How faithfully the Radicals have followed the teachings of Alex. Hamilton and the "blue-light Federalists," since their advent into power. Had the people followed them in their mad career, they would have established a monarchy on the ruins of the constitution and free government.

CHAPTER IX.

The new constitution went into operation, on March 4th 1789, with Washington as President. He formed his cabinet of Federalists and Democrats; Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, and Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. The democratic party and Thomas Jefferson, as their leader, contended for a strict construction of the constitution. They held that the exercise of doubtful or discretionary powers, by the executive or Congress, were not warranted by the constitution. That the general government should exercise only such powers as were given by the letter of the constitution, or such as were absolutely necesssary for carrying those powers into force-that the assumption of doubtful powers were null and void a palpable usurpation of power, destructive of popular liberty; the rights of the states and the liberty of the people. Those were the principles of the democratic party then, and are its principles now. If the democratic party should ever abandon its principles, then will end the hopes of popular government, not only on this continent, but all over the world! Hamilton formed his political and financial system, so as to control Congress, consolidate the states and form a monarchy! "His financial system had two objects: 1st as a puzzle, to exclude popular understanding and inquiry, 2d as a machine for the corruption of the legislature; for he avowed the opinion, that man could be governed by one of two motives only, force and interest. Force, he observed, in this country was out of the question, and interest, therefore of the members must be laid hold of, to keep the legislature in unison with the executive."-Jefferson's Works vol. 9, p. 91. How faithfully the Congress and the Radical state legislatures have yielded to the motives of interest-the lobby-men could tell-the various rings in the United States could reveal it. The great overgrown monopolies could tell of your wholesale venality. Hamilton used the funding system as a means to corrupt the Congress and to bring to his aid the vile speculators and the 'Stock-jobbing' herd, who made vast fortunes by Hamilton's scheme of finance. Such has been the policy of the Radicals towards the bondholders of our time! For Federalists and Radicals are, in principle, identically the same! The Eastern States made threats of seceding from the Congress and of dissolving the union, if Congress did not assume the state debts.—Thus, New England was the first to raise the standard of secession, if the Federal government refused to assume the debts of the states. As a compromise the Federal government assumed twenty millions of the state debts; on receiving this bonus New England remained in the union!! The next step of the monocrats was to establish a money power, or United States Bank, as a permanent institution for centralization and corruption; as a stepping-stone to Monarchy." The bank was located at Philadelphia, the then Capital, which made Congress a sink-hole of venality, bribery, and corruption. Members of both houses of Congress were directors of the bank, who together with speculators and friends of the bank and Stock-jobbers gave Hamilton a

majority. This violent and corrupt course of Hamilton caused an opposition to the administration. The following is from Jefferson, the leader of the opposition:

"Here then were the real grounds of opposition, which was made to the course of the administration-its object was to preserve the legislature pure and independent of the executive, to restrain the administration to republican forms and principles, not permit the constitution to be construed into a monarchy, and to be warped in practice, into all the principles and pollutions of their favorite English model. Nor was this an opposition to General Washington. He was true to the Republican charge confided to him, and has solemnly and repeatedly protested to me, in our conversations, that he would lose the last drop of his blood in the support of it; and he did this the oftener and with the more earnestness, because he knew my suspicions of Hamilton's designs against it, and wished to quiet them. For Hamilton's great argument in favor of a national bank was that it was necessary for the public credit and to prosecute the Indian wars.

Jefferson opposed the national bank and gave a written opinion of its unconstitutionality. Hamilton and his party were for copying everything from England-government, banks, paper money, and corruption. They showed great favor to England and hostility to France, the former ally of America. This was gratitude with a vengeance!

During the X. Y. Ž. Congress, the Federalists were in favor of making war on France, so as to aid England. "The government was well apprised of the predominancy of the British interest in the United States; that they considered Colonel Hamilton, Mr. King, Mr. William Smith of South Carolina as the main support of that interest: that particularly, they considered Colonel Hamilton, and not Mr. Hammond, as their effective minister here; that if the anti-federal interest (that was his term), at the head of which they considered Mr. Jefferson to be, should prevail, these gentlemen had secured an asylum to themselves in England.”—Jefferson's Works, vol. 9, p. 145.

The Federalists wished for everything which would approach our new government to a monarchy." Jefferson's Works vol. 9, p. 480.

Jefferson gives the following account of the origin of parties, thus: "We broke into two parties; each wishing to give the government a different direction; the one to strengthen the most popular branch, the other the more permanent branches and to extend their permanency." Jefferson's Work's vol. 6, pp. 143-4.

Το

Jefferson further speaks of the usurpation of the Federal party, thus: "Giving a little to-day and little to-morrow; advancing its noiseless steps like a thief, over the field of jurisdiction until all shall be usurped from the states, and the government of all be consolidated into one. this I an opposed; because, when all government, domestic and foreign, in little as in great things, shall be drawn to Washington as the centre of all power, it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on the other, and will become as venal and oppressive as the government from which we separated.”—Jefferson's Works, vol. 7, p. 216. Hamilton said that the general government must swallow up the state governments.— Greeley's Am. Conf. vol. 1, p. 82.

Well, how faithfully the Republicans have carried out this programme of their prototypes, the Federalists, for since their advent into power they have been more corrupt and venal than any government in the world, ancient or modern. They have stolen into power under false colors. They have centralized all power in the authorities at Washington; trampled on the constitution of the United States and the Constitutions of several states. They

have incarcerated all who claim constitutional law, whenever they felt so disposed.

John Adams, a federalist, succeeded Washington, as President of the United States and his party were in favor of monarchy, as appears from the following authorities:

"In 1793," said Cobot, a Federalist, "things will never go right, till you have a President for life, and an hereditary senate."-Jefferson's Works, vol. 9, p. 184.

In 1797, Adams said: "Damn 'em, damn 'em, damn 'em! You see that an elective government will not do. "Republicanism must be discarded." Hamilton said, "for my part I avow myself a monarchist. I have no objection to a trial being made of this thing of a Republic."-Jefferson's Works, vol. 9, p. 187.

"Oh!" said Hamilton, "say the Federal monarchy. Let us cal! things by their right names, for a monarchy it is."-Jefferson's Works, vol. 9, p. 191.

"Hamilton declared openly, that there was no stability, no security in any kind of government but a monarchy.-Jefferson's Works, vol. 9, p. 126. We give Adams' opinion on the British constitution, thus:

"After the cloth was removed, and our questions agreed and this dismissed, conversation began on other matters, and by some circumstance, was led to the British constitution, on which Mr. Adams observed: Purge that constitution of its corruption, and give to its popular branch equality of representation, and it would be the most perfect constitution ever devised by the wit of man. Hamilton paused and said: "Purge it of its corruption, and give to its popular branches equality of representation, and it would become an impracticable government; as it stands at present, with all its supposed defects, it is the most perfect government which ever existed. And this was assuredly the exact line which separated the political creeds of these two gentlemen. The one was for two hereditary branches and an honest elective one; the other for an hereditary King, with a House of Lords and Commons corrupted to his will, and standing between him and the people."-Jefferson's Works. vol. 9, p. 96.

Again, we find that John Adams and his party were enemies of the Union, and anticipated its dissolution. On a petition being presented to John Adams, while President of the United States, for a donation, for a College, in Tennessee, he said; "He saw no possibility of continuing the union of the states, that their dissolution must necessarily take place: that he therefore saw no propriety in recommending to New England men to promote a literary institution in the south; that it was in fact giving strength to those who were to be their enemies; and, therefore, he would have nothing to do with it." Jefferson's Works vol. 9, pp. 203, 204. Goodhue, a Federalist, said in 1798: "I'll tell you what, I have made up my mind on the subject; I would rather the old ship should go down than not" (meaning the union of the States).—Jefferson's Works, vol. 9, p. 189.

Hamilton treated the people with disdain, for he said himself: "And it is long since I have learned to hold the popular opinion of no value.”Hamilton's Works, vol. 5, p. 52.

John Adams' opinion of the British Constitution:

"I only contended that the English Constitution is, in theory, both for the adjustment of the balance and the prevention of its vibrations, the most stupendous fabric of human invention; and that Americans ought to be applauded instead of censured, for imitating it as far as they have done. Not the formation of languages, not the whole art of navigation and ship

building does more honor to the human understanding than this system of government.-Adams' Works vol. 4, pp. 358-9.

"For, instead of the trite saying, no bishop, no king, it would be much more exact and important truth to say, no people, no King, and no King, no people."-Adams' Works, vol. 4, p. 371.

This shows that Adams and Hamilton and their party were only waiting for an opportunity to abolish the Constitution and Union and to establish a monarchy. If they did not succeed, Butler, Stevens, Sumner, Stanton, Wade disregarded the Constitution of the United States and established a military despotism!!

Again, Adams says of the British Constitution:

"We shall have reason to exult, if we make our comparison with England and the English Constitution."-Adams' Works, vol. 4, p. 382.

Again, Adams says: "A Republican government is little better than a government of devils."-Adams' Works, vol. 2, p. 469.

"This is the true reason, why all civilized free nations have found, by experience, the necessity of separating from the body of the people, and even from the legislature, the distribution of honors, and conferring it on the executive authority of the government. When the emulation of all the citizens looks up to one point, like the rays of a circle from all points of the circumference, meeting and uniting in the centre, you may hope for uniformity, consistency and subordination; but when they look up to different individuals, or assemblies, or councils, you may expect all the deformity, eccentricities, and confusion of the Polemic system."-Adams' Works vol. 6, p. 256.

Âgain, he makes a comparison between the nobles and the people: "But on the other hand, the nobles have been essential parties in the preservation of liberty. The people pretended to nothing but to be villains, vassals, and retainers to the Kings or the nobles."-Adams' Works vol. 6, pp. 417-8. In the time of John Adams the Federalists attempted to make democracy unpopular in America, by holding them responsible for the acts of the Red Republicans of France. The democracy sympathized with France, and held that the people were able to govern themselves, that all just and good governments reflect the will of the people.

Jefferson's views on the power of the people are most forcibly expressed in the following words:

"Governments are Republican only in proportion as they embody the will of the people, and execute it."-Jefferson's Works, vol. 7, p. 9.

He also held that free government would last so long as the people remained virtuous. That great monopolies and the concentration of wealth and power in a few were dangerous to the safety and stability of a republic. Jefferson speaks of moneyed monopolies, thus:

Raising up a moneyed aristocracy in our own country, which has already set the government at defiance."-Jefferson's Works vol. 7, p. 64. The democrats held that the government should be built in the affections of the people. That each branch of the government should be confined within the pale of the Constitution. Jefferson speaks of the evil of the Federal government usurping the powers and rights of the states, thus:

"Can any good be effected by taking from the states the moral rule of their citizens, and subordinating it to the general authority, or to one of their corporations, which may justify forcing the meaning of words, hunting after possible construction, and hanging inference on inference from heaven to earth like Jacob's ladder? Such an intention was impossible, and such a licentiousness of construction and inference, if exercised by both governments, as may be done with equal right, would equally authorize both

to claim all power, general and particular, and break up the foundations of the Union."-Jefferson's Works, vol. 7, pp. 297-8. Jefferson held that state-rights were a necessary check on the general government.

"I believe the states can best govern our home concerns, and the general government our foreign ones. I wish, therefore, to see maintained that wholesome distribution of powers established by the constitution for the limitation of both, and never to see all offices transferred to Washington, where further withdrawn from the eyes of the people, they may more secretly be bought and sold at market."-Jefferson's Works vol. 7, pp. 297-8.

Jefferson further held that equal encouragement should be given to agriculture, commerce, and manufacture. That doubtful and discretionary power should not be exercised by Congress or the executive. That the constitution should be strictly construed. That the Federal government should not usurp the rights of the states.-I see, as you do, and with the deepest affliction, the rapid strides with which the Federal branch of our government is advancing towards the usurpation of all the rights reserved to the states, and the consolidation in itself of all powers foreign and domestic: and that too by construction, which if legitimate, leaves no limit to their power."-Jefferson's Works vol. 7, p. 426.

Again Jefferson says:

"Yet although I have little hope that the torrent of consolidation can be withstood, I should not be for giving up the ship without effort to save her." -Jefferson's Works vol. 7, p. 430. The Federalists held that Congress possessed discretionary powers. They claimed a latitudinous construction for the constitution. After the French revolution, in 1789, French refugees came over to the United States and naturally joined the democratic party; whose principles rested on the theory that "a man is a man"-that man should be governed by reason and the laws of nature. That the people are capable of self-government. That the toiling millions should not be taxed to feed the pampered few. That the condition of the people should be improved. That labor should be respected and rewarded. That all offices of trust and honor and emolument should be open to the people. Equality for all branches of industry: no fostering monopolies for any Jefferson speaks of a government of reason thus: "It is our sacred duty to suppress passions among ourselves, and not to blast the confidence we have inspired of the proof that a government of reason is better than one of force."-Jefferson's Works vol. 7, p. 183.

The Federal party and John Adams were very jealous of foreigners, and passed a law extending the time of naturalization to fourteen years. They passed laws to muzzle the press and to suppress the freedom of speech: to prevent native American democrats from denouncing the tyranny and extravagance of the Federal administration; they passed the sedition law to silence the native democrats and to banish foreigners, who may not support the policy of the administration! The Federal party had the President, John Adams, the supreme court, and both houses of Congress. After the Irish rebellion of 1798, a number of Irish patriots (rebels so called) came over to the United States, who joined the democratic party and opposed the Federalists, who were friends of England and monarchy! The Federalists were the enemies of all foreigners, but particularly the Irish-indeed, they showed the same hostility to foreigners, that their disciples, the Native American party and Radicals display to-day! The darling policy of the Federalists was to exclude the Irish and French from participation in the government; just as we find the same exclusive policy practised by the Native Americans, Know-Nothings, Wide-a-wakes, and Union Leaguers of our time to exclude foreigners from office. The alien law was passed, in