(1880); 'Les dépraves' (1882); Napoléon dernier (1884); Les Aventures de ma Vie' (Paris 1896). Consult Macdonald, J. F., Personal Recollections of Rochefort (in Contemporary Review, Vol. CIV, London 1913).

ROCHEFORT, or ROCHEFORT-SURMER, France, chief city of an arrondissement of the department of Charente-Inférieure. It is notable for its naval and army institutions and its well-built public works. It has two harbors military and commercial. Napoleon purposed embarking for America from this point, but his plans were frustrated. The manufactures include tiles, beer, candles, artifical flowers, naval clothing. There are also various metal foundries, etc. Shipbuilding is also important. The wharves, magazines, dockyards, munition works, etc., are well planned and are now almost entirely modernized.

ROCHEFOUCAULD, rōsh-foo-kō, François, DUC DE LA. See LA ROCHEFOUCAULD.

ROCHEGROSE, Georges, zhōrzh rōshgros, French painter: b. Versailles, 1859. He studied at Paris and developed under Lefebvre and Boulanger a powerful naturalistic style with an almost startling brilliancy of technique. His tendency to the brutal side of tragedy in his choice of subjects is, however, frequently revolting and his pictures too frequently swim in blood. Among the best known and most characteristic are The Death of Geta, Emperor of Rome,' and 'The Fall of Babylon.' Others of like nature are Vitellius'; 'Andromache'; 'La Jacquerie,' and 'Barbarian Ambassadors before Justinian.' Of another

kind are his mural decorations of the Sorbonne, "The Red Delight'; 'Knight among the Flowers'; illustrations for (Salammbo,' and 'Herodias. In 1892 he became an officer of the Legion of Honor.

ROCHEJACQUELEIN,

rösh-zhäk-lăng

Henri de la. See LA ROCHEJACQUELEIN.

ROCHELLE, rō-shěl', Ill., city in Ogle County, on branches of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul and the Chicago and Northwestern railroads, about 70 miles west of Chicago and 150 miles north of Springfield. It is the commercial and trade centre of a fertile agricultural region, in which stock-raising is an important industry. The manufacturing interests are connected with farm products. It has a high school, public elementary schools and a public library. Pop. 2,732.

ROCHELLE, La, la rō-shěl, France, chief town of the department of Charente-Inférieure, a fine port and strongly fortified, 120 miles from Bordeaux. Rochelle played an important rôle in the Reformation period, resisting many assaults, but was finally forced by famine to succumb (1628). It has a fine town hall begun in 1486, an 18th century cathedral, exchange, courthouse and the "House of Henry II," a lycée, old episcopal palace now used as a library and picture gallery, teachers' training school, academy of fine arts, botanical gardens and a museum. Its manufactures include porcelain, textiles, sugar and glass. Pop. 36,371.

ROCHELLE SALT, sodium potassium tartrate, a white crystalline substance, discovered by Seignette, an apothecary of Rochelle,

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France, in 1672. It has a mildly saline and slightly bitter taste, and is much used as a laxative, especially in seidlitz powders. Its formula is KNAC.H.O® + 4H2O.

ROCHESTER, rŏch'ès-tèr, John Wilmot, 2D EARL OF, English poet and courtier: b. Ditchley, Oxfordshire, 10 April 1647; d. Woodstock Park, Oxfordshire, 26 July 1680. On his father's death in 1658 he succeeded to his titles and estates, the latter of which he soon dissipated. Having studied at Oxford, he served with credit in the fleet under Lord Sandwich at the attack on Dutch ships in the harbor of Bergen, but subsequently gave himself up to dissipation and became the personal friend and favorite of Charles II, who is said to have encouraged and shared many of his exploits. He frequently fell into disgrace at court, though his pardon was not long in forthcoming. His constitution at length gave way, and at 30 he was visited with all the debility of old age. He lingered for some time in this condition and died after sending for Bishop Burnet and professing great penitence for his misspent life. The volume of obscure verse purporting to be his contains much that is spurious. He was no better and rather worse than the lax writers of his day; but the edition of his poems brought out by his friends in 1691 contains such exquisite lyrics as entitle him to rank as the best song writer between Carew and Burns. He wrote the famous epigram on Charles II, asserting he "never said a foolish thing and never did a wise one." Consult Burnet, Some Passages in the Life and Death of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester) (1680), and Longueville, Thomas, 'Rochester and Other Literary Rakes of the Court of Charles II (New York 1903).

ROCHESTER, Nathaniel, American pioneer: b. Cope Parish, Westmoreland County, Va., 21 Feb. 1752; d. Rochester, N. Y., 17 May 1831. Having gone in 1763 to Granville County, N. C., he was made a member of the committee of safety for Orange County in 1775, in 1776 was a member of the first provincial convention in North Carolina and was appointed by the convention a deputy commissary-general of military and other stores. He soon afterward resigned and was elected to the North Carolina legislature. In 1783 he established various manufacturing enterprises at Hagerstown, Md., and in Maryland became a member of the assembly, judge of the County Court and a Presidential elector. Independently and in association with others, he purchased tracts of land in western New York, including (1802) one of 100 acres in Falls Town, now in the heart of Rochester. He removed (1810) to Livingston County, near Dansville, and (1815) to Bloomfield, Ontario County. In April 1818 he went to Falls Town, which had been named Rochester in his honor; and in 1821-22 was the first representative of Monroe County in the State legislature. Consult Rochester, Nathaniel, (Early History of the Rochester Family in America' (Buffalo 1882).

ROCHESTER, England, in the county of Kent, a river port on the Medway, 26 miles southeast of London. Its ancient castle (11th century) on an eminence overlooking the river commands the view of a vast expanse of the surrounding country. The great tower of this ruined castle is one of the finest specimens of

Norman architecture extant. It was restored in 1900. The castle and grounds are the property of the municipality, and the latter have been made into a public garden. The cathedral, founded by Saint Augustine in 604, presents a mixed style, as it was destroyed by the Danes, and parts were added and remodeled subsequently at various epochs. There are many monuments of great antiquity. Of secular buildings, the town-hall, exchange, municipal buildings and almshouses, schools and Working Men's Institute are the most important. There is a large shipping trade, a steam-engine plant and other industrial establishments, and lucrative oyster fishing. The town was founded by Ethelbert. The castle was built by Henry III. Henry VIII visited Rochester, accompanied by Charles V, and Elizabeth spent five days there in 1573. Dickens introduces Rochester into 'Pickwick, Edwin Drood' and others of his novels. The city is on the site of the ancient Durobrivæ. Pop. 31,384.

ROCHESTER, Ind., city and county-seat of Fulton County, on an outlet of Lake Manitou, 98 miles north of Indianapolis, on the Erie and the Lake Erie and Western railroads. The city was chartered in 1832 and is situated in a productive agricultural district. Industries include bridge works, canneries and manufactures of machinery. Pop. 3,364.

ROCHESTER, Minn., city and county-seat of Olmstead County, on the Zumbro River, and on the Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western railroads, about 90 miles southeast of Saint Paul and 49 miles west of Winona. It was settled in 1854 by James Bucklin and Mr. Proudfoot, and incorporated as a city in 1858. Rochester was visited by a cyclone in 1883, which caused the death of 27 persons and the loss of a large amount of property. It is in a productive agricultural region, corn, barley, clover being among the principal crops. Considerable attention is given to stock-raising. The chief manufacturing establishments are flour and grist mills, a foundry, the Sears-Roebuck camera factory and machine shops. There are large grain elevators and stock yards. The principal buildings are the courthouse, municipal building, Masonic Temple, Odd Fellows' building, Metropolitan Theatre, Mayo Clinic, Colonial, Worrell and Stanley hospitals, Kahler Sanitarium, the Rochester State Hospital for the Insane, Saint Mary's Hospital, Zumbro Hotel, a number of churches and the convent of the Sisters of Saint Francis. The educational institutions are the high school, public and parish elementary schools, private commercial schools, Notre Dame de Lourdes Academy (R.C.), founded in 1877, and four libraries. The city is the home of the famous surgeons, Charles and William Mayo (q.v.), who founded the Mayo Clinic. The five banks have a combined capital of $1,000,000; and the annual business amounts to nearly $6,000,000. The city has constructed a million-dollar hydroelectric plant on the Zumbro River 14 miles north of the city. Seventy thousand persons annually visit Rochester for health. The government is vested in a mayor, alderman-atlarge and a council of six members, three of whom are chosen by popular vote each year. Pop. 15,000.

ROCHESTER, N. H., city in Strafford County; on the Cocheco and Salmon Falls rivers, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad; about 30 miles east by north of Concord, and 35 miles northeast of Manchester. It was settled in 1722 by emigrants from England; incorporated as a town in 1722 and chartered as a city in 1891. It is the commercial and industrial centre of a large part of Strafford County; the chief manufacturing establishments are shoe factories, woolen mills, brick yards, box factories and other industries. The trade is chiefly in its own manufactures and in farm products. The principal public buildings are the Gaffney Home for the Aged, several churches and the schools. The educational institutions are a high school, public and parish schools, private commercial schools, and a public library. The government is vested in a mayor and a council of 18 members who hold office for three years, six being elected each year. Pop. 9,078. Consult McDuffee, "History of the Town of Rochester) (Manchetser, N. H., 1892).

ROCHESTER, N. Y., city and county-seat of Monroe County, is situated on Lake Ontario, the Genesee River and the Barge Canal. It is reached by the following railroads: New York Central and Hudson River, West Shore, Lehigh Valley, Erie, Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh and the Pennsylvania. It has two car ferries to Coburg, Ontario, making round trips daily throughout the year; is an important coal shipping port and a point of call for passenger steamers in the Toronto, Kingston, Thousand Islands, Montreal and Quebec trade. It is 228 miles west of Albany. The city lies on a plateau 263 feet above Lake Ontario, is built on both sides of the river, and almost in the centre of the city are the Upper Falls of the Genesee. There are two falls within the city limits. Midway through Rochester runs the Genesee, which is spanned by 10 bridges within the city limits, the middle one of which, built of stone, is enclosed by stores on both sides, but the others, of iron construction on stone piers, are open, affording beautiful and diversified views of the river, particularly from Driving Park Avenue bridge, whence can be seen a winding gorge nearly 200 feet deep. The sides of this show several distinct geological strata revealing the gradual formation of the earth, the red Medina sandstone being plainly visible as it rises from the water's edge for more than half the height of the precipice, when it gives place to successive layers of green shale, limestone, hematite iron ore, green and purple shale, and finally a topmost crust of limestone, all belonging to the Upper Silurian Age. At the point referred to are the Lower Falls, about 80 feet high, a curtain of water most beautiful, though less imposing, than the principal cataract, two miles further back, in the centre of the city, from which, with its sheer descent of 96 feet, Sam Patch (q.v.) jumped to his death in 1829.

Barge Canal.- Crossing the city from east to west is the new Barge Canal which succeeds the Erie Canal constructed in 1825, and which for many years after its construction was the great highway of commerce through the State. The old canal crossed the river by means of an aqueduct of fine proportions, built of Lockport limestones at a cost of $600,000. The canal at

this point is 506 feet above sea-level tide-water. The Barge Canal passes through the city about three miles to the south of the old canal and has a commodious harbor in conjunction with the Genesee River. The river is dammed for this purpose a little south of the Court Street Bridge.

Parks.-The Rochester park commission was created in 1888, since when work has been done so judiciously by the aid of the best landscape architects and nurserymen, taking advantage of the rolling lands that were obtainable, that few cities present so attractive an appearance in this regard. The total area of park territory is 1,649 acres, and the five largest parks, in their order, are Durand-Eastman, Genesee Valley, Seneca, Maplewood and Highland. Highland Park contains one of the finest arboretums in the country, and DurandEastman Park is located on Lake Ontario, and has the advantages of forest, field and stream.

Public Buildings.-There are four wellequipped hospitals, the General, Saint Mary's, Homœopathic and Hahnemann; a Municipal Hospital for contagious diseases, Iola Sanitarium for tubercular patients, Infants' Summer Hospital at Lake Ontario, the insane asylum or State Hospital, the County Hospital for free patients and a splendidly equipped dental dispensary, the gift of some of Rochester's publicspirited citizens. There are numerous hotels, many of them new and modern, of which the largest are the Powers, Rochester, Seneca, Whitcomb and the Osburn. Of late years, apartment houses have become popular and many have been built or are in process of construction. There are several theatres and motion picture houses, most prominent of which are the Lyceum, Temple, Family, Fay, Gayety, Piccadilly, Regent, Gordon and Rialto.

Newspapers. There are several daily newspapers, the chief of which are Democrat and Chronicle, Herald, Times-Union and the Post-Express, and a large number appearing - less frequently.

Clubs. Of the social clubs the principal are the Genesee Valley, Rochester, Masonic, Whist, Elks, Physicians and University. There

are

three well-equipped country clubs, the Oak Hill, the Country and the Irondequoit; the first located near Genesee Valley Park, the second about two miles east of the city and the third still farther east. There is also a flourishing women's club, the Century. The Genesee Golf Club is located in Genesee Valley Park and has a large well-equipped clubhouse. The leading literary clubs are the Alembic, Pundit, Fortnightly and the Wednesday Morning.

Manufactures.- Rochester was built up by the milling industry. The quality and amount of wheat grown in the valley during the early days made a demand for flouring mills, which was strengthened by the presence of the high falls, so that those structures sprang up rapidly on both banks of the river and became so numerous that the place was long known as "the Flour City" and its pre-eminence in this respect was recognized throughout the country. The development of the enormous wheat-fields of the West caused a decline in this business, so that its relative position was taken by the nursery industry; this was started here in 1838,

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after which it increased so that in 1904 there were more than 30 firms engaged in the business; besides the nurseries there are several large seedhouses, Rochester being the foremost city in the world in this regard. It is now called "the Flower City." The first trees sent to California went from here in 1849. Rochester is the home of the camera and is often called "the Kodak City." It leads the world in the manufacture of photographic goods and supplies, soda fountain fruits and syrups, enameled steel tanks, filing devices and office systems, thermometers, optical goods and check protectors. Because of the wide range of articles manufactured, it is known as "the City of Varied Industries" and has adopted as a slogan, "Rochester Made Means Quality," as practically all of the goods manufactured are of the highest grade. Sixty per cent of the carbon paper and typewriter ribbon made in the United States are manufactured in Rochester and the city leads the United States in the manufacture of It is estimated that high class ivory buttons. more than 350 separate commodities are manufactured in Rochester by 1,760 manufacturing establishments. Rochester is one of the largest shoe centres in the United States with 58 factories and an annual output valued at $55,075,000. In the production of clothing, the output in 1918 was valued at $24,000,000 in its 30 clothing factories. Canning of fruit and other foodstuffs is one of the large industries in the city. Although Rochester ranks twenty-fourth in the United States in point of population, it ranks first in the production of many manufactured articles. It is placed third in the production of clothing and has the same rating in the production of boots and shoes. Its total ceipts at the post office in 1918 were $1,730,manufactures are valued at $250,000,000. Re115.90. The capital invested in manufactures is estimated at $150,000,000 and the total employees in factories is estimated at 125,000. The salaries and wages paid annually approximate $50,000,000. The assessed valuation of property in the city in 1919 was $286,455,240. The tax levy for 1919 is $6,886,165, making a tax rate of $24.065 per thousand.

Banking and Commerce.-A most important factor in the commercial and civic life is the Chamber of Commerce, organized in 1888, which now has a membership of 3,300. It is magnificently housed in its own building constructed especially for its use and all of which it occupies. There are 16 banks, including four savings banks, the capital and surplus of which, 1 Jan. 1918, was $21,000,000 and the deposits $208,000,000. The clearings for the last six months of 1918 were $188,449,976.

Education. The Rochester Athenæum and Mechanics Institute generally known by the latter part of its title. was founded in 1885 as a free drawing school and has so expanded that it now gives instruction in practical arts and sciences to about 1,850 pupils and ranks fourth among the technical trade schools of the country. The University of Rochester, founded in 1850 and located in beautiful grounds in the eastern part of the city, has a faculty of 46 instructors, with 535 students, and a library of 76,800 volumes. There are also the Rochester Theological Seminary, of the Baptist denomination, founded in the same year, with a present faculty of 17, over 100 students and 42,900 books; Saint Ber