all parts of Scotland and from Ireland. On analyzing the returns, he found to be resident within the limits of the municipality alone 63,574 native Irish, 10,809 native English, and 827 foreigners, being about 20 per cent. of the whole. The ratio of increase on the population of 1851 has been considerable in Linlithgowshire (26 per cent.), and in Dumbartonshire (17.5 per cent.), but with the exception of these two counties and Lanark, it has not reached 10 per cent. in any county; while in 12 counties, as already noticed, a decrease took place. The county of Edinburgh advanced 5 per cent., a like increase having taken place in the city, which now contains 168,098 inhabitants within the parliamentary boundary. In the pursuit of Independence" lord of the lion heart and eagle eye" the Scottish emigrant has generally left the cherished scenes of his childhood, doubtless not without many a pang, uncheered by female companionship. He has gone forth alone on his pilgrimage. The word farewell" supplies the key-note of many a ballad of touching simplicity and genuine feeling. The exquisitely affecting stanzas of Burns commencing "Ae fond kiss, and then we sever; contain, as Sir W. Scott remarked of them, "the essence of a thousand love-tales," and their utterance on Scottish soil has been heard far beyond the banks of " bonny Doon." The numerical excess of the females over the males amounted to 167,299, showing the ratio of 111·5 females to every 100 males in Scotland. This disproportion of the sexes, remarkable alike in the towns and in the rural districts, has amongst other causes affected the rate of marriage, which is very far below that prevailing in England. The registration of marriages in 1855 gave the proportion of 654 marriages in every hundred thousand of the population, while the proportion in England, on an average of ten years, is 846; thus confirming the conclusions suggested by the facts brought to light by the census of 1851, when it was ascertained that in every 100 men, the proportion of the married was 34 in England and 30 in Scotland, and in every 100 women, the married were 33 in England and only 28 in Scotland. As a matter of course the proportion of women bearing legitimate children is much smaller in Scotland than in England; and this circumstance partly explains why the Scottish people have not increased at an equal rate with the English.* In the towns of Scotland, however, the proportion of marriages is much higher than in the rural parts, and the population is increasing accordingly. In the published Abstracts of the Census in Scotland the results of the new inquiries as to “children from 5 to 15 attending school," and rooms with one or more windows," are stated in two columns; but we cannot help regarding the figures thus given as of little 66 *In the Quarterly Return of the Registrar-General of Scotland, August, 1861, reference is made to the small number of marriages in many districts. One registrar, at Stromness, supposes that this arises "from want of males, there being an overstock of females and a host of maids." practical utility for statistical or other purposes. The fact that 456,699 children from 5 to 15 years of age were returned as attending school, the numbers being admittedly incomplete, is not very instructive without a knowledge of the numbers living between those ages in the several counties, &c. Nor does the column showing a total of 1,694,982 "windowed rooms"-a term including every description of apartment from the large dormitory of a public institution to the attic with a single pane of glass for a windowappear to us of much value for sanitary or statistical purposes apart from information as to the number of families or persons inhabiting dwellings containing one room, two rooms, and so on. These additional particulars will no doubt be given when the detailed abstracts are laid before Parliament. It is worthy of remark, that by taking advantage of the registration machinery established in Scotland since the Census of 1851, a saving to the public of nearly 7,8007., as compared with the expense then incurred, has been effected in the local charges of the Census. The cost in 1851 was at the rate of 18s. 24d. per 100 of the population; in 1861 it was 12s. Od. per 100, or one-third less. In England the local expenses were only 6s. 8d. per 100 in both years. IRELAND. The results of the recent enumeration in this portion of the United Kingdom are of great interest, but they can only be glanced at here. The resident population of Ireland, on 8th April, 1861, was 5,792,055, including 27,512 men of the army and navy serving there, and omitted in the published return of the Census Commissioners for some not very obvious reason. This number is less by 760,330, or 12 per cent., than it was at the Census of 1851. The decrease in the decade has been greatest in the province of Munster, where it has reached 19 per cent., and least in Ulster, where it has been 5 per cent. Of the emigrants who left the United Kingdom in the interval of the Censuses, 1,230,986 were natives of Ireland; to emigration, therefore, must the diminution of the inhabitants of the sister island be mainly attributed. Long continued have been the effects of the disastrous period of famine and pestilence which commenced with the failure of the potato crop in 1846-47, and from which emigration appears to have been regarded at the time as the only means of escape. Encouraged in the first instance by the subscriptions of the proprietors, who saw that if the people remained on the land they must be chiefly supported out of the poor-rates, the exodus has been continued until recently by remittances from former emigrants to provide passages for their relatives at home; but since the outbreak of the unhappy civil war in the once United States, a re-exodus has commenced, and large numbers of Irish are said to be returning to their native soil, where, it is hoped, the altered circumstances of the country will present a wide field of employment, so that few need be idle who are willing to work. It is a slight check to our sanguine expectations with respect to the rapid advancement of Ireland in material prosperity of late years, . 1 Islands and the Isle of Man has 1. In April last the Isle of Man, oned 52,300 inhabitants, Jersey ey 4,933, and Sark 583. Formerly otives of economy, by persons them offer many advantages as etive population increased 18 per 111, and 15 per cent. in the following tor of this country, however, so fraught neral community, having deprived the ecial fiscal privileges, other localities on d into competition with them; hence the 11. The disproportion of the sexes here than in Scotland, for the females appear by the males by 11,000, giving the ratio of 117 males, notwithstanding the military force nel Islands. the changes which have taken place in the ry during the last ten years naturally suggests --Will the people of the United Kingdom numbers, or must we regard the population as ximum point? We know that so long as the powers of the country are unabated, the I with employment, and their numbers will At the present time, the struggle between the he American Union casts a dark shadow over el that a crisis is at hand. Still we have seen ophes have only interfered for a time with the this country. The close depende , in other words, upon the mas and wages for an increasin assert itself, and we see no England's augmented wealth Dopu to find the stern figures of the Census still implying depopulation, or rather a diminished population, in each of the provinces, and in every other locality except Dublin county, and the towns of Carrickfergus and Belfast, in which last an increase has taken place of 18,941 persons, or nearly 19 per cent., on the returns of 1851. The decrease, as will be seen on reference to the appended Table XII. (pages 38, 39), is most conspicuous in the city of Kilkenny and town of Galway, and in the counties of Tipperary, Clare, Meath, Kilkenny, King's, Wexford, Waterford, and Cork. The city of Dublin has decreased within the municipal limits, but the suburbs, where many persons whose daily occupations are within the city reside, have advanced in population, thus raising the numbers for Dublin county. House-accommodation in Ireland is improving. The return of inhabited houses exhibits a decrease of 52,990 dwellings since 1851, or 5.1 per cent.; they have therefore not decreased half so fast as the population. Great anxiety was felt on the subject of the result of the inquiry into religious denominations in Ireland, which for the first time has formed part of the decennial Census. Controversies without end had succeeded each other on a question which may now be considered as settled definitively by the authority of official figures. On the one hand, the Protestant press in England and Ireland contended that one of the results of the famine and emigration had been to establish approximately an equilibrium between Irish Protestants and Roman Catholics. The defenders of the Anglican Church were full of exultation, and maintained that the Census would show what a misnomer it would be to speak of "Catholic Ireland." On the other hand, the Roman Catholics maintained that Ireland would be more than ever entitled to be considered Catholic, and that the scandal of a Protestant Establishment in the midst of her people would be rendered more apparent than ever. The returns were obtained without difficulty, every facility being offered to the enumerators both by the clergy and the people, and as only fifteen complaints had been made to the Commissioners concerning them, it is inferred that they are nearly correct. The following are the results in round numbers, after adding proportional numbers for the 27,512 men of the army and navy omitted in the Return:* Roman Catholics, 4,512,000, or 78 per cent. of the whole; members of the Established Church, 682,000, or 12 per cent.; Protestant Dissenters and all other persuasions, 597,400, or 10 per cent. The number of Jews included under the last head, only 322, seems remarkably small. The total number of Protestants in Ireland is about 1,280,000, giving the Roman Catholics a majority of 3,232,000; the proportion is therefore nearly as three Roman Catholics to one Protestant. This result has filled the organs of the Roman Catholics with ecstasy, and it is their great boast that even in "Protestant Ulster" their coreligionists are in a majority. A comparison of these numbers with the results ascertained by a special Census of religious professions in 1834, shows that in the period which has elapsed since that inquiry, * For the precise numbers returned by the Census Commissioners, see Table XIV. page 37, |