the prisoners amounted to 700,000, and the Austrian army was destroyed. 63 Austrian divisions were identified. 51 Italian divisions were engaged, 3 British, 2 French, 1 Czecho Slovak, and the 332nd American regiment. From January to October, 1918, over 700 enemy aeroplanes were brought down, over 300 by the British.

The military war expenditure of Italy, up to November 1918, was 49,089,700,000 lire. Over 5,000,000 men were mobilised during the war. The casualties on all fronts were 467,934 killed, 962,196 wounded. Over 500,000 were totally or partially disabled. Of 345,000 prisoners in Austria

and Germany, 83,241 died. Of 700,000 enemy prisoners in Italy, 6,000 died. The treatment of prisoners was "more barbarious in Germany than Austria." 1,000,000 parcels despatched to them were stolen.

Before the end of the year, 900,000 men were demobilised.

The budget for 1916-17 was 560,000,000l., for 1917-18 over 1,000,000,000Z. War expenses to October 31, 1917, were 1,069,000,000l., to June 30, 1918, 2,360,000,0007.

The Italians have a special African corps in Erythrea, consisting of 3 companies of white infantry and 10 native battalions; also 1 squadron of native cavalry, a local company of artillery (Italians), and a native mountain battery. Its total strength is about 8,600 of all ranks.

In Italian Somaliland there is a native corps of 15 infantry companies, 1 camel company and 1 artillery company, with Italian officers, and a body of military police. Total strength about 4,700 of all ranks.

III. NAVY.

The war expenditure on the navy up to November 1918, was 2,762,400,000 lire.

From the date of the entry of Italy into the war, the main force of the Italian fleet remained in the vicinity of Taranto. The geographical situation of the coasts presented advantages to the Austrians for the employment of their flotillas, which were denied to the Italians, making it impossible for the fleet to proceed up the Adriatic. In association with British

and French ships, it neutalised the main force of the Austrians at Pola, and secured the invasion of Albania, and the withdrawal of the Serbian army from the coast. Cruisers, destroyers and drifters maintained the Otranto barrage, and, with special classes of vessels and British monitors, co-operated with the army in the operations on the coast of Venetia.

The naval administration, under the Minister of Marine, is thus organised: An assistant secretary; a vice-admiral as Chief of the Staff; a Superior Board composed of two vice-admirals, the lieutenant-general of the Genio Navale (naval architect), the lieutenant-general of engineers' corps, a captain as secretary, and a civil member; a general surgeon at the head of the sanitary service; a general of the Genio Militare (military architect) at the head of a section having charge of the engineering works of the naval stations; a general paymaster directing the sections of account. A rear-admiral is chief of a special department administering matters concerning the personnel (officers); another rear-admiral the personnel (men); a major-general of the Genio Navale of that dealing with naval construction, and a rear-admiral of that devoted to ordnance and equipment. A civil officer administers the department of the merchant marine, which is under the direction of the assistant secretary for the navy. For purposes of local naval administration and defence the Italian littoral is divided into four departments: Spezia; Naples; Venicen Taranto. The vessels are apportioned, for administrative purposes, betwee; the four departments. There are torpedo stations all round the Italian coasts, the head stations being at Genoa, Spezia, Maddalena, Gaeta,

Some ships of no fighting value are excluded from the summary.

The tables which follow of the Italian armour-clad fleet and first-class cruisers are arranged chronologically, after the manner of other similar tables in this book, though it should be remembered that in Italian official classification the usual line between battleships, the new and powerful classes excepted, and armoured cruisers does not exist.

Monitors Faa Di Bruno, Carso, Cucco, Monfalcone and Vodice, 1,650 tons, 2.15in., 4 14pr. and 6 light guns.

The Dreadnonght battleship Leonardo de Vinci (sister ship of the Conte di Cavour) was blown up in Taranto harbour on August 2, 1916, but has been refloated and is to be repaired. The battleships Benedetto Brin, and Regina Margherita, the armoured cruiser Amalfi (sister of Pisa), the Giuseppe Garibaldi, and destroyers Turbine, Impetuoso, Intrepido, Audace, Nembo, B. Cairoli and Garibaldino, and the submarines Medusa, Nerride, Jalea, Balilla, A. Guglielmotti, and two others have been lost in the war, as well as the mining vessel Partenope, the monitor A. Capellini, the flotilla leader C. Rossarol, 2 torpedo boats, 5 D. N. and 17 0. S., Serpente and Perseo, and some transports and other vessels.

The protected cruisers are small craft, of which only 3 may be considered up to modern requirements.

The large flotillas of destroyers are composed of 30 and 35 knot vessels, very effective in character, and there are flotillas of quite modern torpedoboats. The submarines number about 80. At least two captured Austrian submarines have been added to the Italian flotilla. A large number of motor submarine chasers have been built.

The personnel consisted before the war of 1,927 officers (comprising 1 admiral, 23 vice- and rear-admirals, 232 captains and commanders, 444 lieutenants, 218 sub-lieutenants and midshipmen, 108 engineer-constructors, 312 engineers, 259 sanitary officers, 200 commissariat officers, 157 officers of the Corpo Reale Equipaggi); and 38,000 men (sailors, gunners, mechanicians, &c.). Both naval and military officers are attached indifferently to the aerial service,

Production and Industry.

I. AGRICULTURE.

The systems of cultivation in Italy may be reduced to three :-1. The system of peasant proprietorship (coltivazione per economia o a mano propria); 2. That of partnership (colonia parziaria): 3. That of rent (affitto). Peasant proprietorship is most common in Piedmont and Liguria, but is found in many other parts of Italy. The system of partnership or colonia parziaria, more especially in the form of mezzadria, consists in a form of partnership between the proprietor and the cultivator. This system is general in Tuscany, the Marches, and Umbria. It is almost unknown in the Basilicata, little practised in Apulia, Calabria, and Sardinia, and has been entirely abandoned

Max.

speed

999

in the two most advanced centres of cultivation in the south, viz. :-Barese and the province of Naples. Various modifications of the system exist in different parts of Italy. The system of rent (affitto) exists in Lombardy and Venetia. Large farms (la grande coltura) exist in the neighbourhood of Vercelli, Pavia, Milan, Cremona, Chioggia, Ferrara, Grosseto, Rome, Caserta, and in Apulia, the Basilicata, Calabria, and at Girgenti and Trapani in Sicily. In Italy generally the land is much subdivided.

The area of Italy comprises 70,811,000 acres. Of this area 51,309,310 acres are under crops and 11,272,339 acres are forests. Waste land forms 7.9 per cent. of the whole, tilled land 48.8 per cent., pasture 28 1 per cent., vineyards and orchards 5.8 per cent.

Number of proprietors in Italy, 1911-Proprietors of lands, 1,326,736 ; of buildings, 732,484; of lands and buildings, 1,737,341; total, 3,796,561. Proprietors of lands and buildings (3,796,561) per 100 of population, 11; proprietors of lands (3,064,077) per square mile, 27. The principal crops for 3 years were as follows:

Silk culture, though flourishing most extensively in Lombardy, Piedmont and Venetia, is carried on all over Italy. In 1918 the silk cocoon crop was 29,560,000 kilos. On June 30, 1917, there were 2,081 establishments connected with the silk industry, 200 of which were devoted to the cultivation of the silkworm eggs, 1,703 to spinning and 169 to weaving.

In the year 1898-99 there were only 4 sugar factories, with an output of 5,972 metric tons; in 1917-18 there were 34, their output being 92,624 tons. The value of the output of industrial chemical products in 1915 was 215,093,928 lire (in 1893, 26,134,000 lire).

II. FORESTRY.

The forest area (exclusive of chestnut plantations) is about 4,000,000 hectares The yield from the forests was valued as follows in 1915-Timber, 1,120,000 cubic metres at 39,280,000 lire; firewood, 4,500,000 cubic metres at 63,000,000 lire; charcoal, 4,528,500 quintals valued at 68,927,500 lire ; total value, 171,207,500 lire (6,848,3007.).

This total is exclusive of secondary produce valued at about 55 millions of lire annually. The forest produce thus amounts to 225 millions of lire,

PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRY

1001

From 1867 to June 30, 1915, 33,555 hectares were replanted by or with assistance from the Government.

III. MINES AND MINERALS.

The Italian mining industry is most developed in Sicily (Caltanissetta), in Tuscany (Arezzo, Florence, and Grosseto), in Sardinia (Cagliari, Sassari, and Iglesias), in Lombardy (particularly near Bergamo and Brescia), and in Piedmont.

Production in metric tons (1 metric ton

2,204 lbs., or 1,016 metric

tons = 1,000 English tons) of metallic ores and other minerals in 1917 :

The quarries of Italy employed in 1916, 46,820 persons (1,257 females), the output of building and decorative stone being valued at 61,739,320 lire.

IV. FISHERIES.

On December 31, 1915, the number of vessels and boats employed in fishing was 26,725, with an aggregate tonnage of 70,443. These numbers include 48 boats of 419 tons engaged in coral fishing. There were 162,755 fishermen, of whom 6,902 were engaged in deep-sea or foreign fishing. The value of the fish caught in 1916 (excluding foreign fishing) was estimated at 17,473,503 lire; the value obtained from tunny-fishing was in 1915 2,221,331 lire, and from coral-fishing 35,340 lire, the quantity being estimated at 327 kilogrammes.

V. MANUFACTURES.

The Italian industrial census of June 10, 1911, showed that there were 243,926 industrial establishments in the country, having 2,304,438 em