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the following vb.-] refer to Gn. 1025.-11. boy] phr., cf. by 107 901o. — 12. man] v. 510, rightly attached to previous 1. by 6 ; necessary to complete its measure.] improb. repetition, not in 6. A word is, however, needed for measure. It was prob. n. The copyist was confused between the two words, and attaching one to this 1. he naturally used ; whereas if one were attached to the previous 1. he would have used nan. — ^p;] Hiph. impf. freq. ‡ vi Qal depart, not in y. Hiph. trans. remove, not in ; but intrans. here, as Ex. 1322 3311 Na. 31 +.-ap¬pi qir] cf. 107. —13. ] emph. in position. takes it as conditional; but

context favours, J.—7] Pi. impf. freq., prob. relative clause. — NUN)] the apod. as 6, only of an implicit, not explicit, prot. as Dr., and not subord. as I ut sustineam, so Bä. The 1. is defective, needing app as truly as syn. l.

here in the sense of lift up the foot in going away, betake oneself away, get away, so 1399, as Gn. 291; not bear, endure, which is against the syn. vb. -] as 35263817. E adds 2p, as 411o, but it makes 1. too long and indeed is out of place there.-14. ] emph. antith.-77] n.m. (1) order, row, not in 4, but (2) estimate, valuation, of like estimation with myself, only here.] adj. (1) tame, of animals; docile, of lamb Je. 1119, of cows Ps. 14414 (usually as thousand); (2) of friends, intimates, here as Mi. 75 Je. 34 1321 Pr. 217 1628 179, but ♬ nyeμúv μov, dux meus = Ex. 1515. —] as 3112 889. 19.-15. ] is prosaic gl.—p'] Hiph. impf. I pl. freq. † [p] denom. be or become sweet; Qal Ex. 1525 Pr. 917 Jb. 2133, suck Jb. 2420 (?); Hiph. Jb. 2012, with D only here. Gédéoμатa

as ,אַלוּפִי

either or n. a.λ. from ¬ vb. as S. — oɔnba ] is a gl. of definition.] a.. company, companionship, or concord, ☎ èv òpovolą, v. mean 643, a 21. — 16. ] Kt. a.λ. pl. [p] n.f. desolation √ improb., Qr. nip, as 6, V, J; : Hiph, impf. defective for √y beguile, Ges.74 (3); Niph. be beguiled Is. 1913; Hiph. beguile, c. acc. pers. Gn. 313 (J) Je. 379 4916 Ob.3.7 2 K. 1919 = Is. 3710 2 Ch. 3215; sq. ↳ 2 K. 1829 = Is. 3614 Je. 410 298; c. by only here, pregnant, implying descent, Ges. 119 (4). G, V, I, give the vb. the mng. come upon, which is prob. paraphrase. — ] archaic poetic sf. There is a reference to Nu. 1633. It is possible therefore that with Brüll we should rd. wyb.—p] n. sf. 3 pl. † [p] n.[m.] sojourning place, elsw. pl. Jb. 1819, ́ ¬ Gn. 178 284 367 371 Ex. 64 (P) Ez. 2038, Gn. 479, p Gn. 479. Ps. 11954. But G, S, have pl., and it seems prob. that the form has been attracted to 3p. There are in this v. three trimeters, and the clause with is doubtless a gl.-17. The use of in E is improb. It is in 6, J, and is doubtless original, though S has on only. It indicates that the entire v. is a gl.-18. ] Qal cohort. nw (67).— p] coörd. Qal impf. also cohort. 27 (397), v. v.3.-] consec. result of prayer; goes with 5 of next v. makes both impfs. and interprets as conjunctive; so Gr., Du., We. These vbs. are usually regarded as pfs. of certainty.-19. ] n. m. battle, war, as v.22 6831 789 1441 Zc. 143 Jb. 3823 Ec. 918, so Ra., Ki., EV., Now., Du.; but Vrss. Qal inf. cstr. 17p draw nigh, Hi., De., Bä. But the former is favoured, if the 1. begins here. — D'???]

But G

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The ? is taken as essentiae by Bä., Dr., after 2, 3; but év Toλλoîs, so Du., Now.] against me, as Σ τрòs éμé, I adversum me, cf. Dy 9416. 20. ] conj. Qal impf. sf. 3 pl. my answer, as usual after you. KAÌ TAĦELVWOEL Avroùs, I humiliabit eos, so S. Day Pi. y. The sf. is often an interp. and is prob. incorrect. It really refers to the psalmist. The original was without sf. —non] pl. ‡ [777] n.f. change (1) of garment Gn. 4522. 22 Ju. 1419; (2) relays i K. 528 Jb. 1017, or relief from service Jb. 141. We may think of changes of character here in accord with (1) Now., or of changes of fortune, vicissitudes, in accord with (2) Calv., Dr., Kirk., al. 21. vęby] for nibw wɔx 4110, cf. 'pbw 75, possibly here phữ; • ¿v Tŵ ảÃOdidóval, in retribuendo, interp. as Pi. inf. cstr. o recompense (2226), but I pacifica sua. — bn] as 8985 Mal. 210.-22. ṛ] Qal be smooth, a.λ. (Ho. 102 from other stem, so here); Hiph. v. 510.-nsen] a.λ. pl. cstr. butter-words for usual n.f. curd, curdled milk, not in ; but dub., as Vrss. take as prep. 1, which is most prob.; point therefore nspng. ← ȧτÒ ÓрYÊS TOû πроσάжоν ανтоû rd. v neng from a n.f. burning anger, so S,, but other Vrss. as ; D is prob. correct, as vb. is pl. —7] Qal pf. 3 pl. † [127] vb. be tender, soft: (1) of heart, fearful Is. 74 Je. 5146 Dt. 208; softened, penitent, 2 K. 2219 =2 Ch. 3427; (2) of treacherous words, only here. Pu. be softened with oil Is. 16; Hiph. caus. of Qal (1), Jb. 2316.ning] a.λ.; pl. [ang] n [f.] drawn sword; why not Qal ptc. pl. inne, as Qal for drawing swords 3714.-23. ] Hiph. imv. 75, cf. 229 375, all b. in E evidence that not only this word, but entire v. is a gl. 737] a.λ. n.m. sf. 2 m. lot, Aramaism, BDB.; & tǹv μépiμváv σov, dub.; Qal impf. 227, as Aq., 2, Quinta, Sexta, dyan hoei σe, I caritatem tuam. But this vb. also Aramaism; in OT. only Dt. 333. In any case the word is late and another evidence of glossator.-N] emph. demonst.-] Pilp. impf. fut. ‡ vb. Pilp. sustain, support; elsw. acc. pers. Gn. 4511 5021 (E) Zc. 1116+, acc. rei Ps. 1125. — ] n.m. shaking, obj. ¡n, as 669, cf. 1213; cf. vb. (106).—24. ] emphatic change of pers. -‡] n.f. pit, specif. here and 6916, the Pit of Sheol = (716), which Bä., Du., rd.—nny] v. 716. IN] = 269 598 13919 Pr. 291o. —n] Qal impf. ‡737 vb. denom. yŋ half, so halve, divide in half; cf. Is. 3028. —7] had also, but improb. in E, and even then 1. is too short. Du. adds also ¬, necessary if 1. be original; but it is doubtless a gl.

PSALM LVI., 4 STR. 63, RF. 39.

Ps. 56 is a national prayer for deliverance from enemies : (1) petition that Yahweh will be gracious because of the enemy who is fighting them and treading them down (v24); (2) that He will weigh out retribution to them for their crafty lying in wait for Israel's life (v.6-8); (3) assurance that the enemy will be defeated

because of Yahweh's attention to His people's troubles (v.9-11a); (4) promise of votive and thank-offerings for the accomplished deliverance (v.13-14). Rf. is a resolution of boastful song of praise and fearless trust in Yahweh (v.5. 116-12).

BE gracious unto me, for man doth tread me down;

All day long the fighter presseth me;

All day long my watchful foes do tread me down;

For many are fighting against me.

O Most High, in the day I fear,

Unto Thee I trust.

Of Yahweh I boast with a word of song.

In Yahweh do I put my trust without fear.

What can flesh do unto me?

ALL day long with words they vex me.

(I

Against me are all their plans.

For evil they gather themselves together; they lurk;
They watch my footprints,

Even as they wait for my life.

Because of trouble, weigh out to them.

Of Yahweh I boast with a word of song.
In Yahweh do I put my trust without fear.
What can flesh do unto me?

MAKE known, I recount them, Yahweh;)
My tears are put (before Thee).

Mine enemies will turn backward.

In the day I call, I know it.

For Yahweh is for me,

Of Yahweh I boast with a word of song.

Of Yahweh I boast with a word of song.
In Yahweh do I put my trust without fear.
What can flesh do unto me?

UPON me is (the obligation of) Thy votive offerings,
I will pay Thee thank-offerings;

For Thou hast delivered my life from death,

And my feet from being pushed down,

That I may walk before Yahweh

In the light (of the land) of the living.

Of Yahweh I boast with a word of song.

In Yahweh do I put my trust without fear..
What can flesh do unto me?

Ps. 56 was in the earlier collection of one, then taken up into and E (v. Intr. §§ 25, 27, 32). The reference na nebo inın inna, cf. 1 S. 27, was in . Like all such historical references, it was not designed to indicate the circumstances of composition, but circumstances illustrating certain features of the Ps. In D it received the assignment opn ob naby (v. Intr. §§ 33, 34). The Ps. is ornate, having 4 Str. 63 with Rf. 38, which is retained after

Strs. I and 3, but omitted after Strs. 2 and 4. The Ps. is a national prayer for deliverance from numerous and powerful enemies. The language and style are ancient. Words are often repeated: * v.2. 3, anh v.2. 8, dììn bɔ v.2. 3. 6, NTN V.4. 5. 12, MO) v.4. 5. 12. There are rare words: on v.2. 8, elsw. 351.1; qnv v.2. 3, as 571 Am. 84 Ez. 363; u v.7 as 594 1403 Is. 5415; 7; v. a.λ. dub., prob. txt. err.; pp v.9 a.λ. also prob. txt. err.; ʼn v.14 1169. There are also rare uses of words: 1 v.3, as 92o; 10 apy, phr. a.λ. v.7; but more prob. D, as 588; Dunn in v.14, phr. elsw. Jb. 3380. V.14 is cited 1168-9, and is therefore much earlier. The temple worship is in existence, with words of song, votive offerings, and thank-offerings, v.11. 13. The people have been delivered from their enemies, though they are still in peril. The Ps. dates therefore from the Babylonian period before the exile.

36

7 v.8; as 327,

Str. I. has a syn. tetrastich and an antith. couplet. -2-3. Be gracious unto me], usual petition in peril, v. 42.—for man], collective for the enemy of the nation, 920-21 1018 6613,-fighter], engaged in fighting, v. || watchful foes, v. 5.— doth tread me down], repeated in v.3; of the trampling under foot by the victorious. enemy, so 6, 3, and other Vrss., as 57', greatly to be preferred to "swallow me up," EV., which is based on a Hebrew word of similar form.-presseth me], the pressure of conflict on the battlefield; for the context shows that the fighting was still in progress. The enemy is powerful and numerous, and the danger is great.— O Most High], as 3, PBV., AV., is better suited to the context than adv. "proudly," RV., which, though favoured by many moderns, is not so well sustained by Hebrew usage, and is not in accord with the position of the word, which the measure requires should be in 1.5 and not in l. 4.—4. in the day I fear], the time of extreme peril in battle, when there was every reason to fear, I yet will trust in Yahweh. This leads to the Rf., which is a syn. couplet with a synth. line of challenge.-5. Of Yahweh I boast with a word of song]. Usage requires that we should render "boast," and not "praise," as 6, 3, EV., due to interpreting "word" as word of promise. While this is possible, it is not suggested by the context. "His word" of is not sustained by "my words " of; but the simple "word" of 3 is sustained by v.", H, Vrss. This is most naturally explained as the word of song, as Dt. 32" Pss. 181 452 1373, cf. Ju. 512 Jos. 1012. The people boast in song of the victory they are assured that Yahweh will eventually give them.— trust without fear]. The trust in divine help is so

firm and sure that the fear natural under the circumstances passed away and no longer existed. What can flesh do unto me?] Sure of speedy victory over foes, the poet challenges their power to do any permanent or real harm. They are but flesh, and therefore impotent to resist God. In v.12 "flesh" is changed to "man." This may have been an intentional variation of Rf., but in view of the author's style of frequent repetition, it is more probable that the variation is due to the taste of an editor.

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Str. II. has a syn. pentastich and a synth. line of imprecation. — 6–7. with words they vex me], as J. The words are those of the enemy, as the plans are their plans. "My words" of H, G, EV., interpret the words as those of the author, which might suit a reference of the Ps. to an individual, or a group of individuals; but hardly to the nation. The words are threatening words, which pass over into plans and finally into deeds of violence. For evil]. The measure requires that this should go with 1. 3 and be connected with: they gather themselves together, as the purpose of the gathering. Their activity in carrying out their evil purpose is graphically described. They lurk, hiding in ambush to spy upon the people and take them unawares; they watch my footprints, every movement that is made, following at my heels and tracing out my path.- wait for my life], in the climax. Their hope is, that they may take the life of the people of God, destroy the nation altogether. Therefore the final petition. 8. Because of trouble weigh out to them]. The enemies have made great trouble for the people of God. been implored in the previous Str., so here retribution upon the enemies. It is hoped that this may be weighed out in the exactness of justice. The Vrss. differ from in this line, and it is difficult to explain any of them. The difficulty originated from a copyist's mistake of a single letter, by which he gave a word meaning "escape," instead of the word meaning "weigh out." The only way to explain is as interrogatory, "shall they escape?" EV., which probably occasioned the insertion of an additional line, making the Str. too long: "In anger cast down the peoples."

As deliverance had

Str. III. has a tristich composed of syn. couplet, a synth. line, and a synth. tristich.-9. I make known]. This emendation

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