railroad across its southern border, furnish excellent facilities for the development of all its resources. It will gradually increase in population and wealth, but its valuations will not require a revision oftener than once in three or four years. TOMPKINS COUNTY. The county of Tompkins is bounded on the north by the county of Cayuga and part of the county of Seneca, on the east by Cortland county and part of the county of Broome, on the south by the county of Broome, and on the west by the county of Schuyler. Its surface is hilly, and in its southern portion the hills attain such an elevation as to affect the products of the land. The northern portion on each side of the Cayuga lake, contains some good wheat lands, but in its general features it may be ranked as a second class county, the largest portion of its soil being adapted to the successful cultivation of spring grains, and to grazing. It has a railroad running across its territory from north to south, and the navigable waters of the lake are also within its bounds. It possesses important hydraulic power, and considerable commercial advantages. It may be considered, however, an inland second class farming county, where population and wealth will increase slowly, and its value will not require an annual revision. WYOMING COUNTY. The county of Wyoming is bounded west by the county of Erie, north by the county of Genesee, east by the county of Livingston, and south by parts of the counties of Allegany and Cattaraugus. It is hilly and broken, and its general surface is so much above the tide level as to materially affect its climate and the profitable cultivation of its soil. The northeastern portion of the county is a fertile wheat soil. The whole county, however, can only be ranked as a second class county, being mainly devoted to stock and the dairy. It is very properly ranked as among the best and most productive in that class. It has the advantage of railroad facilities through a portion of its territory, which is remote from the markets upon other public improvements. Its commercial and manufacturing advantages are not good, and the population and wealth of the county must increase very slowly, and its value will not be materially enhanced for several years, and then only by the natural growth of its agricultural wealth. AREA, POPULATION, AGRICULTURAL CONDITION, ROUTES OF COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC, BANKING AND MANUFACTURING CAPITAL. AREA. This group contains in square miles, 14,270 of surface, or 34 per cent. of the whole area of the State, divided into: Improved square miles..... Unimproved do Reduced to acres as follows: 7,522 6,670 The improved acres to the unimproved, is equal to 53 improved to 47 unimproved. The proportion of each class of the population to the other is: Total population to total area is 65 persons per square mile, or one inhabitant to 10 acres of land Of the rural population there are 39 to the square mile of the whole surface, or 16 acres of all the land to each person of rural population. The aggregate rural population to the square mile of improved land is 72, or 9 acres to each individual. The aggregate population to the aggregate improved square mile is 122 persons, or five acres to each person. But the aggregate rural population to the square mile of improved land is 72, or 9 acres to each inhabitant. The average number of improved acres in each farm is 54. The cash value of farm stock and implements, as returned by the farmers to the State census marshals for 1855, was: The average value of farms, stock, tools and implements per acre was: The aggregate of all the real estate of the group is: The incorporated cities are Buffalo, Utica and Oswego. Large towns are Watertown, Elmira and Rome. Both cities and large towns have the elements of progressive increase, from commerce or manufacturing facilities, and will be important centres of increasing population and wealth. The aggregate miles of route for commercial traffic is: Railroads..... Canals and lakes.... Total ...... 948 372 1,320 The proportion of square miles of area to one mile of traffic route, is 1 mile of route to 11 square miles of area, or as one to eleven. The valuation of real estate by the State Assessors, and of the personal estate by the town assessors, whereon was based the report of the Board of Equalization for the years 1862 and 1863, are as follows: The details are tabulated and shown in table B, of the appendix to the group. Banking capital in 1861, was $10,199,430. The details are tabulated in table C, of the appendix to this group. The proportion of grass to the whole area of improved land is : The proportion, therefore, of grass, is 64 acres in the 100, either in pasture or meadow, and 36 acres in cultivated crops. Total acres in cultivated crops, exclusive of pasture and meadow 1,248,047 which is 25 per cent. of the improved lands. But this leaves 11 per cent. of the improved land unaccounted for; a large portion of that may be included in orchards and land occupied by buildings, and some allowance for errors in census. The proportion under cultivation in the group, to the whole improved land of the State is per cent. The aggregate grain product is at the rate of 4.4 bushels per acre, of the land upon which it was grown The average annual value of the vegetable products of the improved per acre is $5.33. Sheep, shorn...... 866,951 Reducing the sheep to an equivalent of cattle or horses, being Whole number of neat cattle, or their equivalent in sheep and 155,290 1,132,029 The aggregate of improved land to cattle is one head of cattle to four acres of land, and to each cow eleven acres. The proportion of cows to aggregate stock is 40 per cent. To all the cows in the State it is 40 per cent., but of the neat cattle of the group the Total value of animal products, exclusive of animals sold........$10,348,924 To this sum should be added for the value of swine over six months old, which $1,723,490 1,184,840 One-third of the cattle over one year old may be assumed as 1,599,340 One-tenth of the horses are assumed to be sold annually, viz: 566,280 The number of sheep sold annually is equal to a fourth part of 543,516 Total value of annual surplus of animals and animal products $15,966,390 As this is not purely a dairy group, but one of mixed husbandry, where, in addition to the dairy, grain-growing may be practiced to a profitable extent, and which, by proper modes of agriculture, may be considerably increased, there is to be added to the animal products the surplus of grain products, as represented in wheat, rye and barley, as well as the products of flax, grass-seed and hops. All the other vegetable products are represented in the animal products. The aggregate surplus of annual products of its agricultural lands will be as follows, viz: Which would be $4.29 per acre for all the improved land of the group. The average number of acres of improved land to each farm being 54, it follows that the average annual surplus of the farm is $231.66, or about 6 per cent. interest upon the capital invested. AGRICULTURE. The description of the topography, and the geology or lithological cha |