece of wallpainting of the time of Moses, now preserved in the British Mesum, depicts a concert of nefrs, and the strings and frets of the instruments are well shown. The performers are women, and they play with plectra, apparently of ivory. Ite Italian lute was an enlarged and beautified variaten of the original Arab copy, and down to the time of Bach, who wrote for it, it was a favourite instrument. I's melon-shaped ovoid body was built up of staves of pine er cedar; the flat soundboard was of pine, and was supported by a sound post and strengthened by a longitudinal bar, as in the violin; a circular soundhole, or a pattern made up of several soundholes, pierced the middle of the Buboard. The body was relatively large and the neck t. The strings were of catgut; and those which ran ang the neck were usually in pairs, four to six pairs being t usual number, each pair being in unison and close set, the strings of a bichord pianoforte. Beside these were Sully one or two large strings, which lay quite outside the ger-board and were attached to a part of the head progeting somewhat sidewards; these were tuned to the chief totes of the key, and were not alterable by stopping, soundalways one note. This plan was found so serviceable that it was extended, and the large theorbos and archilutes LIst drove the small ordinary four or six stringed lutes Out of existence.

The late required constant tuning; as Matheson laughs, anterist eighty years old would have spent sixty in tuning bystrument. For amateurs, who paid for the constant epairs and adjustments required, it was said that a lute st about as much as a horse to keep. These jests show La troublesome the instrument was to keep in order. It considered advisable to keep the lute in a bed which was constantly used. Their prices were high for those by makers; in the seventeenth century a first-rate lute, expely if a century old or so, fetched £100, representing A very high sum in our own value of money. The great arity on the lute is Thomas Mace's book (Lond. 1676). tote of the lute was very thin, expressive, and delicate. I was not only used to accompany the voice, but was the great solo instrument of the middle ages, until superseded by the violin. Its music was written in TABLATURE. LUTE OLIN, the yellow colouring matter of the In weld (Reseda luteola, natural order Resedacea). Erystallizes in yellow needles, soluble in alcohol and that slightly soluble in water. It is a weak acid, and Les with alkalies, forming salts of a deep yellow The formula is C20H140g LUTHER, MARTIN, or LUDHER, LUTTER, or LOTHER-for he signed his name in all these various ways - born at Eisleben, in Lower Saxony, on the 10th of verber, 1483. When six years old he was sent to the choc at Eisenach, and to gain his daily bread was V te solicit alms by singing before the houses of the and charitable, a custom both then and at a later time the poor students of Germany. Let no one," says threat reformer in one of his works, "speak contemptuamy presence of the poor fellows who go from door ↑ tak, singing and begging bread propter Deum! You kaw the psalm says, Princes and kings have sung.' I if was once a poor mendicant, seeking my bread at ps houses, particularly at Eisenach, my own dear La father's circumstances improving-the elder Luther

LUTHER.

was a miner, and in possession now of two furnaces of his own-it was determined that the youthful Martin, already giving evidence of an active and powerful mind, should study the law, and he was entered in 1501 at the University of Erfurt, in Thuringia. For legal pursuits, however, he showed no appetite; his intellect swept away at once the cobwebs and trickeries of the law, and he devoted himself to the study of belles lettres and music. Music throughout life was his favourite art; he taught it to his children, he ranked it next to theology, and was accustomed to say of it," Music is the art of the prophets; it is the only other art which, like theology, can calm the agitations of the soul, and put the devil to flight."

Dividing his attention between the classics and the writings of the schoolmen, young Martin Luther strode forward in his career. At the age of twenty he was honoured with the title of Master of Arts, and then, by the advice of his kinsmen, he began to apply himself to jurisprudence. In the Augustine monastery at Erfurt, which he joined in July, 1505, he excited general admiration in the public exercises by the facility with which he extricated himself from the labyrinths of dialectics. He read assiduously the prophets and the apostles, then the books of St. Augustine-his "Explanations of the Psalms," and his book on the "Spirit and the Letter." He studied with earnestness the writings of Occam, whose logic he preferred to that of Duns Scotus and Thomas Aquinas.

An accident, as the world would call it, determined his future career. He saw one of his friends killed by lightning at his side. He resolved thereupon to dedicate himself to God's service, and entered upon a life of the most rigid self-denial. "If," he says, "Augustine went straight to heaven from the walls of a monastery I ought to do so, as all my brethren would testify. I fasted, I watched, I practised all the austerities of a cenobite, until I absolutely fell very ill." But as yet, like John Bunyan, he was wandering in the wrong path, and soon he was beset with doubts and fears which wrung his very soul. He lingered long in the valley of the shadow. Often might he be seen at the altar foot, with clasped hands and streaming eyes, declaring himself "the chief of sinners." He kept weary vigil throughout the night, wrestling with temptations which sprang from his diseased imagination. "Jerome and other fathers," he afterwards wrote, "never endured such trials. Augustine and Ambrose, too, had their sorrows, and trembled before the sword; but what is this compared with the angel of Satan, who strikes with the fists? If I live I will write a book on temptations, for without a knowledge of the subject no man can thoroughly comprehend the Holy Scriptures, or feel the due love and fear of the Lord."

A weak mind gives way before these inward struggles; a strong mind, after much buffeting to and fro, rises out of them a conqueror; and Luther was reserved to accomplish a glorious mission-to open up to the intellect of Europe, like Columbus, a new world.

In his twenty-third year the business of his monastery called him into Italy. The journey opened up a new era, not only in Luther's life, but in the history of religion; for the shams and falsehoods and open vices of the Italian capital disgusted his clear moral sense and offended his vigorous intellect. He penetrated into all the mysteries of the papal court, and beneath its flowers and gilding recognized the abomination of iniquity that corrupted the church and society. So, with thoughts arising in his heart that were to prove the germs of a great revolution, he quitted the city of the popes, and shook the dust off his feet.

On his return to his convent solitude he devoted himself to the study of the Scriptures, reading them with the assistance of Erasmus, whose interpretation, however, did not always satisfy him. His renown as a scholar now obtained him the chair of professor of philosophy in the uni

brancy, lighting up the civilized world with the reflection | of its radiance. The nobles and the peasantry, the castles and the free towns, feudalism and commerce, rivalled each ether in enthusiasm for Luther. At Marienburg, at Strastarg, even at Mainz, there prevailed a constant struggle fr his smallest pamphlets. The sheet, while yet wet from the press, passed from eager hand to hand. The literary ds then flourishing in Germany, tinmen and shoeLakers, braziers and tailors, greedily devoured the good tings proclaimed by the reformer. Hans Sachs, the shoemaker poet, celebrated in his most melodious strains the -Nightingale of Wittenberg," and the song, as it spread over all the German land, swelled into the trumpet-tones of a victorious pæan. The German nobles were foremost s new communion of thought and sentiment. They ported the hero-reformer with money; they promised active aid against all assailants. "I see very clearly," write Ulrich von Hutten, "that we must come to swords, by armour, and cannon. Do thou, my father, fortify By carage, and despise these wild beasts. I see each day the number of thy adherents augment; thou wilt be in no wat of defenders." The friends of Luther were even wt in the Diet at Worms, and in one of the sittings a paper was produced which set forth that 400 nobles had to defend him, and he who read it cried aloudBartschuh! Buntschuh!" the war-cry of the insurgent

Charles V., king of Spain, had been recently elected serat, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, and his first c Diet was summoned to assemble at Worms in 121, with the avowed object of checking the progress of the new and dangerous opinions. The papal party, headed Aarder, prevailed upon the young emperor to issue 4t for the destruction of Luther's writings. The Mies, however, refused to publish the decree unless the ter were heard in his own defence, and a safe-conduct ted him under which he might repair to Worms. His s would have had him disregard the imperial manbot Lather was wiser and bolder, and seized the Prity of proclaiming the truth before the great Ger4. His journey to Worms resembled a triumpression. When he came in sight of the city, on the 1of April, he rose in his chariot and chanted the noble -the Marseillaise of the Reformation "-Ein feste "Vist unser Gott ("A safe stronghold our God is still"). re the Imperial Diet he maintained the same sublime dre in the help of heaven, and expounded his docwith all the eloquence of a vigorous and truth-fearing Neither promises nor threats could induce him to The word of God," he said, "is not my word, I cannot abandon it. Here am I," he exclaimed; "I t do otherwise; so help me God. Amen!" the 20th of April he left Worms. An imperial edict btway issued against him, and all persons were Par from affording him any assistance or asylum, uty of high treason. As the only mode of saving the friendly elector caused him to be arrested when way to Alterhausen, and provided for him a secure in his castle of Wartburg, where he was safe from *eation of his sanguinary foes. He spent a year Altade, lamented by those of his friends who were *** the secret of his concealment, and occupied his time pa portion of his great work-the translation of the New ient to German. The version was published in Bat his secluded and sedentary life filled him with Erily terveus sensations. He imagined himself to be ed with the frequent presence of the Evil One, in the a buzzing moth; and they still show the pilgrim the black mark on the wall which records the of inkstand hurled at the intruder by the regerous hand. He soon, however, shook off these Gains, and learning that Carlstadt and the more

LUTHER.

violent reformers were proceeding with such intemperance as to damage their cause, he left the castle in March, 1522, and returned to Wittenberg. His influence and his energy speedily stilled the commotion that had arisen.

In the middle of the same year, Henry VIII. of England entered the lists of polemical controversy, and published a reply to Luther's "Babylonish Captivity." The grateful Pope rewarded his royal ally with the title "Defender of the Faith" (Fidei defensor), still borne by English monarchs. The reformer answered with his wonted vehemence. In 1525 he still further asserted his independence of the Roman Catholic Church by marrying a nun, Catherine von Bora, who had escaped from her convent about two years before. She was descended from a noble family, was twenty-two years old, and of a handsome person. Though tried by the miseries of extreme indigence, the union proved a happy one, and Luther found in his wife a helpmate and a consoler. Four children were born to him, and in his domestic relations the reformer showed himself endowed with a heart as true and tender as his intellect was bold and aggressive.

From this time forward the life of Martin Luther flowed on with the fulness and steadiness of a great river. His labours were incessant, for work was the necessary condition of his active spirit. The publication of his German version of the Scriptures was not only an epoch in the history of religion, but in the formation and development of the German tongue. By the year 1533 seventeen editions of it were published at Wittenberg, thirteen at Augsburg, thirteen at Strasburg, with reprints at Erfurt and Leipzig. The bread was freely cast upon the waters, and was eagerly sought. Many of the German states embraced the Lutheran creed, and its apostle found himself called upon to organize and superintend the new churches that sprang up around him. From 1517 to 1526 a book or tractate from his pen marked every year, and he wrote able and learned commentaries on nearly all the books of the Bible. In 1525 a council was held at Augsburg, which adjourned to Spires in 1526, and at it a general council was demanded. In 1529 a Diet was assembled at Spires, which determined on suppressing by force the further promulgation of the reformed doctrines. Against this intolerance several of the German princes, and the deputies of fourteen imperial towns, solemnly protested, and hence arose the appellation of Protestants, which has ever since been borne by the members of the Reformed Church.

At this period occurred the famous controversy as to the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. On this point Luther still clung to a modification of the Romish dogma of the Saviour's actual presence (transubstantiation), and to all arguments replied, "This is my body." The discussion had no profitable result, but excited much ill-feeling between Luther and the Swiss reformers, who stoutly opposed his doctrine of substantiation."

"con

In 1530 was held the memorable Diet of Augsburg, at which the Confession of Faith prepared by Melanchthon was formally accepted, and Protestantism, from the dream of a solitary monk, rose to the dignity and substance of a national creed. It was immediately followed by an assemblage of the Lutheran princes at Smalcalde (31st December, 1530), where they entered into a mutual league of defence, and agreed, if necessary, to maintain their religious opinions by arins. The Smalcaldic League was the first movement of the Thirty Years' War, which, in the course of its desolating career, brought all Europe within its influence, until the Treaty of Westphalia secured the rights and liberties of the European States.

To the excesses of the Anabaptists it is unnecessary to allude, except in record of the sorrowful indignation with which they filled the soul of Luther. The reformer continued at his labours, earnest and resolute, till, in his 2