This was the extinction of Bruhl's power. On his return to Dresden, after peace had been procured, he lost his protector, the king. The new elector dismissed him from his offices. He died in 1764.

Some scattered anecdotes of Doddington are characteristic of the man and of the time. Soon after the arrival of Frederick Prince of Wales in England, Doddington set up for a favorite, and carried the distinction to the pitifulness of submitting to all the caprices of his royal highness; among other instances, submitting to the practical joke of being rolled up in a blanket, and trundled down stairs.

his decorations at Strawberry hill. But in Doddington we have a man of fashion, living, during his whole career, in the highest circles, familiar with everything that was graceful and classical in the arts, and yet exhibiting at home the most ponderous and tawdry pomp. At his mansion at Eastbury, in the great bed-chamber, hung with the richest red velvet, was pasted on every panel of the velvet of his crest, a hunting horn, supported by an eagle, cut out in gilt leather, while the footcloth round his bed was a mosaic of the pocket flaps and cuffs of all his embroidered clothes."

He was evidently very fond of this crest, Doddington had been already spoken of for in his villa at Hammersmith (afterwards as a wit; and even Walpole, fastidious as the well known Brandenburg House) his he was, gives some instances of that readi- crest in pebbles was stuck in the centre of ness which delights the loungers of high the turf before his door. The chimneylife. Lord Sunderland, a fellow commis- piece was hung with spars representing sioner of the treasury, was a very dull man. icicles round the fire, and a bed of purple One day as they left the board, Sunderland lined with orange was crowned by a dome laughed heartily about something which of peacock's feathers. The great gallery, Doddington had said, and, when gone, Win- to which was a beautiful door of white marnington observed, "Doddington, you are ble, supported by two columns of lapis very ungrateful. You call Sunderland stupid and slow, and yet you see how quickly he took what you said." Oh no," was the reply," he was only now laughing at what I said last treasury day."

Trenchard, a neighbor, telling him, that though his pinery was extensive, he contrived, by applying the fire and the tan to other purposes, to make it so advantageous that he believed he got a shilling by every pineapple he ate, "Sir," said Doddington, "I would eat them for half the money." Those are but the easy pleasantries of a man of conversation. The following is better:Doddington had a habit of falling asleep after dinner. One day, dining with Sir Richard Temple, Lord Cobham, &c., he was reproached with his drowsiness. He denied having been asleep, and to prove his assertion, offered to repeat all that Cobham had been saying. He was challenged to do

So.

lazuli, was not only filled with busts and
statues, but had an inlaid floor of marble,
and all this weight was above stairs. One
day showing it to Edward, Duke of York
(brother of George III.), Doddington said,
Sir, some persons tell me, that this room
ought to be on the ground.
"Be easy,
Mr. Doddington," said the prince, "it will
soon be there."

At length this reign, which began in doubt of the succession, and was carried on in difficulties both political and commercial, came to a close in the memorable prosperity. The British arms were triumphant in every quarter, and the king had arrived at the height of popularity and fortune, when the sudden bursting of a ventricle of the heart put an end to his life in October, 1760, in his seventy-seventh year, and the thirtythird of his possession of the throne.

A general glance at the reigns of the first In reply, he repeated a story; and three Georges, might form a general view Cobham acknowledged that he had been of the operations of party. In other kingtelling it. "Well," said Doddington, doms, the will of the monarch or the talents "and yet I did not hear a word of it. But of the minister alone stand before the eye I went to sleep because I knew that, about of the historian. In England, a third this time of day, you would tell that story." power exists, more efficient than either, There are few things more singular than and moulding the character of both, and the want of taste, amounting to the ludi- this is party, the combination of able memcrous, which is sometimes visible in the bers of the legislature, united by similarity mansions of public men, who have great of views, and continuing a systematic strugopulence at their disposal. Walpole him- gle for the supremacy. This influence self, when he became rich, was an instance makes the minister, and directs even the of this bad taste in the laborious frivolity of sitter on the throne. And this influence,

belonging solely to a free government, is he became himself the defender. The Ajax, essential to its existence. It is the legiti- the Diomede, and the whole tribe of the mate medium between the people and the classic leaders, might have found their crown. It is the peaceful organ of that counterparts in the eminent men who sucpublic voice which, without it, would speak cessively appeared in the front of the only in thunder. It is that great preser- struggle; and the nation looked on with vative principle, which, like the tides of justified pride, and Europe with natural the ocean, purifies, invigorates, and ani- wonder, at the intellectual resources which mates the whole mass, without rousing it could supply so noble and so prolonged a into storm. display of ability. The oratorical and The reign of George the First was a con- legislative names of the first thirty years tinual effort of the constitutional spirit of the reign of George the Third have not against the remnants of papistry and tyran- been surpassed in any legislature of the ny, which still adhered to the government world. of England. The reign of the second But a still more important period, a still George was a more decided advance of con- more strenuous struggle, and a still more stitutional rights, powers, and feelings. illustrious triumph, was to come. The The pacific administration of Walpole made British parliament was to be the scene of the nation commercial; and when the labors exerted not for Britain alone, but young Pretender landed in Scotland, in for the globe. The names of Pitt, Fox, 1745, he found adherents only in the wild Burke, and a crowd of men of genius, gallantry and feudal faith of the clans. In trained by their example, and following England Jacobitism had already perished. their career, are cosmopolite. They belong It had undergone that death from which to all countries and to all generations. there is no restoration. It had been swept Their successors not only swept the most away from the recollections of the country, dangerous of all despotisms from the field, by the influx of active and opulent pros- but opened that field for an advance of perity. The brave mountaineer might human kind to intellectual victories, which exult at the sight of the Jacobite banner, may yet throw all the trophies of the past and follow it boldly over hill and dale. into the shade.

But the Englishman was no longer the man

of feudalism. The wars of the Roses could be renewed no more. He was no longer the fierce retainer of the baron, or the

armed vassal of the king. He had rights TOO MUCH ANXIETY. Of the causes of disease, and possessions of his own, and he valued anxiety of mind is one of the most frequent and imboth too much to cast them away in civil portant. When we walk the streets of large comconflict, for claims which had become ema-mercial towns, we can scarcely fail to remark the ciated by the lapse of years, and sacrifice dressed passengers. Some young men, indeed, we hurried gait and careworn features of the wellfreedom for the superstitious romance of a may see with countenances possessing natural cheervanished royalty. fulness and color; but these appearances rarely surThus the last enterprise of Jacobitism vive the age of manhood. Cuvier closes an elowas closed in the field, and the bravery of with the conclusion that "life is a state of force." quent description of animal existence and change the Highlander was thenceforth, with better What he would urge in a physical view, we may fortune, to be distinguished in the service more strongly urge in a moral. Civilization has of the empire. changed our character of mind as well as of body. We live in a state of unnatural excitement; because

The reign of the third George began it is partial, irregular, and excessive. Our muscles with the rise of a new influence. Jacobitism waste for want of action; our nervous system is had been trampled. Hanover and St. worn out by excess of action. Vital energy is drawn Germains were no longer rallying cries. from the operations for which nature designed it, and devoted to operations which it never contemEven Whig and Tory were scarcely more plated.-Thackeray. than imaginary names. The influence now was that of family. The two great divisions of the aristocracy, the old and the EFFECT OF LIGHT UPON HEALTH.-There is a new, were in the field. The people were cording to their aspect in regard to the sun. Those simply spectators. The fight was in the are decidedly the healthiest, other things being equal, Homeric style. Great champions challenged in which all rooms are, during some part of the day, each other. Achilles Chatham brandished fully exposed to direct light. It is well known that his spear, and flashed his divine armor a street, and totally exempt those of the other side.— epidemics attack the inhabitants of the shady side of against the defenders of the throne, until Dr. Moore.

marked difference in the healthiness of houses ac

From the North British Review.

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR AND THE ANGLO-NORMANS.

Biographia Britannica Literaria. A Literary History of the United Kingdom. By THOMAS WRIGHT, M. A., &c.

Second Volume. Anglo-Norman Period. Parker, London. 1846.

"THE study of liberty is almost entirely | lysed; and this cannot be done while these contained in the study of history." One of elements flow on together in the mighty the greatest proficients in this study has stream of modern society. We must go made the following emphatic statement: back to the past, examine the confluent "Liberty-the first social want and condi- forces at the moment of their meeting, and tion-has yielded nowhere but to force and trace their conflict downward, yielding an armed conquest. It is terror alone which more and more as they advance to a peacehas made slaves among men of every race. ful homogeneousness and a patriotic unity. Open history at any part you will, take at It was thus that Sir Walter Scott, whom a hazard the climate and epoch, if you meet high authority has pronounced "the greatwith a colony of men, whether enlightened est master of historical divination that or still savage, living under a system of ever existed," was enabled to produce his servitude, be certain that in looking back Ivanhoe. In this splendid creation of his you will find a conquest, and that these men are the conquered. Similarly, if you remark a population quartered in some inaccessible place, who have preserved it against the invasion of a foreign race, be sure that on visiting it, you will find liberty there. This perpetual distinction is the key of social history."*

unrivalled genius, he exhibits the Normans and Saxons, conquerors and conquered, still trembling before one another 120 years after the Conquest.

"The novel of Ivanhoe places us four generations after the invasion of the Normans. At this period the historian Hume can only present to us a King of England, without telling us what a king A key, however, with which few histori-is or what he means by England; while Walans are acquainted. The standing-point ter Scott, entering profoundly into the examination with writers of this class, in general, is not of events, shows us classes of men-distinct inthe field or the street where the vanquished terests and conditions-two nations-a double population, despoiled of their property and language-customs which repel and combat each their rights, toil and suffer, but the castles other; on one side tyranny and insolence, on the other misery and hatred-real developments of the and palaces of their masters. Attracted drama of the Conquest, of which the battle of by physical power-dazzled by the false Hastings was only the prelude. Many of the vansplendor of courts-their heroes are not quished have perished, many yielded to the yoke, patriots struggling for freedom, the dearest but many still protest against it. The Saxon slave possession and the divine right of man- has not forgotten the liberty of his fathers, nor but the royal or imperial robbers who have made flourishing nations desolate. Armies, battles, victories, confiscations, court intrigues, and the fortunes of royal families -often vicious imbeciles, who never uttered a thought or performed a deed with the design of benefiting mankind-these are the themes of popular and school histories. According to them man, as man, is essentially ignoble. His intellect, his virtue, his divine likeness go for nothing. If he is socially unfortunate, he is morally degraded. Successful wickedness alone can elevate him so as to give him a prominent place on the page of history, and a niche in the temple of fame. The English nation consists of complex elements. To know it truly it must be ana

A. Thierry's Historical Essays. Ess. XV.

found repose in bondage. To him his masters are still foreign usurpers. He feels his dependence, and does not believe it to be a social necessity. He which he no longer possesses. The conqueror, on knows what were his rights to the inheritance his side, does not yet disguise his domination under a vain and false appearance of political aristocracy. He calls himself Norman, not gentleman. It is as a Norman soldier he reigns over those who submitted to the sword of his ancestors. We find in

him the vain and distrustful conqueror, attributing the origin of his fortune to the superiority of his nature; believing himself of a better race and purer blood; qualifying his race with the epithet of noble; employing, on the contrary, the name of Saxon as an injurious epithet-saying that he kills the Saxon without scruple, and ennobles a Saxon woman by disposing of her against her will; pretending that his Saxon subjects possess nothing that is not his; and threatening, if they become rebellious, to scalp them."-(THIERRY.)

Hume relates that when Count de Va-] of his chiefs, she has died within the year: renne, who possessed 28 towns and 288 Would he have me send her corpse?" manors, was questioned as to his right of The first step William took for the estaproperty, he drew his sword and said, blishment of his claim to the crown of EngThese are my titles. William the Bas- land, was to arraign the King for sacrilege tard was not alone when he took possession before the Roman court, demanding that of this soil; my ancestor was of the expe- England should be laid under an interdict, dition." Let us, then, take a rapid view and declared the property of him who of the most striking and interesting should first take possession, subject to the features of this great revolution, which has Pope's approval. Though Harold disdainleft such deep traces in our national charac-ed to defend himself before a foreign tributer, and in the political constitution of our nal against one who had violated hospitalicountry. We may thus learn more real ty and converted holy things into a snare, history in a few pages than in many volumes the question was solemnly adjudicated by of dry details, unpervaded by the influence the cardinals, at that time guided and conof great primitive and vital facts. trolled by Hildebrand, to whose gigantic William Duke of Normandy was in his scheme of universal temporal as well as spipark near Rouen, trying a new bow and ritual domination this quarrel might be arrows, when he received tidings of the death made subservient. The sentence pronouncof Edward King of England, and of the ed was, that William Duke of Normandy elevation of Harold, son of Godwin, to had a right to enter England, and bring it the vacant throne. He suddenly became into obedience to the Holy See, and to rethoughtful, passed the bow to one of his establish for ever the tax of Peter's pence. men, crossed the Seine, and repaired to his Harold and all his adherents were excomhotel at Rouen. There he paced the great municated by a papal bull, which was transhall backwards and forwards, now sitting mitted to William by the hands of his endown, now hastily rising again, agitated by voy, with the gift of a banner, which had a mighty thought which would not let him received the "Apostolic" blessing.

rest anywhere. Sire," "said one of his In the meantime, say the Chronicles, officers most familiar with him, "why William convoked a great assembly of the should you conceal from us your news? It men of all classes in Normandy, of waris commonly reported in the city that the riors, priests, and merchants, who possessed King of England is dead, and that Harold, the greatest wealth and consideration. To breaking his faith with thee, has seized the them he unfolded his project, and solicited kingdom."-" They say true; my chagrin their assistance. Having retired for delibeis caused by Edward's death, and the wrong ration, there arose among them violent difdone me by Harold."-" Well, Sire, do not ference of opinion, and words ran high. The be angry about a thing which can be mend- majority declared-"Whatever he has to ed: For Edward's death there is no reme- perform in his own country we will assist dy; but for Harold's wrong there is. Your's him in, as it is our duty to do; but we are is the good right and you have valiant not bound to aid him in conquering the knights. Undertake boldly; that which is country of others. Besides, if we were boldly undertaken is half accomplished." once to offer him double knight's service, Soon after this a messenger from Nor- and to follow him beyond the sea, he would mandy addressed King Harold in these make it a custom and right for the future, words:"William, Duke of the Normans, and would use it to oppress our children. It sends to remind thee of the oath which thou cannot and it shall not be so!" Groups of bast sworn to him with thy mouth and with ten, twenty, and thirty, began to collect thy hand upon good and holy relics."-together and dispute; the tumult became "Tis true," replied the Saxon king, "that general, and the meeting separated without I took an oath to William; but I took it coming to any decision. under constraint. I promised what did not William, though surprised and enraged belong to me a promise which I could not at this result, suppressed his feelings, and in any way perform. My royal authority adopted a plan which has rarely failed in is not my own. I could not lay it down the hands of men in power to overcome against the will of the country; nor can I popular resistance. He sent for the leaders against the will of the country take a foreign wife. As for my sister, whom the Duke claims that he may marry her to one

of the opposition, and conversed with them separately, entreating them as a personal favor to assist him in the expedition, and

On the 28th of September, 1066, William reached the English shore with 700 ships, and 60,000 fighting men. They landed at Pevensey, near Hastings, three days after king Harold's victory over their friends the Norwegians. First came forth the archers with their short habits and shorn heads. The cavaliers appeared next, clad in coats of mail, and wearing helmets of polished iron, nearly of a conical shape, armed with long and heavy lances, and straight twoedged swords. After these came the workmen of the army, pioneers, carpenters and

promising them rich rewards. No one had on by the Duke's vessel, bearing at the heart, when thus solicited, to refuse his so- mast-head the banner of the Pope, and havvereign in such an emergency. One sub-ing the Norman ensign, of three lions, scribed for vessels, another for well-appoint-painted on the many-colored sails. ed men-at-arms; and many promised to accompany him in person. The priests gave their money, the merchants their stuffs, the country people their provisions. At this juncture the consecrated banner, authorizing the invasion, arrived from Rome. This visible token of what that age considered divine sanction, added sacredness to the cause, and kindled the enthusiasm of the multitude. Mothers now sent their sons to enlist for the salvation of their souls. William had his proclamation of war speedily published in the neighboring countries, offering good pay and the plunder of Eng-smiths; and, last of all, the destined conland to every tall and stout man who would serve him with a spear, sword, or cross-bow. A multitude came by all roads from far and near-from Maine, Anjou, Poitou, Brittany, France, Aquitaine, Burgundy, Piedmont, and the banks of the Rhine. "All"I have seized on this land with both the adventurers by profession, all the outcasts of Western Europe, came eagerly and by forced marches. Some were cavaliers; others simply foot soldiers. Some asked for pay in money-others only for a passage and all the booty they could make. Many stipulated for land among the English-a demesne, a castle, or a town, while others would be satisfied with some rich Saxon woman for a wife. William rejected no one, but promised favors to all, according to his ability." One Remi of Fescamp fancied a Saxon bishopric, and William gave him one in prospect on his furnishing a ship and twenty men-at-arms.

The fleet assembled at the mouth of the Dive, where it was detained a month by unfavorable winds. During this dispiriting delay, sickness and death began to thin the Norman ranks. The soldiers murmured and repented of the enterprise-exclaiming, "Mad and foolish is the man who seeks to possess himself of another's kingdom; God is offended at such designs, and shows his displeasure by refusing us a fair wind." Even the strong mind of the Duke became the prey of anxiety. He had the dead secretly buried at night, and added ardent spirits to the rations of the men. Policy also suggested the expediency of a grand procession of relics, in order to revive the drooping faith of his followers. By a lucky coincidence the wind suddenly changedthe sun shone out through the clouds in splendor, and the fleet put out to sea, led

queror himself, who, in setting his foot on the land, made a false step, and fell on his face. "God preserve us! a bad omen!" cried the multitude. "What is the matter with you?" promptly demanded the Duke;

my hands, and, by the splendor of God, as much as there is of it, it is yours!" The army then marched to the town of Hastings, near which they encamped, erected their tents and wooden castles, and furnished them with provisions. In the meantime, bodies of soldiers overran all the neighboring country, plundering and burning as they went. The English, fled from their homes, concealed their furniture and cattle, and flocked to the churches and church-yards, which they naturally thought the most secure asylums from enemies who were Christians like themselves. But they found the sanctity of places a poor defence against the cupidity of the human heart.

Harold, though weary and wounded after his victory, hastened from York to defend his country, which he rashly resolved to risk in a battle with an army four times as numerous as his own. Against this, several of his chiefs remonstrated, advising him to retire to London, ravaging the country by the way, in order to reduce the enemy by famine. But the generous Harold answered, "Shall I ravage the country which has been intrusted to my care? Upon my faith, it would be an act of treason! I will rather try the chances of a battle, with the few men I have, and trust to my own valor and the goodness of my cause." One of his officers said, "We must fight; they come not only to ruin us, but to ruin our descendants also, and to take from us the country of our ancestors." The English