QUADRAGESIMA, the period of the 40 days' fast preceding Easter: the season has a like name in Greek, Tesserakosté, fortieth. The first Sunday of Lent is sometimes called Quadragesima, but in the Roman calendar it is Dominica prima Quadragestima, first Sunday of Lent and the Sundays following are denominated, respectively, the second, third and fourth of Quadragesima, Passion Sunday (Dominica Passionis), and Palm Sunday (Dominica Palmarum). In the Book of Common Prayer these six Sundays are called the first, second, third, fourth and fifth of Lent and "Sunday next before Easter"; but this Sunday is also styled in England and the United States "Passion Sunday," and its week "Passion Week"; its familiar name among Catholics is "Holy Week."

QUADRANGLE, a square or four-sided court or space surrounded by buildings, as often seen in the buildings of a college. Also in geometry, a figure having four angles, and consequently four sides.

QUADRANT. See SURVEYING.

QUADRATE BONE, the squarish bone developed in reptiles and birds, by means of which the lower jaw is articulated or joined to the skull. The lower jaw of these forms is thus not articulated directly or of itself to the skull, as in mammals; and in reptiles and birds each half of the lower jaw is composed of a number of distinct pieces. In mammals, on the contrary, the lower jaw consists simply of two halves united together in front. The os quadratum, or quadrate bone, which thus forms a characteristic structure of birds and reptiles, is generally regarded as corresponding in mammals to one of the little bones or auditory ossicles of the internal ear, named the malleus. See EAR.

QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. The problem involved in the quadrature of the circle requires the determination of the length of a straight line such that the square constructed thereon shall have an area equal to that of a given circle. It can be shown in a variety of ways that, if r is the radius of the circle, the area will be equal to 2 where can only be obtained approximately in terms of a finite number of fractions. On the other hand, it has become a matter of general information that the quadrature of the circle is impossible, and this is true only when the ancient Greek problem is understood, which involves a serious limitation; that is, the quadrature must be effected by means of a geometrical construction in which the mathematician is limited to the use of but two instruments, the straight edge and a pair of compasses. The problem is not solved, therefore, if any other instrument or any equivalent analytic method is employed. For 4,000 years innumerable attempts have been made to discover this construction, all destined to fail, as it was demonstrated by Lindemann in 1882 to be impossible. In reaching this conclusion we are confronted by the fundamental question: What geometrical constructions are, and what are not, possible, when restricted to the use of these instruments? In analysis, operations correspond to constructions. The operation, a × b, involves taking b units a times, which, with an assumed unit of length, is equivalent to laying off a line having a Xb units of length, which is accomplished by using the method of propor

tions. In a similar manner, the rational operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division find a geometrical solution involving the straight edge alone.

Irrational operations are divided into algebraic and transcendental. Any operation that involves the extraction of a square root only presents the simplest case of an algebraic irrationality, and any construction involving the determination of the points of intersection of two circles, or a circle and straight line, leads to an equation of the second, of the fourth or of some higher degree, whose solution involves the extraction of square roots and rational operations only. Conversely, the necessary and sufficient condition that unknown quantities can be constructed with the straight edge and compasses is that the unknown quantities can be expressed explicitly in terms of the known by an analytic expression involving only a finite number of rational operations and square roots. In other words a Euclidean geometrical solution is impossible when no corresponding algebraic equation exists. When a number like V2 is the root of an algebraic equation with integral coefficients, for example, r2-2=0, and still can not be expressed exactly in terms of a finite series of numbers it is an algebraic irrational number. When the number, like e, the natural base in the theory of logarithms, or ", the ratio of the circumference to the diameter, is not the root of any algebraic equation, with integral coefficients, it is a transcendental number. Lindemann provided that is a transcendental number and, hence, since it is not the root of any algebraic equation, it cannot be constructed to an assumed unit by the extraction of square roots, that is, by using the straight edge and compasses.

The possiblity of a geometrical solution of a problem in general depends upon a theorem in the theory of numbers to the effect that the degree of the irreducible equation satisfied by an expression composed of square roots only is always a power of 2; whence, if an irreducible equation is not of degree 2n, it cannot be solved by square roots.

Next to the squaring of the circle, the most famous problems of antiquity are the Delium problem of the duplication of the cube and the trisection of an arbitrary angle. Granting the preceding general theorem, these are easily shown to be impossible when restricted to the straight edge and compass.

The duplication of the cube requires the determination of the edge of a cube x, such that its cube shall be twice the volume of a given unit. That is r32. This equation is irreducible, since otherwise VZ would be rational. Moreover, the equation is a cubic and its degree is not of the form 2". Hence the solution is in general impossible.

The problem of the trisection of an arbitrary angle corresponds to the solution of x3 =cos + V— 1 sin and it follows that in general this is impossible by Euclidean methods.

History. The quadrature of the circle is attempted in the Rhind Papyrus (2000 B.C.), the oldest known mathematical work, in which Ahmes, an Egyptian priest, lays down the empirical rule: "Cut off one ninth of the diameter;

the square on the remainder will equal the area

This rule affords = = (19) * =

=

of the circle." 3.16 . a value reasonably accurate as compared with π= 3, the value assumed in the Bible (1 Kings vii, 23; Chronicles iv, 2). Archimedes (200 B.C.) invented the method still used by students of plane geometry that depends on inscribing and circumscribing regular polygons, which, save for an improvement by Huygens (1654), remained in use until the invention of the infinitesimal calculus by Newton and Leibnitz in the last quarter of the 17th century. Hippocrates of Chios (470 B.C.) was the first to investigate areas bounded by curves and to bring into prominence the problems of squaring the circle and duplication of the cube. According to Philoponus, the Athenians were suffering from a severe plague of typhoid fever in 430 B.C., and were told by the oracle at Delos that Apollo required an altar in the form of a cube twice the size of the one existing. A new one was, therefore, constructed, having each edge twice the length of the old one, but the plague was worse than ever. Suspecting some mystery, confirmed by the insistence of the oracle, the Greeks applied to Plato, the most illustrious of their geometricians, and were referred by him to Hippocrates. He succeeded in reducing the problem to the determination of two mean proportionals: for, if a: x=x: y:: y: 2a, then ray and y'2ax, the equations of two parabolas, which intersect in a point whose abscissa is 2a. This is equivalent to a graphical solution by means of conics, but to draw the curves, a different instrument would be required than those prescribed by Euclid. The problem was thereafter known as the Delian problem. The Cissoid of Diocles (150 B.C.) and the Conchoid of Nicomedes (150 B.C.) are curves of the third and fourth degree, respectively, invented for the special purpose of duplicating the cube and trisecting any angle. The curve known as the quadratrix of Dinostratus (350 B.C.) which, however, had previously been constructed by Hippias of Elis (420 B.C.) for the trisection of the angle, sufficed also to determine the length of a circular arc and for the quadrature of the circle. It belongs to the class known in modern times as integral curves, since the ordinate can be expressed as an integral, such a curve being known to the ancients as a quadratrix. If OA and OB are two perpendicular radii of a circle and two points M and L move with constant velocity one upon the radius OB and the other upon arc AB, such that starting from O and A at the same time they both arrive simultaneously at B; then the intersection of OL and MP drawn parallel to OA is a point on the quadratrix. The ordinate, y, is proportional to 0, the angle between OL and OA, and since y1, when tan-12, the equation y. But 0 2

π

=

2

=

π

of the quadratrix becomes

=

y

x

П

= tan 2 y.

quadrant and the abscissa of the intersection of the curve with the axis of X. Hence any apparatus that will describe the quadratrix will enable us to determine graphically. Evidently the curve y sin n-1x is much more convenient for this purpose, since is one of the ordinates of this curve when x equals zero; but this curve does not appear to have been used by the Greeks. It is called the sinusoid, the axis being vertical, and any transcendental apparatus which will trace the sinusoid by continuous motion would afford a geometrical construction of T. Such an apparatus has been invented recently by a Russian engineer, Abdank-Abakanowicz, and constructed by Coradi of Zürich. It is called the integraph, and with its aid it is possible not only to lay off but to trace the integral curve.

Y=F (x) = f(x) dx, when the differen

tial curve y= f(x) is given.

The rise of modern analysis after Newton and Leibnitz developed many new methods for the evolution of ", the best known being the so-called series of Leibnitz,

The modern proofs of the transcendency of are based upon this relation, since they all depend upon that of e. In 1873 Hermite ('Sur la Function exponentielle,' Comptes rendus, 1873) first proved the transcendence of e, and this was followed, in 1882, by an analogous demonstration for, given by Lindemann ((Über die Zahl T, Mathematische Annalen, XX 1882). This demonstration is equivalent to proving that the Euclidean problem of the quadrature of the circle is impossible, and closes in this generation a question that has occupied mathematicians for 4,000 years. The long and difficult proofs of Hermite and Lindemann have been much simplified, first by Weierstrass (Berliner Berichte, 1885), and in particular by Hilbert, Hurwitz and Gordon (Mathematische Annalen, Vol. XLIII). The questions involved treated without requiring a knowledge of the calculus have become familiar to English mathematicians through the translation by Beman and Smith of Klein's Famous Problems of Elementary Geometry) (1897). Consult also the chapter on 'The History and Transcendence of π, in 'Monographs on Topics in Modern Mathematics (New York 1911), by D. E. Smith. J. BRACE CHITTENDEN, PH.D. QUADRIENNIUM UTILE, kwäd-ri-ěn'i-um u-ti-la (Latin, meaning "four years useful"), a phrase in Scotch law, referring to the four years after majority, during which period a person may set aside or revoke any deed executed during his minority, if such deed is to his prejudice. The same law existed among the Romans, to protect the rights of minors by giving them, after majority, an opportunity to revoke any deed which had been made to their disadvantage when they were inexperienced minors or, in the eyes of the law, infants.

QUADRIGA. See CHARIOT.

QUADRILATERAL, a common name for the four fortresses of northern Italy: Mantua, Legnago, Peschiera and Verona, which form an outwork to the bastion of the mountains of the Tyrol. They have figured prominently in the wars between Austria and the several Italian states. There exists also a combination of four fortresses in Poland called the Polish Quadrilateral.

QUADRILATERAL. See POLYGON.

QUADRILLE, kwäd-ril, or kă-dril', (1) a dance of French origin, now forgotten in most civilized countries of the globe, which consists generally of five consecutive figures or dance movements, danced by four couples, each forming the side of a square; or by four sets (often pairs) of couples. (2) Also an obsolete game of cards played by four persons. The game is celebrated by Pope in 'The Rape of the Lock.'

QUADRIVIUM, the name given in the Middle Ages to the four mathematical branches of study, arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy, in contradistinction to the Trivium, which consisted of the three remaining branches taught in the mediæval schools, and which consisted of grammar, rhetoric and dialectics, the whole comprehending what was called the seven liberal arts. This program of study was outlined by Plato in the 'Republic.'

QUADROON, or QUARTEROON, a person of mixed blood, usually one who is onequarter negro and three-quarters white; that is, one of whose grandparents was white and the other negro, and one of whose immediate parents was white and the other mulatto.

QUADRUMANA, the name applied by Cuvier and others to denote the order of "fourhanded" mammalia represented by the lemurs, monkeys and apes, from the fact that these forms agree in possessing a great toe so constructed as to be capable of opposing the other digits of the feet, instead of being placed parallel with the other toes, thus forming a kind of "hand" adapted for supporting the foot on the ground. Cuvier separated man as a collateral order Bimana or "two-handed" mammalia. But in modern zoology, man is included in one order with the apes and monkeys - the order Primates (q.v.).

QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE, a union of four sovereigns or states to forward their common policies. Notable among such unions was the alliance between Great Britain, France and the German Empire, concluded at London in 1718, in which Holland joined 1719; its objects were to secure to the house of Hanover the succession to the British Crown; to secure France to the house of Bourbon; and to prevent the union of France and Spain under one crown. Another memorable quadruple alliance was that of Austria, Russia, Great Britain and Prussia, formed in 1814 to regulate the political system of Europe after the fall of Napoleon. In 1834 England, France, Spain and Portugal entered into an alliance to put down Don Carlos and his partisans.

QUADRUPLEX TELEGRAPHY. ELECTRICAL TERMS.

See

QUÆSTOR, kwěs'tôr, the title of a class of magistrates in ancient Rome who had charge

of the pecuniary affairs of the commonwealth : they were the treasurers of state. Of these one, questor urbanus or q. ærarii (urban quæstor, quæstor of the treasury), who remained at Rome, administered the public revenues and expenditures. Other quæstors, called provincial or military quæstors, served as assistants to the proconsuls or proprætors who governed the several provinces: their duty was to provide for the payment and provisioning of the troops, to collect the imposts and, in the absence of the governor, to act in his stead. In very early times there was in Rome an official styled quæstor parricidii (tracker of murder) who prosecuted persons charged with capital offenses. A quæstor was ex officio entitled to a seat in the Senate.

QUAGGA, kwag'ą, a species of the horse (Equus quagga), nearly allied to the zebras, formerly found on the plains of southern Africa, but now quite extinct. It was striped like the zebra, but did not possess bands on the limbs. The color was dark brown on the head, neck and shoulders, the back and hind quarters being lighter, while the croup was russet gray. The under parts of the body were white, the upper parts of the legs and tail being marked by whitish bars. The quagga was smaller than the zebra, and bore a closer resemblance to the horse. The ears were short, the head being relatively small. The tail was tufted. These animals were gregarious, the herds which inhabited the Kaffrarian plains numbering each several hundreds of individuals, which would mingle with the zebra herds. The quagga was active, nimble and elegant in its movements. The Bushmen and Kaffirs esteemed the flesh as good palatable food, and these animals were on the same account unremittingly pursued by the lion. It was tamed without much difficulty, but domestication apparently altered its disposition and rendered it dull and less active in habits. The Dutch colonists were said to be in the habit of keeping quaggas along with their cattle which the quaggas defended from the attack of hyænas and other carnivora by trampling on the invaders and otherwise injuring them. The quagga bred with the common horse, and a mixed race of this kind, possessing great beauty of form, and retaining in a large degree the characteristic markings of the quagga, is said to have existed in England at one time. The name "quagga" was derived from the cry of the animal, which may most nearly be expressed by the word Coua-ag. The animal has received a variety of names from authors: thus Pennant terms it the quacha, and Masson the opeagha. Consult Bryden, Nature and Sport in South Africa' (1897), and early writers on South Africa, especially Harris, Lichtenstein and Gordon-Cumming.

QUAGLIO, kwa'lē-ō, name of a family of painters, originally belonging to Laino, Lago Maggiore, Italy, but afterward dwellers in Munich. The most eminent among them, Domenico (b. Munich, 1 Jan. 1786; d. Hohenschwangau, 9 April 1837), was for 11 years decorative painter for the Munich Theatre. He subsequently turned his attention to oil-painting and also executed etchings and lithographs. He traveled through Germany, along the Rhine, to the Netherlands, to France, Switzerland and Italy, with the object of studying mediæval

architecture as a subject for painting. During the latter period of his life he was engaged by the Crown Prince Maximilian of Bavaria in the restoration and decoration of the castle of Hohenschwangau. He was member of the Academy of Munich and Berlin and one of the first German artists to produce in painting architectural effects of a thoroughly artistic quality. He also published books on the mediaval buildings of Bavaria; on the most noteworthy buildings of Munich, and on the architectural statuary of Bavarian medieval buildings. His brother, LORENZ QUAGLIO (b. Munich, 19 Dec. 1793; d. there, 15 March 1869), directed his studies to genre painting and lithography. In this latter department of art he reached the highest excellence. His paintings consist of incidents from medieval life and his landscapes are taken from the highlands of Bavaria. The third brother, SIMON QUAGLIO (b. Munich, 23 Oct. 1795; d. there, 8 March 1878), was scene painter and decorator to the Hof Theatre and executed many exceedingly clever pictures in oil, chiefly of architectural subjects and distinguished for faultless perspective, beauty of design and brilliancy of coloring. ANGELO, son of the last (b. Munich, 13 Dec. 1829; d. there, 5 Jan. 1890), was scene painter to the Bavarian Hof Theatre and by his architectural decorations gained a world-wide reputation.

QUAHA, the side-striped African jackal (Canis lateralis). See JACKAL.

QUAHOG, or ROUND CLAM.

CLAM.

See

QUAI D'ORSAY, kā dōr-sā. See PARIS. QUAIL, one of several partridges (q.v.); in the eastern United States the bob-white (Colinus virginianus) and on the Pacific Coast partridges of other genera. The eastern bobwhite requires no description beyond a statement of the differences between the sexes. Besides being larger, the male has the superciliary line and throat pure white, these parts in the female being buff and without black borders and she also has the colors generally more blended. The bob-white is widely distributed throughout the eastern United States; on the Atlantic Coast it barely enters Maine, farther west it is found northward in New York, Ontario and Minnesota; southward it is abundant in the Gulf and South Atlantic States and westward reaches to the elevated central plains from South Dakota to Texas. Farther westward at many points in this country, in Jamaica and other West Indian islands this species has been very successfully introduced, but similar attempts in Europe seem to have failed. The Florida and Texan birds present extremes of variation recognized as sub-species and a related species (C. ridgwayi) occurs in Arizona. Although in New England and elsewhere called "quail" and in the Middle and Southern States very generally "partridge," neither of these names is, properly speaking, correct. The "bobwhite" of the farmer's boy is a far more characteristic and appropriate name. Like related species it is gregarious, but the coveys consist of members of one family-a pair of old birds and their numerous progeny of one or two broods - which remain in company until the next pairing season. They live where thickets, woodland borders or fence rows offer suitable cover. Throughout most of the year they feed

55

upon berries, seeds and mast and frequent grain-fields after harvest to glean the fallen seeds. Occasionally they attack fields of buckwheat, of which they are very fond, but the slight damage thus done is repaid manyfold in the destruction of grasshoppers and other insects in the late summer and autumn. Most of their life is spent on the ground, on which they scratch like hens. When whistling or sometimes when alarmed they will perch upon trees or fences, but usually run to a cover, where they remain perfectly motionless or spring suddenly into the air with a loud whirr and fly swiftly straight away to a thicket. At night they commonly huddle together in a close bunch with heads outward in the concealment of a bush, but may occasionally roost on trees. The call is a clear loud whistle of two or three notes, variously interpreted as "ah, bob-white," "buckwheat" and "no buckwheat" or "more wet" and "no more wet."

Being non-migratory, the bob-white is frequently exposed to privation during the winter. During a heavy snow-storm the members of a covey will often huddle together to keep warm and allow themselves to become completely covered and should a crust form on the surface many will sometimes perish miserably. In April and May they construct simple nests of coarse grass stems, usually arched over at the top, in a depression on the ground under the shelter of a bush or tuft of grass. The many eggs are pure white and top-shaped and arranged with the pointed ends downward. The young run immediately after hatching and are wonderfully interesting and pretty creatures with a marvelous skill for concealing themselves when alarmed. Sometimes a second brood is raised in August. When this is the case the male takes sole charge of the first until the second is hatched, when both parents join the combined broods; thus are formed the largest

coveys.

The bob-white combines all of those qualities which a sportsman seeks in an ideal game bird and it is, without question, the most sought and most generally appreciated by gunners of any game bird in this country. Every condition unites to make the sport exhilarating and healthful, to test the skill of the sportsman and to please his appetite at the close of his labors. In most States this perfect game bird is now rigidly protected by laws prohibiting snaring, netting and trapping, by the enactment of a close season covering the breeding period and continuing until the young birds are strong of wing, or by other measures designed to meet local conditions or abuses. In several States at present the shooting of quail is prohibited for five or more years. Although the bird is so prolific it has numerous natural enemies, especially hawks, weasels, skunks, cats, etc., which check its increase. When to this natural loss is added the enormous number annually sacrificed to the deservedly popular sport of quailshooting, the necessity of legal protection becomes manifest. The nature and method of the sport differs so much with the varied actions of the birds due to season, locality, character of ground, etc., and to the local and personal idiosyncrasies of gunners, that the reader must be referred to some of the numerous sporting books for details. The general method is to hunt singly or in couples,

with one or two dogs, which quarter the ground under the guidance of signs and whistled signals from the sportsman. When the birds flush they spring up suddenly and immediately attain full speed, which keeps the gunners always on the qui vive. Either pointers or setters may be used according to the character of the ground and the personal preference of the sportsman. By many the Llewellyn setter is considered to be the most perfect dog for rapid quartering of the ground and general adaptation to this class of sport. As to guns, tastes differ, but a hammerless arm of moderate weight, long range and 12 or 14 bore has the preference of experts.

These birds have been successfully bred in captivity, as is explained in the article GAME

BREEDING.

Consult books mentioned under BIRDS and publications of the United States Biological Survey, especially Bulletin 21, Judd, 'Bobwhite and Other Quails... in their Economic Relations (Washington 1905).

QUAIN, kwan, Jones, English physician: b. Mallow, Ireland, 1796; d. London, 27 Jan. 1865. He studied medicine at Dublin and Paris and was professor of anatomy and physiology at London University 1831-36. He was the author of Quinn's Elements of Anatomy' (1828; 10th ed., 1890), and published also a series of 'Anatomical Plates (1858) and a translation of Martinet's 'Pathology) (1835).

QUAIN, Richard, English anatomist, brother of J. Quain (q.v.): b. Fermoy, Ireland, July 1800; d. London, 14 Sept. 1887. He was appointed professor of anatomy and clinical surgery in University College, London, in 1837, and was elected president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1868. Among his works are Anatomy of Arteries, with folio plates (1845); Diseases of the Rectum' (1854); 'Observations on Medical Education' (1865); 'Some Defects of Medical Education' (1870). He bequeathed nearly $375,000 to University College, London, for the "education in modern languages (especially English) and in natural science."

QUAIN, SIR Richard, English physician, cousin of J. and R. Quain (q.v.): b. Mallow, County Cork, 30 Oct. 1816; d. London, 13 March 1898. He studied medicine in University College, London, whence he was graduated in 1842. He was elected a member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1846; in 1871 was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society and he was president of the General Medical Council from 1891 till his death. He was created a baronet in 1891. His practice in London was large and lucrative and besides publishing several medical treatises he edited a well-known 'Dictionary of Medicine) (1882; new ed., 1894).

QUAKER CITY, a popular nickname applied to Philadelphia, which was planned and colonized by William Penn and other members of the Society of Friends.

QUAKER HILL, Battle of, in the American Revolution, a notable battle fought 29 Aug. 1778. On the previous night, the 28th, the Americans on Rhode Island fell back toward Butts Hill at the northern end of the island. Contrary to Greene's advice the enemy was allowed to occupy Quaker and Turkey Hills From

these hills the British assailed the Americans, but were repulsed and driven back to Turkey Hill. The hottest of the battle took place on the low ground between the hills. The American loss in killed and wounded was 206; that of the British 222.

QUAKER POET, The, a name often applied to John Greenleaf Whittier, and long before his day bestowed upon the English poet, Bernard Barton (q.v.).

QUAKERS. See FRIENDS, RELIGIOUS SO

CIETY OF.

QUAKERTOWN, Pa., borough in Bucks County, 38 miles north of Philadelphia, on the Philadelphia and Reading and on the Quakertown and Delaware River railroads. It manufactures cigars, harness and stoves and has sil mills. Pop. 3,801.

FOR OFFICE.

QUALIFICATIONS
See ELECTORAL QUALIFICATIONS.

QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS. See ELECTORAL QUALIFICATIONS; WOMAN SUFFRAGE; ELECTIONS; NATURALIZATION; VOTES, VOTERS, VOTING.

QUALITY, in the language of logicians, is used to designate the nature of propositions as affirmative or negative: the proposition "gold is a yellow substance" is of affirmative quality; "gold is not easily fusible" is a proposition of negative quality. In metaphysics quality is either primary or secondary; primary qualities are those which are essential to the existence, or even the conception of the thing; secondary qualities are those not essential to such conception; whether primary or secondary, a quality is that which makes, or, helps to make, anything such as it is. An essential quality is that which may not be separated from a substance or an individual without taking it out of its class. On the other hand an accidental quality may be detracted from a substance or individual without a change of classification.

QUANA, Parker, Comanche chief: b. about 1845; d. 1911; the most influential leader among the three confederated tribes of Kiowa, Comanche and Apache in southwestern Oklahoma. He was the son of Nokoni, the principal chief of the Comanche, and Cynthia Parker, a white captive. Quana became prominent in 1874, when he acted as leader of the band of 700 picked warriors from the confederated tribes in an attack on the South Canadian River fort, Adobe Walls. He was active in the Indian uprising of the following year and was the last to surrender when peace was ultimately made. His superior intelligence, however, induced him to acquire white habits and customs, and after some time spent in Texas, he became thoroughly convinced of the benefits of civilized life. On his return to his tribe he endeavored to persuade them to adopt his views. In 1882 he proposed leasing the surplus pasture lands of the reservation, a measure which increased the income of the tribes by $100,000 yearly. In 1888 he was appointed a judge of the Indian Court, and in 1892 was the first signer of the treaty which opened the reservation lands to settlers in 1901. Parker Quana did much to civilize the Indian tribes under his leadership. He was himself a man of keen intelligence and a linguist, speaking several Indian dialects and English and Spanish. He recognized that the