PAULINUS, St., a native of Bourdeaux. He married a Spanish lady, by whom he was persuaded to embrace Christianity. He afterwards PAUL III., Alexander Farnese, pope, memo-went to Italy, where he was made bishop of rable for refusing to divorce Henry VIII. of Nola, and died in 431. England, from his queen Catherine of Arragon;| he died in 1549.

PAUL, a physician, of Ægina, in the 7th century, author of several medical works. PAYNE, Roger, an English book-binder, of PAULA, St., a Roman lady of noble birth, very singular habits. His workmanship was of and great learning, who embraced Christianitv,so superior a style, that lord Spencer gave him

15 guineas for binding a volume. He always|| pontiff, and laboured to reform the habits of his worked alone. He died in 1797. clergy.

PELETIER, Claude de, a Parisian, counsellor of the Chatelet, and of the parliament, prePEACOCK, Reginald, an Englishman, made sident of the chamber of requests, provost of duke of Gloucester. bishop of St. Asaph, and the merchants, and builder of the quay at Paris, afterwards of Chichester; but denying transub-||which bears his name, and, finally, counsellor of stantiation, he was banished, and his books pub-state; he died in 1711. licly burnt; he died in 1486.

PELL, Dr. John, an English divine, and very eminent mathematician; he died in 1685. PELLEGRIN, Simon Joseph, a French ecclesiastic and poet, who obtained, in 1704, the PEARCE, Dr. Zachary, bishop of Rochester, prize of the French academy for his poetical author of several works, one of which is a Com-epistle to the king; he died in 1745. mentary, with notes, on the four Evangelists, PELLEGRINI, Antonio, a native of Padua, and the Acts of the Apostles; he died in 1774, celebrated as a historical painter; he died in aged 84.

PECK, Francis, an eminent English antiquary, biographer, and critic, was born in 1692, PELLETIER, Bertrand, distinguished at Paand died in 1743. He wrote several books; ris for his knowledge of chymistry and pharamong which are the lives of Milton and Crom-macy, and author of various dissertations in well.

and afterwards in Boston; he published several PENRY, John, or AP-HENRY, a Brownist, sermons, and died in 1777. educated at Oxford. He wrote against episcoPEMBERTON,Thomas, a distinguished Ame-pacy, under the name of Martin Mar-Prelate

rican historian, born in 1728, and died in 1807. He devoted himself to the history of his country, and wrote 15 historical and other manuscript volumes, which now belong to the Massachusetts Historical Society.

PEMBLE, William, an English divine, who ranked high as a scholar, died in 1623.

PEMBROKE, Thomas, an excellent English portrait and historical painter, died in 1730. PENDLETON, Edmund, an eminent lawyer and statesman, of Virginia, was distinguished for his support of the rights of the colonies, and for his patriotism during the war of the revolution. He was a member of congress, in 1774, and afterwards a judge of the court of appeals in Virginia; he died in 1803.

PENHALLOW, Samuel, of New-Hampshire, author of a "History of the early Indian War of New-England," he died in 1726.

His writings were considered seditious, and he was tried and executed in 1593.

PENS, George, of Nuremberg, a very distinguished painter and engraver, in the 16th century.

PEPIN the Short, son of Charles Martel, the first monarch of the second French dynasty, was elected in 752. He was a heroic and firm prince, and died in 768.

PEPIN the Fat, mayor of the palace, and governor of Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy He was a man of wisdom and vigour, and died in 714.

PEPPERELL, sir William, a native of Maine, and lieutenant-general in the British ser vice; he commanded the expedition which took Louisburg, and died in 1759.

PEPUSCH, Dr. John Christopher, one of the greatest theoretic musicians of modern times. PENN, William, a distinguished British ad- He became, so early, a proficient on the harpsi miral, who commanded at the reduction of Ja-chord, that at the age of 14 he was sent for to maica, in 1655, and was knighted by Charles II., court, and appointed to teach the prince, father for his services; he died in 1670. of the king of Prussia. At 33 he went over to PENN, William, a distinguished quaker, England, was retained at Drury-lane, and assistfounder and legislator of the colony of Pennsyl-ed in setting the operas which were performed vania, was born in London, in 1644. At the age there. He died in 1752.

of 24, he became a preacher among the qua- PEPYS, Samuel, a learned Englishman, kers. In 1681, Charles II., granted Mr. Penn and known as the indefatigable secretary of the adhis heirs, by letters patent, the province of Penn-mirality, in the reigns of Charles II., and his sylvania, and made them absolute proprietors brother; he died in 1703. and governors of that country. He died in England, in 1718.

PENN, Thomas, son of William Penn, was born in 1702. For nearly fifty years after the death of his father, he took an active and influential part in the administration of Pennsylvania, and was distinguished for his liberality to the literary, charitable and religious institutions of that colony. He died in London, in 1775.

PENN, John, a member of congress, from North Carolina, in 1776, and one of the signers of the declaration of Independence.

PENNANT, Thomas, an English gentleman, of eminent knowledge in natural history and antiquities; he wrote a number of valuable books, and died in 1798, aged 72.

PENNI, Giovanni Francisco, an eminent Italian painter, and disciple of Raphael; he died in 1528, aged 40.

PENNIČUIK, Alexander, a Scotch physician, who published a topographical account of Tweedale; he died in 1722.

PERANDA, Santa, a native of Venice, and an eminent historical painter, died in 1738.

PERAU, Gabriel Lewis Calabre, a French ecclesiastic, of the Sorbonne, who wrote "Lives of Illustrious Frenchmen," and edited Bossuet's works, &c. He died in 1767.

PERCEVAL, Spencer, son of the earl of Egmont, was born in 1762. He was educated at Cambridge, and became an eminent lawyer. Als assassin named Bellingham, shot him with a pistol, in the lobby of the house of commons, in 1812.

PERCIVAL, Dr. Thomas, an eminent physician, and medical and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1740, and died in 1804, and left behind him an excellent moral character.

PERCY,William, progenitor of the illustrious house of that name, and one of the courtiers of William the Conqueror. His descendants, distinguished by their zeal in the cause of their sovereigns, were raised in 1377, to the rank of earl of Northumberland, by Richard II. The PENNINGTON, lady, wife of sir Joseph, most celebrated among them was, Henry, surbart. Family misunderstandings having separ-named Hotspur, who was at last defeated at ated her from her children, she wrote for their the battle of Shrewsbury, in 1403. use, "An unfortunate Mother's advice to her absent Daughters," a work of great merit; she died in 1783.

PENNINGTON, Isaac, son of a lord mayor of London, was converted by Fox, and became a zealous quaker. As a writer and travelling minister, he was active in spreading the tenets he had embraced, for which he was much persecuted; he died in 1679.

PENNY, Thomas, a celebrated English naturalist, who travelled over England and other countries, in search of botanical knowledge. PENROSE, Thomas, an English divine and ingenious poet, died in 1779, aged 36.

PENRUDDOCK, John, a colonel during the civil wars, in the royal service, who was beheaded in 1655. He was a man of great piety and many virtues.

PERCY, George, succeeded capt. John Smith, as president of the colony of Virginia, in 1609, and was superseded the following year.

PERCY, Thomas, bishop of Dromore, Ireland, was educated at Oxford, and died at Dromore, in 1811; he was author of several works.

PERDICCAS, one of the generals and successors of Alexander; he was slain in his tent, by some of his officers, 321 B. C.

PEREFIXE, Hardouin de Beaumont de, archbishop of Paris, and author of a very excellent "History of Henry IV. of France;" he died in 1670.

PEREIRA-GOMEZ, George, an eminent Spanish physician, author of a "Treatise to prove the Brute Creation to be mere Machines."

PEREIRA DE FIGUEIREDO, Anthony, a Portuguese divine, who took part in the dispute

PE

between the courts of Rome and Lisbon. He

PE

PERROT, Nicolas, sieur d'Ablancourt, cele

wrote a Translation of the Bible, in 23 vols. 8vo,brated for his excellent translations into French and other works, and died in 1797. of the Greek and Latin classics. He died in 1664, aged 58.

PEREZ, Anthony, a Spanish writer, who published "Letters," which are interesting and well written; he died in 1598.

PERGOLESI, John Baptist, a celebrated musician, composer and poet, was born at Naples, in 1704, and died in 1737.

|

PERROT, sir John, one of the favourites of Edward VI., of England, was made knight of the Bath at his coronation. He was distinguish ed as a naval officer, but was afterwards con demned for high treason, and respited by Eliza,

PERRY, captain John, a celebrated English

PERIANDER, a tyrant of Corinth, a poli-beth. He died in 1568. tician and warrior, he died 588 B. C. PERIANDER, Giles, of Brussels, was pro-engineer, patronised by czar Peter, of Russia, of fessor of belles lettres, at Mentz, and an author. which country he wrote the history; he died in He flourished about 1570.

1733.

PERICLES, a celebrated Athenian statesman, PERRY, Oliver Hazard, a captain in the ɔrator, and general. He prided himself that he American navy, distinguished by an important never caused any citizen to go into mourning. victory which he gained over the British naval PERINGSKIOLL, John, professor of antiqui-force on lake Erie, in 1813. He died in 1820.

ties, at Upsal, and secretary and counsellor to the king of Sweden. He wrote on history and chronology, &c., and died in 1720.

PERIZONIUS, James, a learned German, professor of eloquence, history and Greek, at Leyden. He published various works in Latin, on history, classical literature and antiquities, and died in 1717.

PERSEUS, son of Philip, of Macedon, was defeated by Paulus Æmilius, his kingdom destroyed, and himself taken prisoner to Rome, 168 B. C.

PERSIUS, Aulus Flaccus, an ancient Latin poet and Roman knight, who wrote satires in the reign of Nero; he died A. D. 62.

PERTINAX, Publius Helvius, from an inPERKINS, William, a strict Calvinist, whose structor of youth, became a soldier, and on the writings drew upon him the attacks of Armi-death of Commodus, in 195, was raised to the nius, which occasioned the calling of the Synod imperial throne of Rome. He was afterwards at Dordt, for the settlement of theological dis-assassinated. putes; he died in 1602.

PERKINS, William, remarkable for longevity, died in New-Hampshire, in 1732, aged 116.

PERNETY, James, historiographer, of Lyons, and member of the academy there. He was an able writer on history, education, &c., and died in 1777.

PERUGINO, Pietro, an Italian painter, who succeeded particularly in the elegant expression of his female figures; he died in 1524.

PERUZZI, Balthasar, an Italian painter, who excelled in chiaro obscuro; he died poor, in 1556.

PESELLI, Pesello, an elegant historical painter, of Florence; he died in 1517, aged 77.

PERNETY, Anthony Joseph, a Frenchman, librarian to the king of Prussia, author of a PESSELIER, Charles Stephen, a French Dictionary of Painting, Sculpture, and Engrav-financier, of great industry and abilities, meming, and some other works. Ile was born in 1716.

PEROUSE, John Francis Galoup de la, a celebrated French circumnavigator, was lost on his return from a voyage round the world, in 1788.

ber of many learned societies. He wrote on taxation, finances, &c., and died in 1763.

PETAVIUS, Dionysius, or DENIS PETAN, a French jesuit, of great erudition, and an author; he died in 1652, aged 69.

PETER, chief of the apostles, was son of PERRAULT, Claude, physician and archi-John, and brother of Andrew, of the city of tect; he published a book of the Five Orders of Bethsaida. He was a bold and powerful preachArchitecture, and other works, and died in 1688.er of the Gospel. Nero caused him to be cruPERRAULT, Charles, brother of Claude, acified with his head down, A. D. 66. celebrated French poet, biographer, and miscellaneous writer; he died in 1703, aged 77.

PERREIR, Jean, an eminent naturalist, of France. He came to the United States in the pursuit of scientific research, and died at NewYork, in 1805.

PERRIER, Charles, a French writer of lyric poems he died in 1692.

PERRIER, Francis, a Frenchman, who, from a beggar, became a most eminent painter and engraver; he died at Paris, in 1650.

PERRON, James Davy du, a cardinal, eminent for great parts and learning: his talents were so great, that none durst dispute with him. He died in 1618.

PETER, St., a bishop of Alexandria, and a learned and pious prelate. He suffered martyrdom, in 311.

PETER CHRYSOLOGUS, St., archbishop of Ravenna, died in 458.

PETER the Hermit, a French officer, of Amiens, who, quitting the military profession, commenced hermit and pilgrim. He travelled to the Holy Land, in 1093; after which, he received a commission from pope Urban II. to excite all Christian princes to a general war against the Turks and Saracens. The time of his death was about 1100.

PETER III., king of Arragon, married Constance, daughter of the king of Sicily, and, havPERRON, Anquetil du, historiographer to the ing formed the plan of seizing that kingdoin, archives of foreign relations in Paris; very ce-against the pretensions of Charles of Anjou, lebrated. He died in 1805, aged 73.

PERRONET, John Rodolphus, an able and celebrated civil engineer, of France, member of many learned societies, and afterwards director of the school of engineers, at Paris, He wrote on his profession, and died in 1794.

PERROT, Nicholas, archbishop of Siponto, and author of a commentary on Martial; he died in 1480.

he caused all the French in that island to be assassinated at the same time, which was done on Easter-day, 1282. This massacre has since been called the Sicilian Vespers.

PETER the Cruel, king of Castile, succeeded his father, Alphonso XI., in 1350. He was so wanton and cruel, that three days after he had married Blanche, daughter of the duke of Bour bon, he repudiated her, with every mark of dis

grace. Another of his queens was treated with in the streets of Paris; but found an equal and equal indignity. He became odious to his sub-a rival in Robespierre, who finally outlawed jects, and was killed by his brother, in 1369. him, and set a price on his head. He perished PETER the Great, czar of Russia, who ci-by starvation, in 1793. vilized that nation, and raised it from ignorance and barbarism to politeness, knowledge, and power, was born in 1672. The history of his life and reign would demand a volume, and is so eventful, as to defy abridgment. He spared no pains nor fatigues to obtain knowledge which he thought would be beneficial to his subjects, and was emphatically and justly called the "Father of his Country." He died in 1725:

PETIS DE LA CROIX, Francis, interpreter of the oriental languages to Louis XIV., born in 1654, and died in 1713, after having compiled several useful works relating to oriental history. PETIT, John Lewis, a celebrated surgeon, born in Paris. He was invited to visit the king of Poland, and afterwards went to Spain to attend on Ferdinand. He invented some valua ble surgical instruments, and wrote on surgery, and died in 1750.

PETER II., emperor of Russia, son of Alexis Petrowitz, succeeded the empress Catherine at PETIT, Peter, of France, celebrated for his the age of 15. He banished the favourite mi-mathematical and philosophical writings; he nister, Menzikoff, and died in 1738, aged 15. died in 1667, aged 69.

PETER III., emperor of Russia, ascended the PETIT, Samuel, an eminent French scholar, throne in 1761. His attempts to reform his sub-and professor of theology, Greek, and Hebrew, jects proving abortive, he was dethroned by his at Geneva. He wrote on classical literature, queen, Catherine II., who assumed the reins of and died in 1645. government. He died in 1762.

PETIT, Anthony, an eminent physician, al

PETER NOLASQUE, a native of Langue-Paris, and afterwards at Orleans. He was a doc, in the service of James, king of Arragon. copious and learned writer on several parts of He established the order of mercy, whose sole his profession, and died in 1794. business was the redemption of Christian slaves from the power of infidels. He died in 1256.

PETER of Sicily, author, in the 8th century, of a curious and interesting history of the Manichees, in Greek and Latin, in 1604.

PETIT, Peter, a learned Frenchman, born at Paris, was the author of various works of great interest, and died in 1687.

PETITOT, John, an eminent painter and chymist, born at Geneva, in 1607. To him is ascribed the invention of painting in enamel; he died in 1691.

PETER of Cluni, or, the Venerable, was a man of great learning, who granted a friendly asylum to the unfortunate Abelard, in 1130. He PETIVER, James, F. R. S., an English botareceived pope Innocent II. at his abbey with be-nist. He collected a museum, for which sir coming magnificence. Hans Sloane offered 40001. He was author of several works on botany, and died in 1718.

PETER, an ecclesiastic, preceptor, and then secretary, to William II., king of Sicily. He was invited to England by Henry II., and was made archbishop of Bath, and then of London. He died in 1200.

PETRARCH, Francis, an Italian, eminent for great parts and learning, and who has been called the father of modern poetry. At Vaucluse, near Avignon, in 1327, he commenced an amour PETER, the wild boy, a youth found in the with a young damsel named Laura, who lived woods in Hanover, in 1726, and carried to Eng-in the neighbourhood, and whom he has made land by the order of queen Caroline; but no famous by his poetry. He died in 1374. care nor pains could ever make him articulate a word; he died in 1785.

PETER LOMBARD. See LOMBARD.
PETER MARTYR. See MARTYR.

PETRE, sir William, LL. D., he had the art to continue in power under the dissimilar reigns of Cromwell, Henry VIII., Edward VI.,and Mary; and under Elizabeth he was made secretaPETER D'OSMA, a Spanish ecclesiastic, inry of state. He was a man of great talents, and the 15th century, who was, perhaps, the fore-died in 1574.

runner of the reformation, as he wrote and PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, a Roman senator, preached against the infallibility of the church who assassinated Valentinian III., and seized of Rome. the throne, in 455.

PETERS, Gerard, of Amsterdam, a distin- PETRONIUS ARBITER, Titus, a polite wriguished landscape painter, in the 16th century.ter of antiquity, who flourished in the reign of PETERS, Bonaventure, of Antwerp, a paint-Nero. He was bled to death by order of Nero, cr, whose marine pieces are much admired; he||A. D. 65. died in 1652. PETTUS, sir John, deputy governor of the PETERS, Francis Lucas, an eminent land-royal mines, and member of parliament, under scape painter, born at Mechlin, died in 1654. Charles II. He wrote on mining, and on histo PETERS, Hugh, a turbulent Englishman, ry, and died in 1690. who became an actor, then a bishop and lecturer, then an adulterer, for which he was obliged to flee to America; but returned to England, where, for his violence against Charles I., he was hanged and quartered, in 1660.

PETERS, Hugh, an English jesuit, known in history as the friend and confessor of James II., by whose advice the ruin of that monarch was hastened.

PETERS, Charles, an English divine, celebrated for his theological writings, died in 1777. PETHION DE VILLENEUVE, Jerome, mayor of Paris, and member of the national convention. He was a violent opposer of royalty, and his influence hastened the downfall of Louis XVI. He permitted riot and murder 338

PETTY, sir William, an eminent Englist physician, but chiefly celebrated for his know ledge in mathematics and mechanics, and for his writings upon political arithmetic; he died in 1687, aged 64.

PETYT, William, a native of Yorkshire. eminent for his knowledge of ancient law, on which he wrote several works; he died in 1707

PEUCER, Gaspard, an eminent physician and mathematician, professor of medicine, ar Wittemberg. He was a Lutheran, and married Melancthon's daughter. His opinions caused his imprisonment for 10 years, during which time, he wrote several learned works; he died in 1602.

PEUTEMAN, Peter, a painter, of Rotterdam;.