1112 +5M12 PREFAC E. THIS work was commenced in 1853. From that time to this, the editors have been engaged, with the aid of several regular collaborators, and of numerous contributors of special articles, in its preparation. The aim of the work is to furnish a book of reference on all the topics of the science of Theology, in its widest sense, under one alphabet. It includes, therefore, not only articles on the Bible and its literature, but also upon all the subjects belonging to Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology. There is no Dictionary in the English language which seeks to cover the same ground, except upon a comparatively small scale. The Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge, published several years since, under the supervision of the Rev. J. Newton Brown, is, indeed, quite comprehensive in its aim; but, as it is confined to a single volume, it could not give full treatment to the vast range of topics embraced in its plan. Besides this, there is but one other attempt in English at a comprehensive Dictionary of Theology, and that, unfortunately, remains incomplete. We refer to the translation of Herzog's Real-Encyklopädie, commenced in 1856 by the Rev. J. H. A. Bomberger, D.D., the publication of which was suspended during the war.* In the preparation of this Cyclopædia, Dr. STRONG has had exclusive charge of the department of Biblical literature, and for the articles in that field he is responsible. Twenty years ago, before the publication of Kitto's Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, the student of the Bible had no better Dictionary to consult than the various recensions of Calmet. The great work of Dr. Kitto brought together the results of the critical labors of the preceding century, in which Biblical literature had become substantially a new science. Notwithstanding many and grave defects, Kitto's Cyclopædia gave a new impulse to Biblical studies, and supplied a want almost universally felt. The lapse of twenty years, in which vast advances have been made in the literature of the Bible, has made a new edition necessary, and it has been well prepared under the editorship of Dr. Alexander. In the mean time, Smith's Dictionary of the Bible (3 vols. imp. 8vo) has been issued, on a plan somewhat similar to Kitto's Cyclopædia. It is the aim of the present work, as a Dictionary of the Bible, to combine the excellences of both the great works named, and to avoid their faults. Free use is made of their matter, so far as it has been found suitable to our plan; but every article has been thoroughly revised, and more than half the articles on Biblical topics are entirely original, while most of the others are so in part. We acknowledge similar, though not quite so extensive obligations to Winer's Biblisches Real-wörterbuch, a book whose discrimination and compactness are unrivalled in this branch of literature. It will be perceived that the Biblical department of this Cyclopædia embraces many subjects and names not contained in any of these three works. For the treatment of all the topics in Systematic, Historical, and Practical Theology, Dr. M'CLINTOCK is responsible. In this field there has heretofore been no copious Dictionary answering to the Bible Dictionaries of Kitto and Smith. The RealEncyklopädie of Herzog, and Wetzer und Welte's Kirchen-Lexikon, have been the fullest sources of material in this form. Besides these, all other Encyclopædias and *It is to be hoped that the translation of this vast repository of modern theological science may be resumed and completed. + Due credit is given in, or at the end of each article, for the use made of the works cited. In some instances the above general credit to Kitto and Smith is all that could justly or conveniently be given. We have intended to reproduce all that is valuable in their works. Dictionaries of importance, both general and special, have been used in the 1 tion of this work. Every article has either been written de novo, or tho revised, with reference to the more recent literature on each topic. Grea have been taken with the verification of references, but we cannot hope to h tirely avoided error in this, or in other points of minute detail in so vast a lab The whole work is of course prepared from the editors' point of view as to gy, but, at the same time, it is hoped, in no narrow or sectarian spirit. In The articles on the several Christian denominations have either been prepar ministers belonging to them, or have been submitted to such ministers for exa tion and correction. Many of the papers on the various branches of Christian a archæology are written or revised by Professor GEORGE F. COMFORT. Most o articles on Bible Societies have been prepared by the Rev. JOSEPH Holdich, Many of the short biographical sketches of ministers of the Methodist Epis Church are due to the Rev. GEORGE LANSING TAYLOR; of the German Refo Church, to the Rev. H. HARBAUGH, D.D.; of the Presbyterian and Congregati Churches, to Mr. A. MERWIN; of the Prot. Epis Church, to Mr. W. MAJOR. department Dr. Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit have been of great ser Our thanks are due to the Rev. O. H. TIFFANY, D.D., and to Mr. J. K. JOHNSTON contributions, especially in Church history and early ecclesiastical biography. 1 fessor ALEXANDER J. SCHEM and Mr. J. N. PROESCHEL (of Paris) have been reg collaborators throughout the work. The articles relating to Roman Catholic to] have all been prepared or revised by Professor Schem, who has also had entire cha of Church and national statistics, and of reading the proofs in all departments of work except the Biblical. Many of the articles drawn chiefly from German or Fre sources are due to Mr. Proeschel's careful and intelligent industry, both as compi and translator. In succeeding volumes, articles will be found from other contril tors, whose services were enlisted at a later period in the progress of the work th that covered in this volume. Our ai but v The literature of the subjects treated has been a special object of care. has been to give the names of the most important works, both old and new; have especially sought, in view of the wants of the majority of those who will prob bly use this Cyclopædia, to refer, on all essential points, to accessible books, whic ordinary students, seeking to enlarge their knowledge, would be likely to fall in wit or could readily obtain. It would have been easy to enlarge the lists of books b emptying the works on Bibliography into them, but we have preferred the more I borious, and, we trust, the more satisfactory plan of discrimination and selection. One of the greatest difficulties of such a task as this is the adjustment of th relative length of the articles. We have sought to keep in mind the relativ importance and interest of the various topics as the only safe guide in this respect Long articles are given on certain of the more important subjects; but we have never sacrificed to this end our chief purpose, viz., to give as complete a vocabulary as possible of all the branches of theological science. This is what, according to our view, is most wanted in a Dictionary. No essay, however elaborate, in a Cyclopædia, can satisfy the wants of the student who seeks to master any special topic; he will and must go beyond the Dictionary to its sources. But students, and even theologians, are in constant need of accurate information upon minor points; and upon all these we have sought to give, in all cases, statements that may be relied upon. If the work shall be found, in actual use, to have gathered into a convenient and clear summary the mass of knowledge accumulated in its several departments, and shall likewise serve, to some extent at least, to advance the cause of sacred truth, it will have met the expectations of the authors, who have expended upon it many years of earnest toil and solicitude. State Historical Sciety 1876 108 Coins of Antioch in Syria. 109 Emblem of Antioch in Pisidia. 109 Coin of Antioch in Pisidia. 110 Tetradrachm of Antiochus Epiphanes 110 Coin of Antiochus Eupator.. 111 Coin of Antiochus Dionysus. 111 Coin of Antiochus Sidetes.. 112 Coin of Antiochus Cyzicenus. 112 Coin of Antiochus Eusebes. 112 Coin of Antiochus Epiphanes II 112 Coin of Antiochus Callinicus 112 Coin of Antiochus of Commagene.. 114 Coin of Antony at Antioch.. 126, Coin of Antony as Bacchant.. 139 Monkey on the Prænestine Tablet.. ... 140 Baboons on the Egyptian Monuments 286 Wild Ass Egyptian Altar of bloody Offerings. Egyptian Altar of Burnt-offering Greco-Egyptian Altar of Incense... 179 Coin of Archelaus of Cappadocia. 183 Greek Orders of Architecture 196 Apostles' Church at Cologne 320 Medal of Atergatis. State Historical Sciety OF WISCONSI CYCLOPEDIA 1876 OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE. Aädrak. See AAZRAK. A ́älar (Aaλáp), a person who (or a place from which some of the Jews) returned after the captivity (1 Esdr. v, 36); more correctly called in the parallel list (Neh. vii, 61) IMMER (q. v.). Aära (N ̃NN), a factitious term used by the Rabbins (Lex. Talm. Aruch, s. v.) as an example of a word beginning with two N's, like AAZRAK (q. v.). In the Talmud, according to Buxtorf (Lex. Talm. col. 2), it is written Avera (1), perhaps only a sing. Chaldaic form of the plur. URIM (q. v.), light. A'äron [vulgarly pronounced Ar'on] (Heb. Aharon',, derivation uncertain: Gesenius, Thesaur. Heb. p. 33, thinks from the obsolete root, to be libidinous [so the Heb. Lex. Aruch, from, referring (erroneously) to his conception during the Pharaonic edict]; but in his Heb. Lex. s. v. compares with ¡, mountaineer; Fürst, Heb. Handwörterbuch, s. V., makes it signify enlightener, from an obsolete root N=8, to shine. Sept., N. T., and Josephus, Ααρών). I. History.-Aaron was the eldest son of the Levite Amram by Jochebed, and the brother of Moses (Exod. vi, 20; vii, 7; Num. xxvi, 59); born B.C. 1742. He is first mentioned in the account of Moses' vision of the burning bush (Exod. iv, 14), where the latter was reminded by the Lord that Aaron possessed a high degree of persuasive readiness of speech, and could therefore speak in His name in his behalf. Dur ing the absence of Moses in Midian (B.C. 1698-1658), Aaron had married a woman of the tribe of Judah, named Elisheba (or Elizabeth), who had borne to him four sons, Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar; and Eleazar had, before the return of Moses, become the father of Phinehas (Exod. vi, 23-25). Pursuant to an intimation from God, Aaron went into the wilderness to meet his long-exiled brother, and conduct him back to Egypt. They met and embraced each other at the Mount of Horeb (Exod. iv, 27), B.C. 1658. When they arrived in Goshen, Aaron, who appears to have been well known to the chiefs of Israel, introduced his brother to them, and aided him in opening and enforcing his great commission (Exod. iv, 29-31). In the subsequent transactions, Aaron appears to have been almost always present with his more illustrious brother, assisting and supporting him; and no separate act of his own is recorded, although he seems to have been the actual instrument of effecting many of the miracles (Exod. vii, 19 sq.). Aaron and Hur were present on the hill from which Moses surveyed the battle which Joshua fought with the Amalekites (Exod. xvii, 1012); and these two long sustained the weary hands upon whose uplifting (in order to extend the official rod, rather than in prayer, see ver. 9) the fate of the A AARON battle was found to depend. Afterward, when Moses ascended Mount Sinai to receive the tables of the law, Aaron, with his sons and seventy of the elders, accompanied him part of the way up, and were permitted to behold afar off the symbol of the Sacred Presence (Exod. xxiv, 1, 2, 9-11). During the ab sence of Moses in the mountain the people seem to have looked upon Aaron as their head, and an occasion arose which fully vindicates the divine preference of Moses by showing that, notwithstanding the seniority and greater eloquence of Aaron, he wanted of the Israelites (see Niemeyer, Charakt. iii, 238 sq.). the high qualities which were essential in the leader The people at length concluded that Moses had perished in the fire that gleamed upon the mountain's top, and, gathering around Aaron, clamorously demanded that he should provide them with a visible symbolic image of their God, that they might worship him as other gods were worshipped (Exod. xxxii). Either through fear or ignorance, Aaron complied with their demand; and with the ornaments of gold which they freely offered, cast the figure of a calf (see Kitto's Daily Bible Illust. in loc.). See CALF. However, to fix the meaning of this image as a symbol of the true God, Aaron was careful to proclaim a feast to Jehovah for the ensuing day (see Moncaeius, Aaron purgatus sive de vitulo aureo, Atreb. 1605, Franckf. 1675). At this juncture, Moses' reappearance confounded the multitude, who were severely punished for this sin. Aaron attempted to excuse himself by casting the whole blame upon the people, but was sternly rebuked by his brother, at whose earnest intercessions, however, he received the divine forgiveness (Deut. ix, 20). During this and a second absence in the mountain, Moses had received instructions regarding the ecclesiastical establishment, the tabernacle, and the priesthood, which he soon afterward proceeded to execute. See TABERNACLE; WORSHIP. Under the new institution Aaron was to be high-priest, and his sons and descendants priests; and the whole tribe to which he belonged, that of Levi, was set apart as the sacerdotal or learned caste. See LEVITE. Accordingly, after the tabernacle had been completed, and every preparation made for the commencement of actual service, Aaron and his sons were consecrated by Moses, who anointed them with the holy oil and invested them with the sacred garments (Lev. viii, ix), B.C. 1657. The high-priest applied himself assiduously to the duties of his exalted office, and during the period of nearly forty years that it was filled by him his name seldom comes under our notice. But soon after his elevation his two eldest sons, Nadab and Abihu, were struck dead for daring, seemingly when in a state of partial inebriety, to conduct the service of God in an irregular manner, by offering incense with unlawful fire. On this occasion it was enjoined that the priests should manifest none of the ordinary signs of mourning for the loss of those who were so dear to them. To this heavy stroke |