Article XIII.-The Members of the League agree that wheneve between them which they recognize to be suitable for submission cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will submit th to arbitration.

Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question to the existence of any fact which if established would constitut national obligation, or as to the extent and nature of the repara such breach, are declared to be among those which are generally to arbitration.

For the consideration of any snch dispute the court of arbitrati referred shall be the court agreed on by the parties to the disp convention existing between them.

The Members of the League agree that they will carry out in f that may be rendered and that they will not resort to war against which complies therewith. In the event of any failure to carry Council shall propose what steps should be taken to give effect th

Article XIV.-The Council shall formulate and submit League for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and determine a national character which the parties thereto submit to it. The advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by Assembly.

Article XV.-If there should arise between Members of the L to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to arbitration as ab League agree that they will submit the matter to the Council. may effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of the General, who will make all necessary arrangements for a full inve tion thereof.

For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate t as promptly as possible, statements of their case with all the rel and the Council may forthwith direct the publication thereof.

The Council shall endeavour to effect a settlement of the disp are successful, a statement shall be made public giving such regarding the dispute and the terms of settlement thereof as appropriate.

If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimou shall make and publish a report containing a statement of the fac recommendations which are deemed just and proper in regard th

Any Member of the League represented on the Council may n of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding the sa If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the me the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the disp League agree that they will not go to war with any party to the with the recommendations of the report.

If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimously ag thereof, other than the Representatives of one or more of the pa Members of the League reserve to themselves the right to take: consider necessary for the maintenance of right and justice.

If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of the Council, to arise out of a matter which by international law is so jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and shall n as to its settlement.

The Council may in any case under this Article refer the c The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either party that such a request be made within fourteen days after the subm the Council.

In any case referred to the Assembly all the provisions of thi XII. relating to the action and powers of the Council shall apply of the Assembly, provided that a report made by the Assembly Representatives of those Members of the League represented c majority of the other Members of the League, exclusive in each ca of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force as a report in by all the members thereof other than the Representatives of c to the dispute.

Article XVI,-Should any Member of the League resort t covenants under Articles XII., XIII., or XV., it shall ipso faci mitted an act of war against all other Members of the League immediately to subject it to the severance of all trade or fina

INTRODUCTORY TABLES

XXXV

hibetion of all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the covenantbreaking Member of the League, and the prevention of all financial, commercial, or personal intercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breaking Member of the League and the nationals of any other State, whether a Member of the League or not.

It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several Governments concerned what effective military or naval force the Members of the League shall severally contribute to the armed forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League. The Members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually support one another in the financial and economic measures which are taken under this Article, in order to aimmize the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will murally support one another in resisting any special measures aimed at one of their amber by the covenant-breaking Member of the League, and that they will take the ecessary steps to afford passage through their territory to the forces of any of the Members of the League which are co-operating to protect the covenants of the League.

Any Member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League may be derared to be no longer a Member of the League by a vote of the Council concurred in by the Representatives of all the other Members of the League represented thereon.

Article XVII.-In the event of a dispute between any Member of the League and a State which is not a Member of the League, or between States not Members of the League, the state or States not Members of the League shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the Comel may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of Articles XII. to XVI. aclusive shall be applied with such modifications as may be deemed necessary by the Council

Upon such invitation being given the Council shall immediately institute an inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances.

If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a Member of the League, the provisions of Article XVI. shall be applicable as against the State taking such action. If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, the Councl may take such meares and make such recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the tement of the dispute.

Article XVIII.-Every treaty of international engagement entered into hereafter by *ty Member of the League shall be forthwith registered with the Secretariat and shall as as possible be published by it. No such treaty or international engagement shall be ang until so registered.

Article XIX.-The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of treaties which have become inapplicable and the consideration of aternational conditions whose continuance might endanger the peace of the world. Article XX..-The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is acepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings inter se which are inconsistent the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any ments inconsistent with the terms thereof.

is case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member of the League, are undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member to take immediate steps to procure its release from such

wizations.

Article XXI.-Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of erational engagements such as treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like * Moarce Doctrine for securing the maintenance of peace.

Article XXII.-To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the trous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and has securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, experience or their geographical position, can best undertake this responsibility, who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as Vattatories on behalf of the League.

The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory, its economic conditions, and sther similar circumstances.

Dertain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of

development where their existence as independent nations can b nized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assis until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of thes a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory.

Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a tory must be responsible for the administration of the territory u will guarantee freedom of conscience or religion, subject only t public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishi military and naval bases and of military training of the natives purposes and for the defence of the territory, and will also secure the trade and commerce of other Members of the League.

There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or th remoteness from the centres of civilization, or their geographi territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be be the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, su above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population.

In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the Co in reference to the territory committed to its charge.

The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exerci shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the Leagu in each case by the Council.

A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and reports of the Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters ance of the mandates.

Article XXIII.-Subject to and in accordance with the prov conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the Members (a) will endeavour to secure and maintain fair and humane c men, women, and children both in their own countries and in their commercial and industrial relations extend, and for that and inaintain the necessary international organizations; (b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitan their control;

(c) will entrust the League with the general supervision over ments with regard to the traffic in women and children, an other dangerous drugs;

(d) will entrust the League with the general supervision of 1 ammunition with the countries in which the control of this the common interest;

(e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of all M In this connexion, the special necessities of the regions deva of 1914-1918 shall be borne in mind;

(f) will endeavour to take steps in matters of international con and control of disease.

Article XXIV.-There shall be placed under the direction national bureaux already established by general treaties if the parties All such international bureaux and all commissions for the reg international interest hereafter constituted shall be placed und League.

In all matters of international interest which are regulated by which are not placed under the control of international bureau Secretariat of the League shall, subject to the consent of the Co the parties, collect and distribute all relevant information and assistance which may be necessary or desirable.

The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Sec any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction of

Article XXV.-The Members of the League agree to enco establishment and co-operation of duly authorized voluntar organizations having as purposes the improvement of health, the and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world.

Article XXVI.-Amendments to this Covenant will take the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the C of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League w therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the Le

Adams (G. Burton), The British Empire and a League of Peace. New York, 1919. ell (Norman), The Political Conditions of Allied Success. London, 1918.

barray (Sir Thomas), New Methods of Adjusting International Disputes and the London, 1918.

Berry (T. T.), The Hope of the World. An Appreciation of the League of Nations e. London, 1919.

Bryce (Viscount), Editor, The League of Nations. Oxford, 1918.

Crosby (Oscar T.), International War: Its Causes and its Cure. London, 1919.
Incluson (G. Lowes), Problems of the International Settlement. London, 1919.
Erzberger (M.), The League of Nations (English translation). London, 1919.

Fagz (C) Ernest), The Fourteenth Point: A Study of the League of Nations. (The Go Foundation.) London, 1919.

Ferrero (G.). Problems of Peace. From the Holy Alliance to the League of Nations. Vw York, 1919.

Garmin (J. L.), The Economic Foundations of Peace; or, World-Partnership as the Imer basis of the League of Nations. London, 1919.

Gare Bishop C.), The League of Nations: The Opportunity of the Churches. London,

Hamilton (Sir Ian), The Millennium? London, 1918.

Houston (Herbert S.), Blocking New Wars. New York, 1918.

Lammaich (Heinrich), Der Friedensverband der Staaten. Leipzig, 1919.-Der Völkerat zur Bewahrung des Friedens. Olten, 1919.

Lawrence (I. J.), The Society of Nations: Its Past, Present, and Possible Future.

Lpmann (Walter), The Political Scene: An Essay on the Victory of 1918. New York,

Harburg (Theodore), League of Nations: Its Principles Examined. 2 vols. New

arrott (J. A. R.), The European Commonwealth. Problems Historical and omatic. London, 1918.

Minor (R. C.), A Republic of Nations. London, 1919.

Oppenheim (L.), The League of Nations and its Problems. London, 1918.

Par George), A Permanent League of Nations. London, 1919.

Pares (Sir Bernard), The League of Nations and Other Questions of Peace. London,

2919

Powers (H. H.), The Great Peace. London, 1919.

Smuts (J. C.), The League of Nations. London, 1919.

Makyòrass (W. T. 8.), A Society of States, or Sovereignty, Independence, and Equality La League of Nations. London, 1918.

Therry (Albert), Les Conditions de la Paix. Paris, 1919.

Walker (James) and Petre (M. D.), State Morality and the League of Nations. 06, 1912.

Weyl (Walter E.), The End of the War. New York, 1919.

XIV. THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERM

The draft 1 Treaty of Peace, following on the great European War public on May 8, 1919. The Treaty consists of a Preamble and fiftee summarised as follows:

PREAMBLE.

The Preamble recites shortly the origin of the War and the applic for an Armistice, and enumerates the High Contracting Parties, rep Great Powers, viz., the United States of America, the British Empi Japan, together with Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Ecuado Haiti, the Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Pe Rumania, Serbia, Siam, Czechoslovakia, and Uruguay, on the one on the other. The Plenipotentiaries representing these Powers are having communicated their full powers found in good and due follows:-From the coming into force of the present Treaty, the state From that moment, and subject to the provisions of this Treaty, Germany and with each of the German States will be resumed by the Powers.'

I.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

For the text of the League of Nations, see above, p. xxxii.

II.

THE BOUNDARIES OF GERMANY.

1. The old boundaries remain unchanged on the frontiers of Switzerland and Austria.

2. New boundaries are fixed

On the French frontier-that of July 18, 1870, and excludin
On the Danish frontier and for a portion of the boundary
and Poland-to be determined later by plebiscite.
On the Belgian frontier-the old boundary leaving out Mores
On the Polish frontier-to be settled by commissions.

III.

POLITICAL CHANGES IN EUROPE.

1. Belgium.-Germany consents to the abrogation of the Trea Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and part of Prussian Moresnet, a over Eupen and Malmedy.

2. Luxemburg.-Luxemburg ceases to be part of the German Zoll 1, 1919.

3. The Left Bank of the Rhine.-Germany must not maintain o cations less than fifty kilometres to the East of the Rhine. In the may maintain no armed forces, either permanent or temporary, nor nor maintain any works for facilitating mobilisation.

4. The Saar.-Germany cedes to France the full ownership of Saar Basin. The basin extends from the frontier of Lorraine, as north as far as St. Wendel, including on the west the valley of the bach and on the east the town of Homburg. The territory will be gov appointed by the League of Nations, and consisting of five memb native inhabitant of the Saar, and three representing three differen France and Germany. The Commission will have all powers of gov longing to the German Empire, Prussia, and Bavaria. There will be 1 only a local gendarmerie to maintain order. The people will preserve religious liberties, schools, and language, but may vote only for 1 fifteen years a plebiscite will be held by communes to ascertain the d as to continuance of the existing régime under the League of Nation: union with Germany.

5. Alsace-Lorraine.-The territories of Alsace-Lorraine are restor frontiers as before 1871, free of all public debts. Citizenship is provisions distinguishing those who are immediately restored to fu those who have to make a formal application therefor, and those for is open after three years. For seven years, with possible extensio Kehl and Strasbourg shall be administered as a single unit by a appointed and supervised by the Central Rhine Commission.

6. German Austria and Czechoslovakia.-Germany recognises th German-Austria and Czechoslovakia respectively.

1 The Treaty is subject to modification.