QUOITS QVISTGAARD press a cannon or other piece of ordnance; (2) in printing, the wedge used to fix pages of type within the chase; (3) in architecture, the term is applied to any external angle, but especially to the angular courses of stone projecting beyond the plane surface of the wall at the corner of a building and specifically designated rustic quoins. QUOITS, kwoits, a game somewhat resembling the throwing of the discus among the ancients; only the discus was flat, while the quoit is ring-shaped. (See DISCUS). The quoits are made of metal, usually iron, and are comparatively thick at the inner edge of the ring, but sharp enough at the outer edge to stick in soft clay when properly thrown. In size they vary from eight to nine and one-quarter inches. The game is played on a ground from 18 to 24 yards in length, at each end of which a pin called a hob is fixed in the ground to serve for a mark. The object of the game is to throw the quoits from one end of the ground to the other so as to make them stick in the ground as near the hob as possible. The best shot, called a ringer, is when the quoit surrounds the hob. The players are divided into sides and each player has two quoits, which he delivers in succession. The winning side counts one for each quoit that it has nearer the hob than the nearest of the losing side and if it has a ringer it counts two for it. The rules as to the size of the quoit, the distance between the hobs and other particulars vary with different players. In the United States the game is often played with cast-off horseshoes. The game is popular in England, Scotland and Canada, and in the two latter countries is the summer sport of the curling clubs. In the United States, under the auspices of the Grand National Curling Club of America, there is an annual contest for the Bell quoit medal, given by David Bell of Buffalo, N. Y., in 1868. Consult Spalding's Athletic Library, How to Pitch Quoits (No. 167; New York, published annually). The game is popular in England, Scotland and Canada, and in the two latter countries is the summer sport of the curling clubs. In the United States, under the auspices of the Grand National Curling Club of America, there is an annual contest for the Bell quoit medal, given by David Bell of Buffalo, N. Y., in 1868. Consult Spalding's Athletic Library, 'How Pitch Quoits (No. 167; New York, published annually). to 101 QUORATEAN (kwo-rä-tếạn) INDIANS, an American linguistic stock, comprising the Kworatem tribes, from which the stock derives its name. The name was proposed by Gibbs and adopted by Powell. The tribes occupy Lower Klamath River from the mountains a little above Happy Camp to the junction of the Trinity and Salmon River from its mouth to See its sources, in northwestern California. KAROK. QUORUM, in old English law, a collective name for those justices of the peace whose presence is necessary to constitute a bench. Also such a number of officers or members of a body as is competent by law or constitution to transact business. QVIGSTAD, kvig'stad, Just Knud, Norwegian educator and philologist: b. Lyngen, 1853. He was graduated at the University of Christiania and was rector of Tromsö Seminary for Teachers 1883-1909. He published several works on the ethnography and languages of the Finno-Ugrian and Lappish races, which are international standards. He was minister of public instruction under the premiership of W. Konow from 1909 until 1912, when he resigned to return to his rectorship at Tromsö. QVISTGAARD, kvist'gärd, J. W. von Rehling; Danish miniature painter: b. Orsholtgaard, parish of Tikjob, 1877. He was graduated at the Royal Agricultural College of Copenhagen and in opposition to family prejudice, as a member of the Danish nobility, selected art as a profession. After a brief course of study in Copenhagen under Johan Rohde, he came in 1901 to the United States, where, although practically self-taught, his original and superior work soon attracted attention. In 1906 he visited London and Paris, and in 1909 by royal command returned to Copenhagen to make miniatures of the king and queen and other members of the royal family. He returned to New York in 1912 where he has since resided. Special exhibitions of his works were held at Ghent in 1913 and New York in 1914, and have been prominent in the principal miniature exhibitions of Europe and America. Notable productions include an oil portrait of Theodore Roosevelt, and miniatures of Mrs. Paul Reinhardt, Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Pratt, and Dr. George C. Williamson, the well-known expert on miniatures. R R the 18th letter of the English and other alphabets derived from the alphabet of the Latins. The corresponding letter of the Greek alphabet, rho, has the form P, P, which is the 7 of the ancient Phoenician alphabet, with the loop turned to the right; in some very ancient Greek Italiot inscriptions occurs the form R which was adopted by the Romans. R is classed as a liquid or semi-vowel with 7, m and n. Its normal sound is doubtless either the trill produced by vibration of the tip of the tongue raised toward the front palate or the burr, which is produced by a vibration of the lower part of the tongue and the uvula; the trill is heard in the speech of the Latin nations - Italians, French and Spanish; the burr in that of the Germans and Scandinavians. In present English speech ther is sounded with a very faint trill or quite without a trill, save in the pronunciation of the people of certain counties of England, who produce it with a guttural vibration; in the pronunciation of this letter by the Scotch and Irish the trill is distinctly heard. When r begins a syllable and when it follows a consonant as in race, trap, it is distinctly a consonant; but in other situations, as in nerve, hard, never, it is really a vowel sound. This vowel sound is related to the vocalic r of Sanskrit and the Slavic languages. In the faulty or affected pronunciation of certain classes r becomes equivalent to w, for example, vewy for very. The two liquids or semi-vowels, r and I, are sounded when the voice is modified by certain positions of the tip of the tongue relatively to the front palate; hence the two letters are freely interchanged between one language and another and within the vocabulary of one language; Spanish azul is English azure; from parabola comes, indirectly, palaver. There are races or peoples who are unable to pronounce the r with either the tril or the burr or even with the slight vibration heard in English speech; in such case I takes the place of r. Besides the dental or trill and the vocalic r, the Sanskritic languages and certain others have a cerebral formed by the tongue-tip against the hard palate. When in Greek a word or syllable begins with r that r is always aspirated, as is the second r when is doubled, and the ancient Romans represented this aspiration by inserting h after the r; this h we retain, though we recognize no difference between the rh of rhabdomancy and the simple r of rabid. In many English words the r found in their Anglo-Saxon originals is dropped; for example, spræcan becomes speak; on the other hand, we insert r in words which in their ancient form were without it; for example, Anglo-Saxon brydguma becomes RAAB, räb, Johann Leonhard, German etcher and engraver: b. Schwaningen, near Anspach, Bavaria, 29 March 1825; d. Munich, 2 April 1899. He was educated at Nuremberg and at the academy in Munich and received an appointment as professor of engraving at the latter place in 1869, which he held until 1895. His work includes engravings after Raphael, Titian, Veronese, Kaulbach, Lessing, Schwind, Ramberg and others, besides a collection of 50 etchings reproduced from the most notable works in the old Pinakothek at Munich. He was a member of various art academies and received gold medals at Paris, Berlin, Vienna and Munich. RAAB (GYÖR, dyer), Hungary, capital of a province of the same name, situated at the confluence of the Raab with a minor branch of the Danube, the so-called Little Danube, 70 miles southeast of Vienna, a position uniquely advantageous from both a military and commercial viewpoint. Its importance dates from early Roman occupation when it was called Arabona or Rabona. The Turks held it 159498. In the 18th and early 19th century it was an important fortress. In 1809 the combined Austrian-Hungarian forces were defeated here by the French troops under Eugene Beauharnais. During the Hungarian revolution it was stormed by the Austrians on 28 June 1849. It is the centre of a number of railroad lines, seat of the provincial authorities and of a bishop, possesses high schools, normal schools and grammar schools, carries on an extensive trade in grain, horses and pigs, and has a number of industrial establishments for the manufacture of machinery, cutlery and oil. The population of the province is about 92,000, that of the city 44,300. RAABE, rä'bě, Wilhelm, German novelist and poet: b. Eschershausen, duchy of Brunswick, 8 Sept. 1831: d. 15 Nov. 1910, in the city of Braunschweig. After attending the gymnasia in Holzminden and Wolfenbüttel, he entered a book store as apprentice in 1849. He used this opportunity for wide reading and enriched himself with the tales and folklore of his own and other countries. In 1855 he entered the University of Berlin to study the humanities. In the autumn of 1856 appeared his first book, 'Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse,' under the pseudonym Jakob Corvinus. The book, which contains sketches of life among [102] RAB AND HIS FRIENDS the German bourgeoisie, was very successful and Raabe became well known. Being thus encouraged he gave up his studies and devoted himself entirely to literary work. From 1862 to 1870 he lived in Stuttgart. Then he again returned to Braunschweig and remained active until the end of the century, publishing upwards of 30 novels and a number of short stories and sketches. His life work may be divided into three periods. During the first he wrote with a light touch, producing a series of pictures of German life from the abundance of his imagination and experience, among which are Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse' (1856), 'Die Kinder von Finkenrode) (1859) and "Unser Herrgotts Kanzlei) (1862). The influence of the pessimism of Schopenhauer is evident during the second period. Representative works of this period are 'Der Hungerpastor) (1864), Abu Telfan' (1867), and 'Der Schüd derump' (1870). These three works are sometimes referred to as a trilogy. While they are independent of each other in substance, they do represent a distinct epoch in the life of Raabe. During the third period of the novelist's life his works no longer show this pessimistic strain A genial humor pervades them, though they frequently deal with serious subjects. 'Horacker' (1876) perhaps best represents this tendency. Der Dräumling (1872), and 'Deutscher Mondschein' (1873), also come under this head. Of his numerous later works 'Das Odfeld' (1889) and 'Die Akten des Vogelsangs' (1895) seem to be most read. Raabe has been continually gaining in the estimation of the German people. This was especially shown at the celebration of his 70th birthday in 1901. He is perhaps the most distinctly German of modern novelists and story writers. There is hardly a situation in the life of the average German that has not been portrayed by Raabe. His early works were influenced to some extent by Jean Paul. Later he also shows evidences of having read Dickens and Thackeray. In 1911 a selection of Raabe's poems was published. Consult Brandes, W., Wilhelm Raabe (Wolfenbüttel and Berlin 1906); Gerber, Paul, Wilhelm Raabe, Eine Würdigung seiner Dichtungen' (Leipzig 1897); 'Gesammelte Erzählungen' (2d ed., Berlin 1901); Spiero, H., Wilhelm Raabe' (Bielefeld 1911). WILLIAM F. HAUHART, Assistant Professor of German, University of Michigan. RAB AND HIS FRIENDS, a short story by Dr. John Brown (qv), an Edinburgh physícian, published at Edinburgh in 1859. Rab's friends are his master and mistress, James Noble, the Howgate carrier, and his wife, Ailie. Perhaps no truer, more convincing dog character exists in literature than that of ugly, faithful Rab. The pathos in the simple lives of himself and his friends is heightened by the tinge of Scotch dialect, as well as by the author's wise self-restraint. It has gone through many editions both in England and in the United States. RABANUS, ra-ba'nus, or HRABANUS, Maurus, Carolingian prelate: b. Mayence, about 776; d. Winkel, near Mayence, 4 Feb. 856. His education was obtained in the cloister school of Fulda, and later at Tour, where his instructor, Alcuin, surnamed him Maurus after the legendary founder of the order of Saint Benedict in France. He took the Benedictine vows at an early age, was ordained deacon in 801 and priest in 814. He became the head of the school at Fulda, which under his guidance became the most famous monastery school in Germany, and in 822 was elected abbot of the monastery. In 842 he resigned and retired to Petersberg, but came again into public life in 847, when he was elected archbishop of Mayence. He was one of the bitterest of the opponents of the monk Gottschalk, the originator of the predestination controversy in the 9th century. He was one of the most learned men of his time and greatly advanced the spiritual, intellectual, artistic and material interests of his see. His literary activity was considerable, resulting in commentaries on the Old Testament, on the Gospels of Saint Matthew and Saint John and the Pauline Epistles, devotional books, homilies, hymns, polemics and a Latin-German Glossary to the Bible. He also wrote 'De Universo (22 vols.), a sort of encyclopedia. His 'Opera Omnia' are comprised in J. P. Migne's Patrologia Cursus Completus' (Vols. CVII-CXII, Paris 1851-52), reprinted from the uncritical edition of G. Colvenerius (Cologne 1626). This edition contains his life by the monk Rudolph, and by Johann Trithemius. His poems have been edited by E. Dümmler in 'Poetae Latini Aevi Caroline) (Vol. II, Berlin 1884). His pedagogical writings have been edited in German by I. Freundgen (Paderborn 1889. A. Knopfler has edited his 'De Institutione Clericorum Libri Tres' (Munich 1901). Consult Hablitzel, J. B., 'Hrabanus Maurus (Freiburg i B. 1906); Kochler, Rhabanus Maurus und die Schule zu Fulda' (Chemnitz 1870); Kunstmann, F., Hrabanus Magnentius Maurus (Mainz 1841); Richter, 'Hrabanus Maurus (Malchin 1882); Schaff, P., 'History of the Christian Church (Vol. IV, New York 1885); Spengler, T., 'Leben des Heiligen Rhabanus Maurus' (Regensburg 1856); Tuernau, D., Rhabanus Maurus, der Praeceptor Germaniae (Munich 1900); West, A. F., Alcuin and the Rise of Christian Schools' (New York 1893). RABASA, rä-bä'są, Emilio, Mexican lawyer and party leader: b. 1856. He was educated at the University of Mexico, specializing in international law, and has written the best Mexican works on that subject. He was a leader of the Cientifico party in the later years of the Diaz administration, and was subsequently slated for Ambassador to the United States. He was ranking member of the Huerta delegation to the A. B. C. Mediation Conference at Niagara Falls, Ontario, in 1914. He is author of several novels under the pseudonym of SANCHO POLA, and of many political treatises, among them 'La organizacion politica de Mexico' (1917). RABÁT, ra-bät (RIBÁT), or ARBÁT, also known as NEW SALEH, Morocco, in the province of Fez, on the Atlantic Coast, at the mouth of the river Bu Regrag and on its southern bank, 62 miles west of Mequinez. It stands on a rocky plateau and is surrounded by massive reddish-brown fortifications. A conspicuous feature from the sea is the Hasan Tower, a |