ted for his knowledge of the Greek language, system, and brought several new arguments to and antiquities, was born in 1636, died in 1702. confirm it. This startled the jesuits, who thereGALE, Roger, F. R. and A. SS., son of the upon procured a citation for him to appear bedean, first vice-president of the society of anti-fore the holy office, at Rome, in 1615, where he quaries, and treasurer to the royal society, born was charged with heresy, for maintaining these 1672, was considered as one of the most learned two propositions: 1. That the sun is in the cenmen of his age, and most highly skilled in the tre of the world, and immoveable by a local antiquities of his country. He died in 1744. motion; and, 2. That the earth is not the centre GALE, Samuel, the youngest of the dean's of the world, nor immoveable, but actually sons, born in 1682. He was one of the revivers moves by a diurnal motion. The first of these of the society of antiquaries, in 1717, and their positions was declared to be absurd, false in phifirst treasurer. He was a man of great learn-losophy, and formally heretical, being contrary ing and uncommon abilities, and well versed into the express word of God; the second was althe antiquities of England, for which he left in any valuable collections behind him. He died in 1754.

men.

GALEN, Matthew, a native of Zealand, chancellor of Douay university, and author of several works.

first found the exact degree of celerity in the descent of bodies by the force of gravity: to which may be added the machine with which the Venetians render their Laguna fluid and navigable; the invention whereof was his.

so alleged to be philosophically false, and, in a theological view at least, erroneous in point of faith. The inquisition pronounced sentence GALEANO, Joseph, a physician of great re- against him and his books. They obliged him pute, at Palermo. We owe to him a collection to abjure his errors in the most solemn manner, of little pieces of the Sicilian poets. He was committed him to the prison of their office dur born in 1605, and died in 1675, greatly regretted; ing pleasure, which was till 1634, and his " Diafor he was a kind of oracle with his country-logues of the System of the World" were burnt at Rome. Galilei died Jan. 8, 1642. He was the author of several noble and useful inventions and discoveries in astronomy, geometry and mechanics; the principal of which, beGALEN, Claudian, after Hippocrates, prince sides those already mentioned, are, in the first of the Greek physicians, was a native of Per-of those sciences, the trepidation or vibration gamus, in the Lesser Asia, where he was born of the moon, as also the inequalities or mounabout 131. He chose physic for his profession,tains in its surface. In geometry, he invented being determined thereto by a dream which his the cycloid, or trochoid,; and, in mechanics, father had a little before his death; and at 28 years of age had made some considerable advances toward improving his art: for instance, he had acquired a particular skill inthe wounds of the nerves; and was possessed of a method of treating them never known before. The pontiff of Pergamus have him an opportunity of trying his new method upon the gladiators; and he was so successful, that not a single one perished by any wounds of this kind. By this we find, as well as by several other instances, that Galen studied, understood, and practised surgery, as well as physic. Distinguished above his cotemporaries, this prince of physicians continued to practise at Rome, the capital of the world, till he was obliged to submit to fate like other mortals. His death happened in 201.1614. There are reckoned above 500 books of his upon GALLE, or GALLEUS, Servatius, pastor physic only, and about half that number upon of the church at Haerlem, died in 1709. GALLET, N., a French spice merchant, GALEN, Bernard Van, a native of West-known for some comic pieces, died in 1757. phaka, known as a bishop and a general; he was engaged in a war with the Turks, attacked the United States, Sweden, &c., and died in 1678.

other sciences.

GALEOTI, Nicholas, an Italian jesuit, author of the lives of the generals of his order; he died in 1748.

GALEOTI, Marcio, a native of Narni, tutor to the son of Matthias Corvinus, the king, and being invited to France by Lewis XI., on going to pay his respects to him, fell, and so injured himself as to cause his death.

GALERIUS, C. Valerius Maximianus, from a herdsman in Dacia, became emperor of Rome; he died in 311.

GALGACUS, a Caledonian chief, famous for his noble resistance against the invasions of the Romans.

GALILEI, Galileo, a most eminent astronomier and mathematician, inventor of the telescope, &c., born at Florence, Feb. 19, 1564. Having observed some solar spots, in 1612, he printed that discovery the following year, at Rome; in which, and in some other pieces, he ventured to assert the truth of the Copernican 204

GALISSONNIERE, Rolland Michael Barria, marquis, a French admiral; after serving with distinction in the navy, was made governor of Canada. He died in 1756.

GALLAND, Antony, a learned antiquary, of France, and professor of Arabic in the royal college at Paris, born in 1646, died in 1715. He is chiefly known as the translator or author of "Arabian Nights' Entertainments."

GALLAND, Augustus, a French counsellor of state, wrote some memoirs, &c., and died in

GALLIENUS, a Roman emperor. He was assassinated in 268.

GALLIGAI, Eleonora, was the daughter of a joiner, and Mary de Medicis' nurse. That princess carried her with her into France, when she went thither, in 1606, to be married to Henry IV.; and Galligai, under the title of bed-chamber woman to that queen, governed her just as she pleased. She married Concino Concini, afterwards marshal D'Ancre; and their inordinate pride and ambition was at length punishedby the assassination of the husband and the execution of the wife.

GALLITZIN, Basil, a noble Russian; though unsuccesful in his ambitious views, he was a man of great merit. He died in 1713.

GALLITZIN, Michael Michaelowitz, prince of, distinguished himself under Peter the Great against Charles XII., of Sweden; he died 1730. GALLOCHE, Lewis, a painter, of the French school, died in 1761.

GALLOIS, John, a learned Frenchman, born at Paris, in 1532. He was a universal scholar; but is now memorable chiefly for having been the first who published the Journal des Savans,

GARET, John, a Benedictine of St. Maur, born at Havre de Grace, died in 1694.

GARDIN DUMESNIL, N., professor of rheto- ||and, Oct. 1741, acted Richard III. for the first ric at Paris, and an eminent scholar; he wrote time. His acting was attended with the loudest on Latin synonymes, and died in 1802. acclamations of applause; and his fame was so GARDINER, Stephen, bishop of Winchester, quickly propagated through the town, that the and chancellor of England, was born at Bury more established theatres of Drury Lane and St. Edmund's, in Suffolk, 1423. His character as Covent Garden were deserted. These patentees, a minister is to be drawn from the general his-alarmed at the great deficiency in the receipts of tories: he had a large portion of haughtiness, their houses, and at the crowds which constantly boundless ambition, and deep dissimulation; for filled the theatre of Goodman's Fields, united he looked on religion as an engine of state, and their efforts to destroy the new-raised seat of nade use of it as such. He died in 1555. theatrical empire; in consequence of which, GARDINER, James, a colonel in the army of Garrick entered into an agreement with Fleet George II., born in Scotland, 1688, was equally wood, patentee of Drury Lane, for 500l. a year. admirable for the virtues of piety and personal The fame of our English Roscius was now so courage, and died bravely fighting against the extended, that an invitation from Ireland, upon rebels at Preston-pans, near Edinburgh, in 1745. very profitable conditions, was sent him to act GARENGEOT,Rene, Jacques, Croissant de, a in Dublin during the months of June, July, French surgeon of great reputation; he wrote and August, 1742; which invitation he accepted. several valuable works, and died in 1759. His success there exceeded all imagination; he CARESSOLES, Anthony, a native of Mon- was caressed by all ranks as a prodigy of theatauban, who wrote several theological works,trical accomplishments; and the play-house vas died in 1650. so crowded during this hot season, that a very mortal fever was produced, which was called Garrick's fever. He returned to London before the winter, and now attended closely to his thefixed. April, 1747, he became joint patentee of Drury Lane theatre with Mr. Lacy; and in GARNET, Henry, a person memorable in July, 1749, married Mademoiselle Violetti. In English history, for having been privy to, and 1763, he undertook a journey into Italy for the aiding in, the celebrated conspiracy called "The benefit of his health; and during his travels, Gunpowder Plot," was executed at the west gave frequent proofs of his theatrical talents; end of St. Paul's, May 3, 1606. for he could, without the least preparation, GARNETT, Dr. Thomas, an English physi-transform himself into any character, tragic of cian and natural philosopher, was born in 1766.comic, and seize instantaneously upon any pasAfter having studied medicine and chymistry,sion of the human mind. After he had been and graduated at Edinburgh, he delivered seve-abroad about a year and a half, he turned his ral courses of lectures on chymistry and expe-thoughts homewards, and arrived in London rimental philosophy, at Manchester, Liverpool, ||April, 1765. In 1769 he projected and conducted &c. He was soon after elected professor of the memorable Jubilee at Stratford, in honour philosophy, in Anderson's Institution at Glas-of Shakspeare, so much admired by some, and gow; and his leisure hours in Scotland were so much ridiculed by others. On the death of employed in collecting materials for his "Tour Mr. Lacy in 1773, the whole management of through the Highlands, and part of the Western the theatre devolved on him; but, being ad Isles." Dr. Garnett afterwards accepted an in-vanced in years, and much afflicted with chronivitation from the new royal institution, in Lon-cal disorders, he finally left it in June, 1776, and don; where, for one season, he was professor disposed of his moiety of the patent to Messieurs of natural philosophy and chymistry, and deli-Sheridan, Linley, and Ford, for 35,000. vered the whole of the lectures. On retiring died Jan. 20, 1779. Notwithstanding his confrom this situation, as being too laborious for stant employ as both actor and manager, he the state of his health, he commenced a course was perpetually producing various little things of lectures at his house, on Zoonomia, or the in the dramatic way; some of which are origi Laws of Animal Life, arranged according to nals; others translations or alterations from the Brunonian theory. From a patient, whom other authors, adapted to the taste of the present he attended in a fever, he caught the infection, times. and died in 1802.

GARLANDE, Jean de, a grammarian, obtained some celebrity by his poem on the "Con-atrical profession, in which he was irrevocably tempt of the World," &c.; he was living in 1801.

GARNIER, Robert, a French tragic poet, born in 1534, died 1590.

He

GARRIEL, Peter, he wrote an account of Montpelier cathedral, in 1631.

GARSAULT, Francis Alexander, a learned GARNIER, John, a jesuit, professor of rhe-Frenchman; he wrote the anatomy of the horse, toric and philosophy, died in 1681. GARNIER, Julian, a Benedictine monk, died in 1723.

GAROSALO, Bonvenuto, an Italian painter, born at Ferrara, died in 1695.

GARRARD, Mark, an eminent painter, born at Bruges, in Flanders, in 1561. He was principal painter to queen Elizabeth, and died in 1635.

and died at Paris, in 1778.

GARTH, Sir Samuel, an excellent poet and physician, and author of a most admirable satire, called "The Dispensary," was born in Yorkshire. After having eminently distinguished himself, as well by his various poetical productions as by his professional merit, he died Jan. 18, 1718-19.

GARTHSHORE, Maxwell, a physician and GARRARD, James, was an officer of the re-an accoucheur, who practised in London, with volutionary army, and one of the first settlers great reputation, near fifty years, was a Fellow of Kentucky, of which state he was afterwards of the Royal Society; born in 1732, in Scotland, governor; he died in 1822. died in London, in 1812. Some papers of his GARRICK, David, an excellent English actor, will be found in "The Philosophical Transac born at Hereford, and baptized there, Feb. 28,tions." 1716. Having performed â noviciate at Ipswich, GARZI, Lewis, a painter, considered the suche made his appearance at Goodman's Fields; ||cessful rival of Carlo Marat. died in 1721.

GATAKER, Charles, son of the preceding, and a writer on controversial divinity, born in 1614, died in 1680.

GATES, Sir Thomas, one of the first govern ors of the colony of Virginia, about 1609, and again, on returning from England, in 1611; he died in the East-Indies.

GASCOIGNE, Sir William, chief justice of the King's Bench in the reign of Henry IV, was born in 1350. How much he distinguished himself in his high office appears from the several abstracts of his opinions, arguments, distinctions, and decisions which occur in our old books of law reports; but he is said to have distinguished himself above his brethren by a most memorable GATES, Horatio, a major general, and a distransaction in the latter end of the king's reign. tinguished officer of the American army during A servant of the prince of Wales, afterwards the revolution. He was a major in the British Henry V., being arraigned for felony at the bar service, at the defeat of general Braddock; at of the King's Bench, the news soon reached his the declaration of independence, he was made master's ears, who, hastening to the urt, or-adjutant general, afterwards commander of the dered him to be unfettered, and offered to rescue northern army, to which general Burgoyne surhim; in which, being opposed by the judge, who rendered in 1777; in 1780, he was appointed commanded him to leave the prisoner and de- commander of the southern army; after the war part, he rushed furiously up to the bench, and, he returned to his farm, from which he removed as it is generally affirmed, struck the chief justice to New-York, where he died in 1806. then sitting in the execution of his office. Hereupon Sir William, after some expostulation upon the outrage, indignity, and unwarrantable interruption of the proceedings in that place, directly committed him to the king's bench prison, there to wait his father's pleasure. The prince submitted to his punishment with a calmness no less sudden and surprising than the offence had been which drew it upon him; and the king, being informed of the whole affair, was so far from being displeased with the justice, that he returned thanks to God, "That he had given him both a judge who knew how to administer,. and a son who could obey justice." The prince also, who had for some time led a dissolute life, was entirely reformed thereby, and afterwards became with the title of Henry V., that renowned king who conquered France. Sir William died

in 1413.

GATIMOSÍN, the last of the Mexican kings. He was cruelly tortured in a fiery ordeal by Cortez, and three years after was hanged in his capital in 1526.

GAUBIL, Anthony, a French missionary in China, where he resided 30 years; he died in 1759.

GAUBIUS, Jerome David, a native of Heidelberg, professor of medicine, and lecturer or botany and chymistry, died in 1780.

GAUD, Henry, a painter and engraver, of Utrecht, died in 1639.

GAUDEN, John, bishop of Worcester born in 1605, celebrated for his zeal in the cause of the unfortunate king Charles, and reputed (though falsely) the author of "Eikon Basilike," died in 1662.

GAUDENTIO, a painter, of Milan, born about

1480.

GASCOIGNE, George, a celebrated poet in the early part of the reign of queen Elizabeth, was bred to the law, but became a soldier, and served with credit in the wars of the Low Coun-line, Greek professor, died in 1648. tries. He was author of four dramatic pieces, and several poems; the most remarkable of which was a satire called "The Steel Glass ;" he died in 1577 His works were most collected in 1587

GAUDENTIUS, St., a bishop of Brescia, he wrote sermons, letters, &c., and died in 427. GAUDENZIO, Paganin, a native of Valte

GASPARINI, a celebrated grammarian, born in 1370, died in 1431. He is deservedly recorded as one of the first restorers of good Latin in Italy. GASSENDI, Peter, a very eminent French philosophical, moral, and mathematical writer, born in 1592, died at Paris, in 1655.

GASSION, John de, a native of Pan, marshal of France, eminently distinguished for his valour in war, fell at the siege of Lens, in 1647.

GAULI, Giovanni Baptista, a painter, of Genoa, died at Rome, in 1709.

GAULMIN, Gilbert, a French writer of some celebrity, died in 1665.

GAUPP, John, a native of Lindau, educated at Jena, was an able mathematician; he died in 1738.

GAURICO, Luca, an Italian professor of astronomy, at Ferrara, died in 1558.

GAUSSEM, Jane Catharine, a celebrated actress, retired from the theatre from motives of religion; she died at Paris, in 1767.

GAUSHIER, Jean Baptiste, a French abbe, he wrote a "Tract against Pope's Essay on Man," and died of a fall in 1755.

GAVANTS, Bartholomew, a Barnabite monk, author of some works; died at Milan, in 1638. GAVESTON, Peter, a favourite of Edward

GAST, John, a native of Dublin, he published some works of merit, for which the university of Dublin honoured him with a degree of D. D. without the usual expenses; he died in 1788. GASTALDI, John Baptiste, a native of Siste-II., was proud, overbearing, and cruel; he was

ron, an eminent physician, died in 1747.

GASTAUD, Francis, an ecclesiatic of Aix, he insulted the bishop of Marseilles in his writings, and was denied the honours of sepulture; he died in 1732.

GASTON of France, John Baptist, duke of Orleans, was son of Henry IV., and brother of Lewis XIII.; he died in 1660.

GASTON DE FOIX, duke of Nemours, early distinguished himself in the army in Italy; he fell in battle in 1512.

GASTRELL, Francis, bishop of Chester, and a controversial writer, born in 1662, died in 1725. GATAKER, Thomas, an English divine, and critical and theological writer, born in London, in 1574, died in 1654.

beheaded in 1312.

GAY, John, an English poet, born in 1688. His amiable qualities recommended him to the acquaintance of Swift and Pope, who were exceedingly struck with the open sincerity, the undisguised simplicity of his manners, and the easiness of his temper. In 1712 he produced his celebrated poem, called "Trivia, or, the Art of walking the Streets;" and the following year, at the instance of Pope, formed the plan of his "Pastorals." The "Shepherd's Week" came out in 1714, with a dedication to Lord Bolingbroke. Gay was soon after introduced at court, and for several years experienced the usual vicissitudes of favour and of mortification incident to such a life. His opinions of a court

friendship are pretty plainly intimated in his ployed himself many years in a new translation Beggar's Opera;" which, being brought upon of the Bible; owing, however, to various causes, the stage in 1727, was received with greater it was left unfinished; only the first twelve applause than had ever been known on any occa-books of the Old Testament being printed. sion, being acted in London 63 days without inter- GEDOYN, Nicolas, a French writer. He ruption, and renewed the next season with amaz-studied at Paris, was a jesuit 10 years; he wrote ing success. He wrote several other plays of no some ingenious essays, and died in 1744. great celebrity; but what will always distin- GEE, John, a distinguished minister in Bosguish him as a poet are his "Fables," which ton, died in 1748. will be read and admired so long as any taste for that kind of writing shall exist. He died in 1732, and was buried in Westminister Abbey.. GAY, Ebenezer, D. D., minister of Hingham, Mass.: he published several sermons, and died

in 1787.

GAYOT DE PITAVAL, Francis, a French author, born at Lyons, was unfortunate in all his pursuits; he died in 1743.

GEER, Charles de, a native of Sweden, much respected as a man of science, and benefactor of the poor; he died in 1778.

GEIÑOZ, Francis, a learned Swiss abbe, author of some valuable dissertations on Ancient Medals; he died in 1752.

GEJER, Martin, a native of Leipsic, and professor of Hebrew, died in 1681

GELASIUS the Elder, bishop of Cæsarea, in

GAZA, Theodore, a very eminent gramma-Palestine, in the 4th century. rian, and translator of Greek writings, born at GELASIUS of Cyzicus, bishop of Cæsarea, Thessalonica, in Greece, in 1398, died in 1478. in 476. GAZALI, or ABON HAMED MOHAMMED] GELASIUS I., bishop of Rome after Felix II., ZEIN EDDİN AL THOUSI, a mussulman doc-in 492, some of his works are extant; he died tor, died at Khorassan, in 1112.

GAZET, William, a native of Arras, and an ecclesiastic; he wrote a Chronological History, and died in 1612.

GAZOLA, Joseph, a physician, of Verona, died in 1715.

GAZON DOURXIGNE, S. M. M., a native of Quimper, a famous critic, died in 1784. GAZZOLI, Benozzo, an Italian painter, died in 1478.

in 496.

GELASIUS II., a Campanian by birth, raised to the pontificate in 1118, died in 1119. GELDENHAUR, Gerard Eobanus, à German, well skilled in poetry, died in 1542.

GELDER, Arnold de, a Dutch painter, of Dort, died in 1727.

GELDORP, Gualdorp, a painter, of Louvain, excelled in portraits and history; he died in

1668.

GELEE, Claude, commonly called Claude of Lorraine. See CLAUDE.

uncommon; he died at Basil, in 1555.

GELLERT, Christian Fauchtegott, a German comic poct, born in Misnia, in 1715, died in 1769. GELLI, John Baptist, an eminent Italian com

GELLIBERAND, Henry, an eminent mathe

GEBELIN, Anthony Court de, celebrated as author of "Le Monde Primitif compare a Monde Moderne," born in 1727, died in 1784. When GELENIUS, Sigismund, a learned man, born the plan of his great work, "Le Monde Primitif,"|at Prague. His disregard for honours was very made its appearance, M. d'Alembert was so struck with it, that he asked with enthusiasm, "si c'etoit une societe de 40 hommes qui etoit charges de l'executer?" The French academy were so well satisfied with the undertaking, that ic poet, born at Florence, in 1498, died in 1563. they twice decreed to him the prize of 1200 livres, which they give annually to the author of thematician, and professor of astronomy at Gresham most valuable work that has appeared in the College, born in London, in 1597, died in 1636. course of the year. GELLIUS, Aulus, a celebrated grammarian, GEBER, John an Arabian physician of the who lived in the 2d century, under Marcus Au9th century. His works contain much know-relius and some succeeding emperors, and is ledge. now known by his "Noctes Atticæ," a collecGED, William, an ingenious artist, memora- tion of observations on authors, which he gatherble for a new invention in the art of printing.ed up from reading or conversation, and put From any types of Greek or Roman, or any together for the use of his children. He called other character, he formed a plate for every them "Noctes Atticæ," because they were compage or sheet of a book from which he printed, instead of using a type for every letter, as is done in the common way. This scheme has recently, through the ingenuity and perseverance of Earl Stanhope, and Mr. Andrew Wilson, arrived at a high degree of practical perfection. On the 29th May 1810, Mr. Wilson was honoured with the gold medal, by the Society of Arts, for his exertions in Stereotype printing. Mr. Ged died

in 1749.

posed in the evenings of a winter which he spent at Athens. The chief value of it is, that it has preserved many facts and monuments of antiquity, which are not to be found elsewhere.

GELON, king of Syracuse, in 484 B. C., was universally respected by his subjects.

GEMELLI-CARRERI, Francis, an Itallan writer, author of an interesting account of a voyage round the world, between 1693 and 1698. GEMIGNAGNO, Ovinentio de St., a Tuscan painter, died in 1530.

GEMIGNANO, Giacinto, a painter, born at

GEDALIA, a famous rabbi, who died in 1448. GEDDES, Michael, a learned divine, received the degree of LL D., from the university of Ox-Pistoie, died in 1681. ford; he died in 1715.

GEDDES, James, born in Scotland, in 1710, died in 1748-9, leaving behind him "An Essay on the Composition and Manner of Writing of the Ancients, particularly Plato," which has great merit.

GEDDES, Dr. Alexander, a man of very profound research in biblical literature, was born in 1737, and died near London, in 1802. Dr. Geddes was a Roman Catholic, and had em

GEMINIANI, Francisco, a fine performer on the violin, and composer for that instrument, born at Lucca, in Italy, about 1680, died in 1762.

GEMISTUS, George, he lived to above the age of 100, distinguished for his learning and virtues.

GEMMA, Reinier, a Dutch physician, of Dockum, was also an astronomer and mathematician; he died in 1555.

GENDRE, Lewis le, a French historian