No landed property can give the now absurdly abused title of Esquire. I quote from Porney's Heraldry, an excellent abridgment of Gwillym. There are only two sorts of hereditary Esquires, viz., the eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons for ever, and the eldest sons of the younger sons of noblemen and their eldest sons for ever, and when such male heirs fail the title dies also. He adds that the opinion that every man with 300l. a year in land is an Esquire is a vulgar error; for no money or land can give the title, but only the above reason, or the holding some office which gives the title for life. Strictly speaking, no eldest son in his father's lifetime is an Esquire, unless for some office or commission he holds, and no younger son of an Esquire has any right to the title at all, even if his father can trace back his twenty generations and has a rent roll of 20,000l. a year, unless he has the title through some commission he holds. These rules were in full force in the Stuart period. I have lately had to examine some

with the history of religious opinion, I venture to think an almost unimpeachable authority, I mean Mr. Lecky. In his History of Rationalism in Europe, he draws a powerful and pathetic picture of the influence this baleful doctrine exercised over agonized mothers, who were assured by a Church, which they believed to be infallible, that their offspring who were either born dead or died before the rite of baptism could be administered were burning alive in an unquenchable fire. The entire passage is too long to quote, but the following extracts are sufficient to show what, according to Mr. Lecky, was the belief of both the early and the mediaval Church on the subject:

"The opinion which was so graphically expressed by the theologian who said 'he doubted not there were infants not a span long crawling about the floor of hell,' is not one of those on which it is pleasing to dilate. It was one, however, which was held with great confidence in the early Church; and if in times of tranquillity it became in a measure unrealized, whenever any heretic ventured to impugn it it was most unequivocally enforced. At a period which is so early that it is impossible to define it, infant baptism was introduced into the Church; it was adopted by all the heretics as well as by the orthodox; it was universally said to be for the remission of sins'; and the whole body of the Fathers, without exception or hesitation, pronounced that all infants who died unbaptized were excluded from heaven. In the case of unbaptized adults a few exceptions were admitted, but the sentence on infants was inexorable. The learned English historian of infant baptism states that, with the exception of a contemporary of St. Augustine named Vincentius, who speedily recanted his opinion as heretical, he has been unable to discover a single instance of an orthodox member of the Church expressing the opposite opinion before Hinckmar, who was Archbishop of Rheims in the ninth century......Some of the Greek Fathers, indeed, imagined that there was a special place assigned to infants where there was neither suffering nor enjoyment, while the Latins inferred from the hereditary guilt that they must descend into a place of torment; but both agreed that they could not be saved.......All through the Middle Ages we trace the influence of this doctrine in the innumerable superstitious rites which were devised as substitutes for regular baptism. Nothing indeed can be more curious, nothing can be more deeply pathetic, than the record of the many ways by which the terror-stricken mothers attempted to evade the awful sentence of their Church."-History of Rationalism in Europe (ed. 1875), i. 359-368.

In his History of European Morals, the same writer denounces this dogma in terms of the strongest indignation; and indeed it is difficult to conceive how such an atrocious idea first entered into the heads of theologians, except on the supposition that the inventors of it never had any infants of their own, which I suppose was really the case. Perhaps the most painful feature of the dogma is the odious libel that it is on the character of Him who said through His Son, "Suffer the little children to come unto me and forbid them not, for of such is the kingdom of heaven."

It is very pleasant to contrast with the fierce utterances of inhuman theologians on this subject the belief expressed by the great poet of the

Middle Ages, who, although his creed was on
most points sufficiently stern, could not never-
theless find it in his heart to assign babes and
I allude to
sucklings to never-ending tortures.
the following passage in Dante's Purgatorio (c. vii.
11. 28-33) where Virgil tells Sordello:-
"Luogo è laggiù non tristo da' martiri,

Ma di tenebre solo, ove i lamenti
Non suonan come guai, ma son sospiri.
Quivi sto io co' parvoli innocenti,

Dai denti morsi della morte, avante
Che fosser dall' umana colpa esenti."

The Saturday Review, in the same article that I have quoted above, says that "the belief that they (unbaptized children) are in a different condition from the baptized is still universal amongst believers in baptism." What is the belief as to their condition to which the Saturday alludes? JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

Bexley Heath, Kent.

CAMELS IN EGYPT (5th S. vii. 349.)-The traveller referred to by your correspondent is certainly correct, and Burckhardt observed the same. He says:

"Among the innumerable paintings and sculptures in the temples and tombs of Egypt, never met with a single instance of the representation of a camel. At Thebes, in the highest of the tombs, on the side of the Djebil Habow, called Abd el Gorne, which has not, I believe, been noticed by former travellers, or by the French in their great work, I found all the domestic animals of the Egyptians represented together in one large painting upon a wall, forming the most interesting work of the kind which I saw in Egypt. A shepherd conducts the whole herd into the presence of his master, who inspects them, while a slave is noting them down. Yet even here I looked in vain for the camel."

M. Demoulins published in 1823 a learned essay to prove that the camel was not spread over Africa till after the Christian era, and in it he says that the ancient writers from the time of Herodotus, though they wrote of Africa in peace and in war, never mention the camel. He goes on to show that there were no camels west of the Nile till the third century of the Christian era. The appearance of camels west of the Nile took place for the first time, when the Vandals and Moors revolted, after the departure of Belisarius for the reconquest of Italy.

P.

The following will confirm and explain the observation of PAROCHUS's father :

"La multiplicité et la perfection des représentations murales à Saggarah permettraient de raconter la vie de cette société dans ses détails les plus familiers....... Son isolement frappe tout d'abord. Elle vit rigoureusement renfermée dans l'oasis de la vallée du Nil, tire toutes ses ressources de cette terre privilégiée et semble ignorer le reste du monde, ignorer l'Asie sa voisine, à laquelle son Nonexistence sera plus tard si intimement mêlée. seulement ses idées, ses croyances, ses arts, mais sa vie matérielle, ses besoins, jusqu'à ses végétaux et ses animaux, sont exclusivement égyptiens. Ce serait une curieuse étude de reconstituer la faune de l'ancien empire, ava

l'acclimatation des bêtes de somme asiatiques, avec ces centaines d'animaux figurés sur les bas-reliefs dont la scrupuleuse ressemblance ne laisse jamais place au doute. Les auxiliaires actuels les plus indispensables de la vie domestique et agricole sont encore inconnus aux colons memphites sous les Vet VI dynasties: le chameau, le cheval, la brebis, le porc, la poule leur manquent; il n'y a pas un seul type de ces espèces dans les scènes nombreuses où ils ont retracé à satiété tous les travaux de leur vie quotidienne, tout le monde où ils vivaient."Eugene-Melchior de Vogüé, "Chez les Pharaons, Boulag et Saggarah," Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Janvier, 1877, p. 352.

HENRI GAUSSERON.

66

Wales, but I have endeavoured in vain to extract any meaning from it as a Welsh word. I have seen the following etymology, and give it for as much as it is worth: "Gladuse," "Gladusa," Gladys" (Latin), meaning "lame." Before I assent to this derivation I shall certainly endeavour to get a better one. In the first place I distrust any theory resting on a derivation of Cymri from Latin, being inclined to think the former the older language of the two. Besides this, it appears to me unlikely that a name indicative of a personal defect would be selected as a favourite one for a female. I hope some of your Celtic correspon

Ayr Academy. "NINE HOLES" (5th S. vii. 466.)—MR. WAL- dents may be able to throw light upon the subject.

COTT'S note and the editorial addition at the end have reminded me of a matter which interested me a good deal two years ago. I first observed the "holes" at Westminster, and set them down as recent, as I suppose other people have done, for they must often have been seen. But afterwards there appeared very strong reasons for supposing them to be medieval, so I determined to search for them in other cloisters as opportunity offered, which unfortunately has not been often, but I have found some quite enough, indeed, to take away all doubt as to the antiquity of the things. At Canterbury I counted over thirty sets in the south walk; and I have notes of many more at Norwich, where they are to be found all round the cloister, together with other holes also, as it seems, the work of idle hands, which lacked not for employment long before Dr. Watts told us the name of their employer. All my examples are Benedictine; but I have heard of some at Lincoln, and now MR. WALCOTT finds them at Chichester, both secular foundations. I shall be grateful to any reader of "N. & Q." who finds himself with a few minutes to spare in any cloister, and will look out for these things, and let us hear of any he finds. So far as I know, they are always on the bench, on the wall side of the cloister, and at Westminster and Canterbury they are in the part nearest the church.

MR. WALCOTT is mistaken in calling the game played as the "nine holes" nine men's morris, which is a much superior affair, requiring a more elaborate board, and depending on the taking of the men. Our game has only three men on each side, which cannot be taken, and the game is won by the player who can get all his men in a row. It is indeed, except as to size of board and number of men, exactly the popular new game of Gobang, which, they tell me, was brought from China, name and all. J. T. M.

ISOLDA GLADYS (5th S. vii. 428.)-The latter name is found elsewhere than in novels. It is a real feminine name, as I have had reason to know (alas that my verb should be in the past tense !). Gladys is not an uncommon baptismal name in

M. H. R. Gwladys or Gladys is the Welsh name for Claudia. Claudia, the daughter of Caractacus (Caradoc), was married to Rufus Pudens, a Roman patrician, who had filled high civil and military positions in Britain. The brother of Claudia, Linus (Llyn), was ordained, Morgan says, first Gentile Bishop of Rome by St. Paul. Lucius, King of Britain, A.D. 124-200, married Gwladys, the granddaughter of Marius, the successor of Guiderius and Arviragus, A.D. 49-90. From her her present Majesty is in direct descent, and Gwladys is still a name not uncommonly given to Welsh females. W. F. MARSH JACKSON.

The first query I can only repeat on my own account. But I beg to assure O. that Gladys, or Gwladis, is a real name-in fact, it is only in history that I have met with it-of Welsh origin, and female. The wife of Rhys ap Twdwr, Prince of South Wales; the daughter of Llywelyn ap Jorwerth and Joan, daughter of King John; and the daughter of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and Alianora de Montfort, all bore the name of Gwladis or Gladys. HERMENTRUDE.

broke is Lady Constance Gladys Herbert (see
The youngest sister of the present Earl of Pem-
Burke's Peerage, &c.). B. W. ADAMS, D.D.
The Rectory, Santry.

This, with some variations in spelling, such as
Wladis, Gwladus, and in Latin charters Gladusa
and Gladowsa, is a Welsh female Christian name.
Four ladies bearing it occur in the Brut y
Tywysogion; and, to descend to a later period,
Gwladys, daughter of Sir David Garn, and wife of
Sir William ap Thomas, was the ancestress of all
the Herberts.

J. F. M.

"TRAVAIL": "TRAVEL" (5th S. vii. 305, 411.) -MR. PICTON, in his interesting_communication on these words, tells us :— "In the Middle Ages travail was used to designate a wooden frame for shoeing unruly horses." This form of the word is new to me in this sense, but Chaucer's trave, quoted by MR. PICTON from The Miller's

particulars in one of the Swiss papers-it might
have been the Patrie or Journal of Geneva, where
I was then residing-and making a transcript of
it for the Swiss Times. If I am not mistaken, the
body was discovered in the Mer de Glace; it was
well preserved, and was recognized by an old guide
as the body of a comrade who had been driven
from his side by an avalanche, while ascending or
descending a mountain peak, many years before. I
shall be most happy to communicate to M. R. any
further particulars I may recall to mind, or to give
him the whole record should I come across it.
CAVE NORTH.

Tale, is in common use in Scotland. In the rural districts there is in front of most smithies (smiddies they are called) the wooden frame MR. PICTON refers to. It is called a treviss (so pronounced), and is rightly treated always as a plural. This agrees with the Portuguese trave, stocks, fetters, as well as with the French entraves, chains, obstacles. Diez gives these along with many other Romance cognates, and, with MR. PICTON, connects them with Lat. trabes. The following, from the Manipulus Vocabulorum (1570), may be interesting: Traue, numelli, numella; Traues, idem, numelli, orum." Mr. Wheatley adds, as an editorial note, "Trave for to scho horse in ' HERALDIC BOOK-PLATES (5th S. vi. 465, 469; (Cath. Aug.); Traves, a kind of shackles for a I horse that is taught to amble a pace' (Phillips). vii. 36, 76, 233, 435.)-Some forty years ago Trauell, labor; Tráuel, laborare; Trauayle, labor; which now contains upwards of 20,000 examples. commenced a collection of heraldic book-plates Trauayle, laborare; Trauayle countries, peregri-I think I may with certainty say that when I made

nari."

Glasgow.

C.

WILLIAM HOGARTH (5th S. vii. 108, 256, 294, 459.)-This heading affords an opportunity of recording this little book:

"Remnants of Rhyme. By Thomas Hoggart, of Troutbeck. (Uncle to the great Painter.) Selected from an old MS. Collection of his Writings preserved by his Descendants." 12mo. pp. 77. Kendal, Lee, 1853. A. Cunningham alludes to this Troutbeck connexion and old Hoggart's "rude satires"; and Nichols, when collecting his anecdotes of the painter, got a sight of the curious things preserved in this volume, which Geo. Steevens denounces as "Poems in every way contemptible, want of grammar, metre, sense, and decency being their invariable characteristics." But it is not the fashion now to withhold any literary curiosities, and Kendal is perhaps proud to bracket its rustic poet with the world's burlesque artist. J. O.

The old Hoggarth who formerly lived at Yew Tree, Rosegill, near Bampton, was my grandfather. If MR. WALKER would communicate with me I would give him some further information.

a beginning no other collector was in the field, certainly not in Lancashire, where I then obtained many rare examples.

Miss Jenkins, of Bath, made a large collection of these plates about the year 1820. This collection, contained in four quarto volumes and numbering over 5,000 examples, was purchased by me at Messrs. Puttick & Simpson's sale-rooms many years ago. I also obtained subsequently the collection of foreign book-plates made by Dr. Wellesley, of Oxford. Many of these are remarkable examples, some being struck off on vellum and others dating from the latter half of the sixteenth century.

With the exception of a few book-plates collected by Bagford, and which are now in the British Museum, I never heard of any other collections. A register of collectors' names would be of great value, since duplicates will accumulate.

Dartmouth Row, Blackheath.

I. I. H.

LAVENDER (5th S. vii. 389.)—I have often used lavender to remove stains, &c., from cloth and felt hats, but have never tried the effect on any other material. I believe there is but little virtue in the lavender, as pure rain water has a similar effect. Moss.

"TO-YEAR" (5th S. vii. 426.)-This word, meaning the present or passing year, was in common use in the agricultural parts of the East Riding of Yorkshire forty years ago, as I can testify.

S. J.

ARMS BORNE BY LADIES (5th S. vii. 428.)—An unmarried lady would be entitled to bear arms on a coat and in a lozenge if her father be a gentleman lawfully bearing arms, but not otherwise. The sovereign only, who is the fountain of honour, can grant this hereditary title of "gentleman lawfully bearing arms," through the Earl Marshal and Kings-at-Arms. No amount of landed or other

The literal meaning of colt-staff is a lever, French
levier ("bâton pour soulever et remuer quelque
fardeau ").
JOHN PARKIN.
Idridgehay, Derby.

property would give this title of the minor order of nobility in this country, of "gentleman lawfully bearing arms," to the father or to the son, or the title of "gentlewoman" to the daughter. If the young gentlewoman marry a gentleman lawfully THE VOW OF KING CHARLES I. (5th S. vi. 189.) bearing arms, her husband would bear her arms-This important document, or a copy of it, was impaled with his own; or if the wife have no in the possession of Mr. Upcott in the year 1836. brother, the husband would bear his wife's arms He described it in that year at p. 9 of his privately on an escutcheon of pretence, and their children printed catalogue, entitled "Original Letters, would, in the latter case, bear their father's and Manuscripts, and State Papers. Collected by mother's arms quarterly. Wm. Upcott, Islington, 1836." It seems to have come under the notice of Disraeli, who states that it was attested by several eminent persons (Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles I., 1851, vol. ii. p. 438). Who is the present possessor J. E. BAILEY. of the document!

J. LLEWELYN CURTIS.

"THAN" AS A PREPOSITION (5th S. vii. 308, 454, 494.)-The English is certainly portentous. Than (formerly identical with then) is no more a preposition than the Latin quam would be. In fact, one might just as well write in Latin

"Nam pulcrior tu es puella quam hanc, Ut ille sublimior vates quam me"! C. S. JERRAM. HIC ET UBIQUE does not quote correctly (ante, p. 419). It should be

"For thou art a girl as much brighter than her." I do not consider this to be bad grammar. Murray and other grammarians recognize the use of than as a preposition. We always say "than whom," chiefly for the sake of euphony.

E. YARDLEY.

MISS MARTINEAU'S ESSAYS (5th S. vii. 468.)— The "Essay on Moral Independence," quoted by Mrs. Chapman in her Memorials of Harriet Martineau, is given in extenso in Miscellanies by Harriet Martineau, 2 vols., Boston, 1836. It is not stated where this essay originally appeared. In Miss Martineau's preface to these two volumes she says: contributions to periodicals during the years 1829, They contain the greater part of my 1830, 1831, and 1832." I have looked over the volumes of the Monthly Repository for the years named, as she was a constant contributor to that periodical, but I cannot find in them the essay in question. The two volumes of Miscellanies contain much interesting matter, viz., philosophical essays, essay in six chapters on the "Art of Thinkfiling," "Sabbath Musings" in six chapters, moral essays, parables, poetry, tales, reviews, &c. ALEX. IRELAND.

PREMONSTRATENSIAN ABBEYS (5th S. vi. 288, 411, 524; vii. 234, 297, 390.)-I will supplement the list at the last reference :

Beauchief, Derbyshire, founded 1183 by Robert Ranulphi, Lord of Alfreton. Value, 157. 10s. 2d. Granted 28 Hen. VIII. to Sir Nicholas Strelley.

Le Dale, Derbyshire, founded 1204 by William Fitz Rauf and Jeffrey de Salicosa Mare. Value, 144. 12s. Granted 35 Hen. VIII. to Francis Poole.

S. Agatha, of Easby, Yorkshire, founded 1152 by Roald, Constable of Richmond Castle. Value,

188/. 168. 2d. Granted temp. Phil. and Mary to Ralph

Gower.

Inglewood, Bowdon, Cheshire.

THE OLDEST PROVINCIAL CIRCULATING LIBRARIES (5th S. v. 188, 314; vii. 26, 113, 354, p. 26) I claimed for the Rochdale Library that it 452.)-In my original note on this subject (ante, was "probably the longest lived if not the oldest in England." MR. PICTON has proved that both as to antiquity and longevity it must yield the palm to Liverpool. Will MR. LANGFORD kindly say if the Birmingham Library is still in existence, and if not, give the date of its decease? As far as we have gone, the matter stands thus :- Liverpool, established about 1756 or 1757, and still in existence; Manchester, established 1765 (or earlier), sold in 1867; Settle, established 1770, still existing; Rochdale, established 1770, broken UP (or, rather, amalgamated with the Free Library) H. FISHWICK, F.S.A.

in 1876.

FREEMASONS AND BEKTASHGEES (5th S. vii. is almost funny. He should have added that if a 323, 398, 435, 472.)-MR. JAMES's false analogy Christian amphitryon invites a Jew stockbroker to dine at his house with other guests, the party