ADELMAN, a bishop of Bresci in the 11th century, wrote a letter on the Eucharist to Berenger, printed at Louvaine, 1561. He died 1662. ADELPHUS, a philosopher of the third century, who mingled the doctrines of Plato with the tenets of the Gnostics.

ADER, William, a learned physician of Toulouse in the 17th century.

ADHAB-EDDOULAT, an emperor of Persia, after his uncle Amad-Eddculat, was warlike, humane, and a patron of letters; he died 982, aged 47.

ADHELME, William, nephew to Ina, king of the West Saxons, first bishop of Sherborne, and said to be the first Englishman who wrote Latin, died 709.

ADHEMAR, William, a native of Provence, wrote a book on illustrious ladies, died about

was singular and matchless. On the 2d of August, 1716, he married the countess Dowager of Warwick, whom he is said to have first known by becoming tutor to her son. This marriage, however, made no addition to his happiness; it neither found them nor made them equal. She always remembered her own rank, ADELUNG, John Christopher, a German and thought herself entitled to treat with very professor at Erfurt, and author of a grammatilittle ceremony the tutor of her son. The year cal and critical dictionary of the German lanafter, 1717, he rose to his highest elevation, be- guage, and other works; he died 1806. ing made secretary of state; but it is univer- ADEODATUS, or Godsgift, a Roman priest sally confessed that he was unequal to the du-elevated to the papal throne 672, died four years ties of his place. In the house of commons he afterwards. could not speak, and therefore was useless to the defence of the government. In the office he could not issue an order without losing his time in quest of fine expressions. What he gained in rank he lost in credit; and, finding by experience his own inability, was forced to solicit his dismission, with a pension of 15001. a year. His friends palliated this relinquishment, of which both friends and enemies knew the true reason, with an account of declining health, and the necessity of recess and quiet. He now engaged in a laudable and excellent work, viz. a defence of the Christian Religion; of which,||1190. part was published after his death. Addison had for some time been oppressed by shortness of breath, which was now aggravated by a dropsy; and, finding his danger pressing, he prepared to die conformably to his own precepts and professions. Lord Warwick was a young man of very irregular life, and perhaps of loose opinions. Addison, for whom he did not want re- ADLERFELDT, Gustavus, a learned Swede, spect, had very diligently endeavoured to re- historian of the battles of Charles XII., killed, claim him; but his arguments and expostula- 1709. tions had no effect: one experiment, however, ADLZREITTER, John, chancellor of Ba remained to be tried. When he found his life||varia, in the 17th century, wrote annals of his near its end, he directed the young lord to be called, and, when he desired with great tenderness to hear his last injunctions, told him, "I have sent for you to see how a Christian can die." What effect this awful scene had on the earl's behaviour is not known: he died himself in a short time. Having given directions to Mr. Tickell for the publication of his works, and dedicated them, on his death bed, to his friend Mr. Craggs, Addison died June 17, 1719, at Holland House, leaving no child but a daughter, who died at Bilton, in Warwickshire, Feb. 1797. ADELAIDE, daughter of Rodolphus, king of Burgundy, married Lotharius II., king of Italy, and after his death the emperor Otho I.; she died 999, aged 69.

ADELAIDE, wife of Frederic, prince of Saxony, conspired with Lewis against her husband's life, and married the murderer, 1055.

ADELAIDE, daughter of Humbert, count of Maurienne, was queen of Lewis VI. of France; she died 1154.

ADIMANTUS, a Manichæan sectary at the close of the 13th century, denied the authenticity of the Old Testament.

ADIMARI, Raphael, an Italian historian, born at Rimini in the 16th century. ADIMARI, Alexander, a Florentine, admired for his poetical genius; died 1649.

country.

ADO, vid. ADON.

ADOLPHUS, count of Nassau, crowned king and emperor of the Romans, died 1238. ADOLPHUS, count of Cleves, instituted an order of chivalry, 1380, since abolished.

ADOLPHUS, bishop of Mersburg, opposed, and afterwards favoured the doctrines of Luther, died 1526.

ADOLPHUS, Frederic II., king of Sweden, founded the academy of inscriptions and belles letters at Torneo, and died 1771.

ADOLPHUS, duke of Sleswick, refused the crown of Denmark, after the death of Christopher III., and crowned Christiern I. he died 1459. ADON, archbishop of Vienne, in Dauphine, who wrote a useful chronicle, died 875.

ADORNE, Francis, a Jesuit of a Genoese family, who wrote on ecclesiastical discipline, died 1576.

ADORNE, Antony, a Genoese, raised to the dignity of Doge, 1383.

ADELAIDE, wife of Lewis II. of France, ADORNE, Gabric!, a Genoese, became Doge, was mother of Charles III., surnamed the sim-1336; he was afterwards driven from power by ple, who was king 898.

ADELARD, an English monk, who, in the 12th century, visited Egypt and Arabia, and translated in Latin Euclid's Elements.

ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, and author of the life of the emperor Henry II., died 1207. ADELER, Curtius, a native of Norway, served in the Dutch navy, was raised to the rank of admiral, spent the latter part of his life at Copenhagen, where he died 1675, aged 53.

ADELGREIFF, John Albretcht, natural son of a priest near Elbing, pretended to be the vicegerent of God on earth, was condemned to death at Konigsbergh for blasphemy, 1636.

a more successful rival.

ADORNE, Prosper, a Genoese, made Doge, 1460, and died 1486.

ADORNE, Jerome, a Genoese, opposed the party of the Fregoses, in the age of Charles V. ADORNI, Catharine Fieschi, a Genocse lady, after the death of her husband, devoted herself to acts of piety, and benevolence; she died 1510. ADRETS, Francis Beaumont des, descendant of an ancient family in Dauphine, embraced the cause of the Huguenots; he died 1587. ADRIA, John James, a physician in the service of Charles V., died 1560.

ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, Publius Ælius, the

that art down to this time. His book treats professedly of disorders incident to women. AGINHARD, a German, secretary to Charlemagne, died 840.

Roman emperor, born at Rome, Jan 24, in the year of Christ 76. He was a renowned general and a great traveller; and in a visit to Britain, built a famous wall, or rampart, extending from the mouth of the Tyne to the Solway Frith, 80 ÆLFRED, or ALFRED, the Great, youngest miles in length, to prevent the incursions of the son of Ethelwolf, king of the West Saxons, was Caledonians into the northern counties of Eng-born in the year 849, at Wannating, or Wanaland, then under the Roman government. Adri-ding, which is supposed to be Wantage, in an reigned 21 years, and died at Baiæ, in the 53d Berkshire. Elfred succeeded to the crown on year of his age. the death of his brother Æthelred, in the year ADRIAN, a Greek author, in the 5th century, 871; but had scarcely time to attend the funeral wrote an introduction to the Scriptures. of his brother, before he was obliged to fight for ADRIAN, a learned Carthusian, author of athe crown he had so lately received. A contreatise called" de remediis utriusque fortunæ."siderable army of Danes, having landed in DorADRIAN I. a Roman patrician, raised to the setshire, marched as far as Wareham; here pontificate in 1772, died 795.

ADRIAN II., raised to the popedom in 867, he was artful and intriguing, and died 872.

Alfred met them with all the forces he could raise; but, not finding himself strong enough to engage them, he concluded a peace, and the ADRIAN III., elected popc, 884, and died, 885. Danes swore never again to invade his domiADRIAN IV., Pope, the only Englishman that nions. In 877, however, having obtained new ever had the honour of sitting in the papal chair. aids, they came in such numbers into Wiltshire, His name was Nicolas Brekespere; he was born that the Saxons, giving themselves up to deat Langley, near St. Albans, in Hertfordshire,spair, would not make head against them; and, after many vicissitudes of fortune, suc-many fled out of the kingdom, not a few subceeded to the popedom in 1154. He died Sept.mitted, and the rest retired, every man to the 1, 1159, leaving some letters and homilies which place where he could be best concealed. In this are still extant. distress, Alfred, conceiving himself no longer ADRIAN V., a native of Genoa, made pope a king, laid aside all marks of royalty, and took 1276, and died 38 days after. shelter in the house of one who kept his cattle. ADRIAN VI., a native of Utrecht, was pre-He retired afterwards to the isle of Æthelingey, ceptor to emperor Charles V., elected pope 1522, in Somersetshire, where he built a fort for the and died 1523. security of himself, his family, and the few ADRIAN DE CASTELLO, born at Cornetto faithful servants who repaired thither to him. in Tuscany, employed as paral legate in Scot-When he had been about a year in this retreat, land and England, and made bishop of Here- having been informed that some of his subjects ford, then of Bath and Wells, and, conspiring had routed a great army of the Danes, killed against Pope Leo X., was stript of his ecclesias-their chiefs, and taken their magical standard, tical honours, 1518. he issued his letters, giving notice were he was,

ADRIANI, Joanni Batista, born of a patrician and inviting his nobility to come and consult family, at Florence, in 1511. He wrote a History with him. Before they came to a final deterof his own Times, in continuation of Guicciar-mination, Ælfred, putting on the habit of a dini, beginning at the year 1536, (a work exe-harper, went into the enemy's camp; where, cuted with great judgment, candour, and accu-without suspicion, he was every where adracy,) and died at Florence 1579. mitted, and had the honour to play before their ADRIANI, Marcellus, a native of Florence, princes. Having thus acquired an exact knowleft a written translation of Plutarch, &c.; he ledge of their situation, he returned in great died 1604. secrecy to his nobility, whom he ordered to their ADRICHOMIA, Cornelia, a nun in Holland respective homes, there to draw together each of the Augustine order, published a poetical ver-man as great a force as he could; and upon a sion of the Psalms in the 16th century. day appointed there was to be a general rendezADRICHOMIUS, Christian, a native of Delft,vous at the great wood called Selwood, in Wiltdirector of the nuns of Barbara, died at Cologne 1585.

shire. This affair was transacted so secretly and expeditiously, that in a little time the king, at the head of an army, approached the Danes before they had the least intelligence of his de sign. Alfred, taking advantage of the surprisə and terror they were in, fell upon them, and totally defeated them at Æthendune, now Eddington, in Wiltshire. Alfred enjoyed a profound peace during the last three years of his reign. which he chiefly employed in establishing and regulating his government for the security of himself and his successors, as well as for the ease and benefit of his subjects in general. Although there remain but few laws which can be positively ascribed to Ælfred, yet to him we owe many of those advantages which render our ÆGIDUIS de Colonna, professor of divinity at constitution so dear and valuable; particularly Paris, general of the Augustines, died 1316. the institution of the trial by jury. He is said by ÆGINETA, Paulus, a native of the island some to have founded the university of Oxford; Egina, whence he has his name. According thus much, however, is certain, that Ælfred reto Abulfaragius, he flourished in the 7th cen-stored and settled that university, endowed it tury. His surgical works are deservedly fa-with revenues, and placed there the most famous mous, and his knowledge of surgery was very professors. When Alfred came to the crown, great. In short, the surgery of Paulus has been learning was at a very low ebb in this kingdom the subject matter of most of the treatises ofllbut, by his example and encouragement, he used

ADSON, an abbot of Luxeuil in 960, author of the miracles of St. Vandalbert.

ÆDESIUS succeeded Jamblichus, as teacher of Platonic philosophy in Cappadocia, in the 4th century.

EGEATES, John, a priest of the Nestorian sect, who flourished 483, and wrote a treatise against the council of Chalcedon.

EGIDIUS, Peter Albiensis, a writer sent by Francis I. to give an account of the celebrated places of Asia, Greece, and Africa, died 1555. EGIDIUS, Atheniensis, a Grecian physician in the 8th century, became a Benedictine monk, and published several treatises.

his utmost endeavours to excite a love for letters ÆRTZEN, vid. ARSENS. among his subjects. He himself was a scholar; ARIUS, a presbyter of Sebastia, who is supand had he not been illustrious as a king, would posed by some to be the founder of the presbyhave been famous as an author. When weterians, flourished about 385.

consider the qualifications of this prince, and SCHINES, a Socratic philosopher, the son the many virtues he possessed, we need not of Charinus, a sausage-maker. Phrynicus, in wonder that he died universally lamented, after Photius, ranks him among the best orators, and a reign of above 28 years, on the 28th of Octo-mentions his orations as the standard of the ber, A. D. 900. He was buried in the cathedral pure Attic style.

of Winchester.

ÆSCHINES, a celebrated orator, cotempoELIAN, Claudius, born at Præneste, in Italy.rary with Demosthenes, and but just his inteHe taught rhetoric at Rome, under the emperor |rior. Being overcome by Demosthenes, be Alexander Severus, and was surnamed Honey-went to Rhodes, and opened a school there, and mouth on account of the sweetness of his style. afterwards removed to Samos, where he dic His most celebrated works are, his "Various at the age of 75. There are only three of lis History," and that "Of Animals." orations extant; which, however, are so very

ÆLIANUS, Meccius, a physician before Ga-beautiful, that Fabricius compares them to the len, first used treacle against the plague. three Graces. ELST, a Dutch painter, vid. AALST. EMILIANI, Jerome, a Venetian, one of the regular clerks of St. Maicul, in the 16th century. EMILIANUS, C. Julius, a Moor, from the lowest station, rose to the imperial dignity, and was succeeded by Valerian.

ÆSCHYLUS, a tragic poet, born at Athens in the 63d Olympiad. He was the son of Eu phorion, and brother to Cynegirus and Aminias, who distinguished themselves in the battle of Marathon, and the seafight of Salamin, at which engagement Eschylus was likewise preÆMILIUS, Paulus, a Roman general, cele-sent. To Aminias our poet was, upon a parbrated for his victory over Perseus, king of Macedonia, died B. C. 164.

ÆMILIUS, Paulus, a native of Verona, who wrote (or rather began to write) a Latin history of the kings of France; but though he spent many years at it, he was not able to finish the tenth book, which was to include the beginning of the reign of Charles VIII. He died 1529, and was buried in the cathedral at Paris.

ANEAS, a Trojan prince, memorable for his grateful care of his aged father Anchises, whom he bore through the flames of Troy upon his shoulders at the hazard of his own life, and that of his son, a child, who was obliged to cling to his garments to escape with them. He died 1197 B. C. Virgil has immortalized his name. ENEAS, Gazeus, or ENEAS of Gaza, a sophist by profession, was originally a Platonic philosopher, but afterwards became a Christian, and flourished about the year 487. He wrote a dialogue, entitled "Theophrastus," concerning the immortality of the soul, and the resurrection of the body.

ticular occasion, obliged for saving his life: Elian relates, that Eschylus, being charged by the Athenians with certain blasphemous expre sions in some of his pieces, was accused of impiety, and condemned to be stoned to death; they were just going to put the sentence in exe cution, when Aminias, with a happy presence of mind, throwing aside his cloak, showed li arm without a hand, which he had lost at the battle of Salamin, in defence of his country This sight made such an impression on the judges, that, touched with the remembrance of his valour, and the friendship he showed for his brother, they pardoned Eschylus. He wrote: great number of tragedies, of which there are but seven remaining; and, notwithstanding th. sharp censures of some critics, he must be al lowed to have been the father of the tragic art The names of his pieces now extant are, Prometheus Bound; Seven Chiefs against Thebes; The Persians; Ágainemnon; the Infernal Re gions; the Furies; and the Suppliants. After having lived some years at Gela, we are told that he died of a fracture of his skull, caused by an eagle's letting fall a tortoise on his head, in the 69th year of his age

ENEAS, Sylvius, or Pius II., born 1405, at Corsigny, in Sienna, where his father lived in exile. This pope was famous for his wise and witty sayings, some of which are as follow: ÆSOP, the Phrygian, lived in the time of So That common men should esteem learning as lon, about the 50th Olympiad, under the reign silver, noblemen prize it as gold, and princes as of Croesus, the last king of Lydia. St. Jeronie. jewels: A citizen should look upon his family speaking of him, says, he was unfortunate in as subject to the city, the city to his country, the his birth, condition, and death; hinting thereby country to the world, and the world to God: at his deformity, servile state, and tragical end That the chief place with kings was slippery His great genius, however, enabled him to supThat the tongue of a sycophant was a king's port his misfortunes; and, in order to alleviate greatest plague: That a prince who would trust the hardships of servitude, he composed those nobody was good for nothing; and he who be-entertaining and instructive frbles which have lieved every body, no better: That those who acquired him so much reputation; and he s went to law were the birds, the court the field, generally supposed to have been the inventor of the judge the net, and the lawyers the fowlers that kind of writing. Having had several masThat men ought to be presented to dignities, not|ters, for he was born a slave, Æsop at length dignities to men: That a covetous man never came under a philosopher named Xanthus; and pleases any body but by his death: That it was it was in his service that he first displayed a slavish vice to tell lies. That lust sullies and stains every age of man, but quite extinguishes old age.

ANEAS, Tacticus, author of a Greek treatise on the art of war, flourished 336 B. C.

EPINUS, Francis Marie Ulric Theodore, a German physician, distinguished by his electri cal experiments and observations on natural philosophy, died 1802,

his genius for fabling and moralizing. He was afterwards sold to Idmon, or Iadmon, the philosopher, who enfranchised him. After he had received his liberty, he soon acquired a great reputation among the Greeks; so that, according to Meziriack, the report of his wisdom having reached Cræsus, this king sent to inquire after him, and engaged him in his service. He tra[lvelled through Greece, according to the same

author; but whether for his own pleasure, or born at Toston, in Derbyshire, 1540, and died 22d upon the affairs of Croesus, is uncertain. Pass-August, 1615.

AGATHEMİR, Orthonis, wrote a Greek con

AGATHIAS, a Greek historian, who lived in the 6th century, and wrote a history of Justinian's reign, in five books.

AGATHOCLES, a Sicilian, rose from the obscurity of a potter to the sovereign power of all

ing by Athens soon after Pisistratus had usurped AGATHARCIDAS, a Cnidian, 180 B. C., authe sovereign power, and finding that the Athe-thor of a Greek History of Alexander's wars. nians bore the yoke very impatiently, he told AGATHARCUS, a Samian, engaged by Æsthen the fable of the frogs who petitioned Jupi-chylus as a stage painter. ter for a king. Some relate, that, in order to show that the life of man is full of miseries,pendium of Geography, edited 1703. Æsop used to say, that when Prometheus took the clay to form man, he tempered it with tears, Esop was put to death at Delphos. Plutarch tells us, that he came there with a great quantity of gold and silver, being ordered by Croesus to offer a sacrifice to Apollo, and to give a con-Sicily, died 289 B. C. siderable sum to each inhabitant; but a quarrel arising between him and the Delphians, he sent back the sacrifice and the money to Croesus; for he thought that those for whom the prince designed it had rendered themselves unworthy of it. The inhabitants of Delphos contrived an accusation of sacrilege against him, and, pretending that they had convicted him, threw him headlong from a rock. They afterwards en-fused to crown Harold king, died 1038. deavoured to make an atonement by raising a pyramid to his honour.

AGATHON, a tragic poet, crowned at the Olympic games 419 B. C.

AGATHON, a native of Palermo, elected to the papal chair 679, died 682.

AGELIAS, Anthony, bishop of Acerno, in Italy, published commentaries on the Psalms, &c., died 1608.

AGELNOTH, archbishop of Canterbury, re

AGESILAUS, king of Sparta, celebrated for his victories against the Persians, died 362 B. C. AGGAS, Robert, called Augus, a landscape painter, died in London, 1679.

AGILA, king of the Visigoths in Spain, murdered in the 5th year of his reign, 554. AGILULF, duke of Turin, appointed king on

616; he was succeeded by his son Adalnald.

ESOP, Clodius, a celebrated actor, who flourished about the 670th year of Rome. He and Roscius were cotemporaries, and the best performers that ever appeared upon the Roman stage; the former excelling in tragedy, the latter in comedy. Cicero put himself under their di-the death of Antharic, king of Lombardy, died rection to perfect his action. Esop lived in a most expensive manner; and at one entertainment is said to have had a dish which cost above 8002. This dish, we are told, was filled with singing and speaking birds; some of which cost near 501. Esop's son was no less luxurious than his father, for he dissolved pearls for his guests to swallow.-Notwithstanding his expenses, however, this actor is said to have died worth above 160,000%.

ÆTHRIUS, an architect in the 6th century, raised to the confidence of Anastasius I.

ÆTION, a Grecian painter of celebrity. ÆTIUS, an able general under Valentinian III., killed 454.

ÆTIUS, a Syrian servant, made bishop by Eudoxus, the patriarch of Constantinople, and founder of the sect of Ætians, flourished 336.

AGIS, the name of some Spartan kings. The most famous is the second of that name, engaged in the Peloponnesian war, and died 427 B. C.; and the fourth, in conseqence of his attempts to restore Lacedæmon to her ancient discipline and independence, put to death 241 B. C.

AGLIONBY, John, D. D., a native of Cumberland, known for his great learning, was chaplain to James I., and died 1610. His son, of the same name, was dean of Canterbury, died 1643.

AGNELLUS, an abbot of Ravenna in the 9th century, often confounded with a bishop of the same name in the 6th century.

AGNESI, Maria Gaetana, a learned Italian lady, born at Milan, made, on account of her great merit, mathematical professor in the university of Bologna, died 1770.

AGOBARD, archbishop of Lyons, supported the revolt of Lothaire against Lewis the de

ÆTIUS, an ancient physician, and the first Christian medical writer, born at Amida, a town of Mesopotamia, about 455. His "Tetra-bonnaire; he died 840. biblos," as it is called, is a collection from the AGOSTINO, Paolo, a musical composer, writings of those physicians who went before master of the Papal chapel at Rome, died 1629. him, chiefly from Galen; but contains, never- AGOULT, Guillaume d', a poct of Provence theless, some new things, for which we are en-in 1198. tirely indebted to this author.

AFER, Domitius, an orator, born at Nismes, afterwards raised to the consulship; died 59. AFFLITTO, Matthew, an able civilian, born at Naples, died 1553.

AFRANIUS, a Roman comic poet, flourished 100 B. C.

AFRICANUS, Julius, wrote a chronicle, besides a letter to Origen, &c.

AGAPETIUS I. was made pope 535, and died at Constantinople 536. The second of that name was elected pope 946, and died 965.

AGREDA, Maryd', superior of a convent at Agreda, in Spain, wrote a life of the Virgin Mary; he died 1665.

AGRESTI, Licio, a historical painter, employed by Gregory XIII. in adorning the Vatican, died 1580.

AGRESTIS, Julius, a Roman general under Vespasian, destroyed himself.

AGRICOLA, a celebrated Roman general, born 37, died 93.

AGRÍCOLA, Rodolphus, a native of Groningen, travelled into France and Italy; he first introduced the study of the Greek in Germany,

AGAPETUS, a deacon of Constantinople, who wrote a valuable letter to the emperor Jus-and died 1485. tinian, on the duties of a Christian prince.

AGAPIUS, a Greek monk of Mount Athos, in the 17th century, wrote a treatise in favour of transubstantiation, called the salvation of sinners.

AGRICOLA, George, a physician of Glaucen, in Misnia, known for his learning, and works on minerals, died 1555.

AGRICOLA, Michael, a minister of Abo, in Finland, first translated the New Testament

AGARD, Arthur, & learned English antiquary, into the language of the country..18

Bevan representative of the

at the Hague, author of a his United Provinces, tec., died Th KIA, Martin, professor of anedicine at ablished translations of Galen's w 155). His son of the same pant to Henry IIL

of the Moguls, increased his conquest of Bengal, &c.; he

k, a physician, but far bette was born at Newesstle-upon

in the office of physician 93, 1770. The Pleasures his principal work, was first and a very extraordinary peofrom a man who had not reached He had very nnccamion parts astrong and enlarged way of one of innumerable instany sublime qualities may Sanions in life; for le the most high and at he was indeed