BOOKS OF REFERENCE Hurd (A.), The Defence of the British Empire. London, 1917. 91 Hutchins (B. L.) and Harrison (B. A.), History of Factory Legislation. London, 1902. Hyamson (A. M.), History of the Jews in England. London, 1907. Ilbert (Sir C. P.), Legislative Methods and Forms. Oxford, 1901.-Parliament, its History, Constitution, and Practice. London, 1911. Innes (A. D.), A History of England and the British Empire. 4 vols. London, 1914. Jackman (W.T.), The Development of Transportation in Modern England. Cambridge, 1916. James (W.), The Naval History of Great Britain. 6 vols. London, 1886. Jane (F. T.). Fighting Ships. Naval Annual. London. [In English, French, German and Italian.]-The British Battle Fleet. London, 1914. Jenks (E.), Parliamentary England: Evolution of the Cabinet System. London, 1903. -The Government of the British Empire (end of 1917). London, 1918. Jevons (H. Stanley), The British Coal Trade. London, 1915. Jewish Historical Society, Transactions of. London, 1895, &c.-Russo-Jewish Committee, Statistics of Jewish Population in London, 1873-93. London, 1894.-Jewish Year Book. London. Johnstone (J.), British Fisheries. London, 1905. Jones (R. J. C.), The British Merchant Service [History]. London, 1898. Keith (A. B.). Responsible Government in the Dominions. Oxford, 1912.-Selected speeches and documents on British Colonial Policy, 1763-1917. London, 1918. Kirkaldy (A. W.), British Shipping: Its History, Organisation, and Importance. London, 1914. Lambert (R. C.), Parliamentary History of Conscription in Great Britain. 1917. Lawson (W. R.), British Railways. London, 1913. Lean's Royal Navy List. Quarterly. London. Lecky (H. S.), The King's Ships. London, 1913. Lecky (W. E. H.), History of England in the 18th Century. 8 vols. London, 1887-1895. Lee (W. L. M.), History of the Police in England. London, 1901. Low (Sidney), The Governance of England. New Edition. London, 1914. Lowell (A. L.), The Government of England. 2 vols. London and New York. New Edition, 1912. Lucas (C. P.), Historical Geography of the British Colonies [a series of volumes, with Introduction on the Origin and Growth of the English Colonies and of their System of Government, by H. E. Egerton]. London. MacCarthy (J.), History of our own Times, 1873-97. 5 vols. London, 1879-97. (New Edition.) Mahan (Capt. A. T.), The Influence of Sea-Power upon History. London, 1890. May (Thomas Erskine), Constitutional History of England. 2 vols. London, 1861-63. Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings, and Usage of Parliament. New Edition, 3 vols., London, 1912. McVey (F. L.), The Financial History of Great Britain, 1914-1918. 1919. London, 1913. 30 vols. London. Murray's Handbooks for Travellers. English Handbooks. Oxford Survey of the British Empire. Vol. I. The British Isles and Mediterranean Territories. London, 1914. Page (W.), (Editor), Victoria History of the Counties of England. London. Payne (E. J.), Colonies and Colonial Federations. In English Citizen Series. London. 1905. Perris (G. H.), The Industrial History of Modern England. London, 1914. Porter (G. R.), Progress of the Nation. [New Edition by F. W. Hirst.] London. 1912. Quennell (C. H. B.), A history of everyday things in England. Part I, 1066-1499. London, 1918. Redlich (J.), Local Government in England. [Trans. by F. W. Hirst.] London, 1903. Rogers (J. E. Thorold), Industrial and Commercial History of England. London, 1892. Six Centuries of Work and Wages. London, 1890.-History of Agriculture and Prices. Oxford, 1902. Ross's Parliamentary Record. Annual. London. Salmon (E.) and Worsfold (J.), The British Dominions Year Book. London 1917. Seeley (Sir J. R.), The Expansion of England. London, 1883.-The Growth of British Policy. 2 vols. London, 1895. Seignobos (C.), Histoire politique de l'Europe contemporaine. Paris, 1897. [Eng. Trans. 2 vols. London. 1900.] Slater (G.), The Making of Modern England. London, 1913. Smart (W.), Economic Anaals of the Nineteenth Century. Vol. I., 1801-20; Vol. II., 1821-30. London. Smith (A. D.), The Development of Rates of Postage. London, 1918. Paris, 1906. Smith (Goldwin), The United Kingdom; a Political History. London, 1899. Speyer (H.). La Constitution Juridique de l'Empire Colonial Britannique. Stephen (L.), and Lee (S.), (Editors), Dictionary of National Biography. London. Stephen (Sir J. F.), History of the Criminal Law of England. 3 vols. London, 1883. Stubbs (Professor), A Constitutional History of England, in its Origin and Development. London, 1877. Tuswell-Langmead (T. P.), English Constitutional History. 6th. ed. London, 1905. Todd (Al.), On Parliamentary Government in England. 2 vols. London, 1887-89. Traill (H. D.), Social England. 6 vols. London, 1893-1896. Turner (B. B.), Chronicles of the Bank of England. London, 1897. Wallace (D. D.), The Government of England: National, Local, Imperial. London, 1918. Warren (H.), The Story of the Bank of England. London, 1902. W. E. A. Education Year Book. London, 1918. Webb (S. and B.), History of Trade Unionism. [Contains Bibliography.] New edition. London, 1913.-English Local Government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act. London, 1908. Willoughby (W. F. & W. W.), and Lindsay (S. Mc. C.), The Systems of Financial Administration of Great Britain. New York, 1918. Wright (R. S.) and Hobhouse (H.), Outline of Local Government and Local Taxation in England and Wales. 4th ed. London, 1914. SCOTLAND. Baddeley (J. B.), Thorough Guide Series Scotland. 4 parts. London. Brown (P. Hume), History of Scotland to the Present Time. New Edition. Cambridge University Press, 1911. Burton (J. H.), History of Scotland. New ed. Edinburgh, 1897. Craik (Sir H.), A Century of Scottish History. 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1901. Goodrich-Freer (A.), Outer Isles. London, 1902. Henderson (T. F.), and Watt (F.), Scotland To-Day. 2nd. ed. London, 1908. Hill (N.), The Story of the Scottish Church from the Earliest Times. Glasgow, 1919. Ker (W. P.), Local Government in Scotland. London, 1904. Kermack (W. R.), Historical Geography of Scotland. London, 1913. Kerr (A. W.), History of Banking in Scotland. 2d. ed. London, 1902. Murray's Handbooks for Travellers. Scotland. 8th ed. London. London, 1916. Scottish Banks and Bankers. By Moneta. Edinburgh, 1904. Strong, History of Secondary Education in Scotland. Oxford, 1909. Wright (A.), History of Education and of the old Parish Schools of Scotland. Edinburgh, $89. IRELAND. Baddeley (J. B.), Thorough Guide Series: Ireland. 2 parts. London. 2nd ed. London, 1919. Childers (E.), The Framework of Home Rule. London, 1912. Cooke (J.), Handbook for Travellers in Ireland. 6th ed. London, 1902. D'Alton (E. A.), History of Ireland from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. London, BOOKS OF REFERENCE 93 Duffy (Sir C. Gavan), Young Ireland: A Fragment of Irish History (1840-45). Final revision. London, 1896. Dunlop (R.), Ireland under the Commonwealth. Manchester, 1913. Falkiner (C. L.), Studies in Irish History and Biography. London, 1902. Flood (J. M.), Ireland: its Saints and Scholars. Dublin and London, 1918. Froude (J. A.), The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. London. Gannon (J. P.), A Review of Irish History in Relation to the Social Development of Ireland. London, 1900. Green (Mrs. A. Stopford), The Making of Ireland and its Undoing 1200-1600. London, 1909.-Irish Nationality. London, 1911. London, 1906.-The Famous Cities of Ireland. Gwynn (S.), The Fair Hills of Ireland. Dublin, 1915. Ireland, Industrial and Agricultural. Instruction for Ireland. 1902. Department of Agriculture and Technical Johnson (C.), The Isle of the Shamrock. London, 1901. Joyce (P. W.), Social History of Ancient Ireland. 2 vols. (2nd edition). London, 1914. Lecky (W. E. H.), History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. London, 1892.-The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland. London, 1903. McCarthy (M. J. F.), Five Years in Ireland. London, 1901.-Priests and People in Ireland. Dublin, 1902.-Gallowglass or Life in the Land of the Priests. London, 1904.The Irish Revolution. London, 1912. Mac Neill (J. G. Swift), The Constitutional and Parliamentary History of Ireland till the Union. Dublin, 1918. Morris (M. O'C.), Hibernia Hodierna, London, 1898.-Ireland, 1798-1898. London, 1898. Morris (W. O'C.), Ireland, 1494-1905. Revised ed. Cambridge, 1910. Murray's Handbooks for Travellers. Ireland. 8th ed. London, 1912. Murray (Alice E.), History of the Commercial and Financial Relations between England and Ireland. London, 1907. O'Brien (G.), The Economic History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, Dublin, 1918. O'Brien (R. B.), The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell, 1846-1891. 2 vols. London 1898. -A Hundred Years of Irish History. London, 911.-Studies in Irish History (1649-1775). Dublin, 1904. O'Brien (W.), Recollections. London, 1905. O'Brien (W. P.), Local Government in Ireland. Ireland and a Retrospect, 1845-95. London, 1896. O'Connor (Mrs. T. P.), Herself-Ireland, 1918. London.-The Great Famine in O'Donnell (F. H.), The Ruin of Education in Ireland and the Irish Fanar. London, 1902. A History of the Irish Parliamentary Party. 2 vols. 1910. O'Hegarty (P. S.), The Indestructible Nation: A Survey of Irish History from the English Invasion. Dublin, 1918.-Sinn Fein. Dublin, 1918, Olden (T.), The Church in Ireland. London, 1892. Paul-Dubois (L.), Contemporary Ireland. [From the French.] Dublin, 1908. Plunkett (Sir H.), Ireland in the New Century. London, 1905. Russell (T. W.), Ireland and the Empire, 1800-1900. London, 1901. Schindler (M. C.), En Irlande [Letters to the Temps]. Paris, 1904. Smith (Goldwin), Irish History and the Irish Question. London, 1906 Smith-Gordon (L.) and Staples (L. C.), Rural Reconstruction in Ireland. London, 1918. Smith (R. J.), Ireland's Renaissance. Dublin, 1904. Stevenson (B. E.), The Charm of Ireland. London, 1916. Trégniz (L.), L'Irlande dans la Crise universelle. Paris, 1918. Wells (W. B.) and Marlowe (N.), A History of the Irish Rebellion of 1916. Dublin, 1916.-The Irish Convention and Sinn Fein. Dublin, 1918. Wilson (P.), The Beginnings of Modern Ireland. 1912. WALES. London. Baddeley (J. B.), Thorough Guide Series: Wales. 3 parts. Baring-Gould (S.), A Book of North Wales. London, 1903.-A Book of South Wales. London, 1905. London, 1901. Borrow (G.), Wild Wales: its People, Language, and Scenery. New ed. Bradley (A. G.), In the March and Borderland of Wales. London, 1905 Bund (J. W. W.), The Celtic Church of Wales. London, 1897. Edwards (O. M.), Wales. [In Story of the Nations Series.] London, 1901. Murray's Handbooks for Travellers. North Wales. 5th ed.-South Wales. 4th ed. London. Rhys (J.) and Jones (D. Brynmor), The Welsh People. London, 1900. Stone (G.), Wales. Manners. London, 1915. Her Origins, Struggles, and Later History, Institutions, and ISLE OF MAN AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. Isle of Man Annual Financial Statement. Douglas. Statistical Abstract for the Isle of Man. Annual. Douglas. Black's Guide to the Isle of Man.-Guide to the Channel Islands. 11th ed. London, 1902. Boland (H.), Les Iles de la Manche. Paris, 1904. Brown's Guide to the Isle of Man. Douglas. Caine (T. H. Hall), The Little Manx Island. London, 1891. Decennial Census Reports. London. MacCulloch (Sir E.), Guernsey Folk Lore. London, 1903. Mahé de la Bourdonnais (Count A.), Voyage dans l'Isle de Man. Paris, 1894. Moore (A. W.), Sodor and Man. [Diocesan History.] London, 1893.-History of the Isle of Man. 2 vols. London Report of the Departmental Committee on the Constitution, &c., of the Isle of Man. (Cd. 5950.) London, 1911. Walpole (Spencer), The Land of Home Rule. London, 1893. Wimbush (H. B.) and Carey (Edith F.), The Channel Islands (painted and described). London, 1904. INDIA, THE DOMINIONS, COLONIES, PROTECTORATES, AND DEPENDENCIES OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. In the following pages the various sections of the British Empire outside the United Kingdom are arranged in alphabetical order under the divisions of the world to which they belong:-1. Europe; 2. Asia; 3. Africa; 4. America; 5. Australasia and Oceania. The Colonies and Dominions proper form three classes:-(1) The Crown Colonies, which are entirely controlled by the home government; (2) those possessing Representative Institutions, in which the Crown has no more than a veto on legislation, but the home government retains the control of public officers; and (3) those possessing Responsible Government, in which the home government has no control over any public officer, though the Crown appoints the Governor and still retains a veto on legislation. The Colonial Office is divided into three branches, the first of which, called the Dominions Department, deals with business connected with the self-governing colonies, and is linked with the secretariat of the Imperial Conference. The Second Department, called the Crown Colonies Department, deals with the administrative and political work of the Crown Colonies and Protectorates. The Third or General Department, which is also a Legal Department, deals with matters common to all Crown Colonies such as currency, banking, posts and telegraphs, education, &c. Connected with this department are standing committees to deal with promotion, railways and finance, concessions and pensions. The expenditure of the Mother Country in connection with the Colonies and Protectorates (exclusive of India) amounts to over one million sterling annually for grants in aid and administrative expenditure. BOOKS OF REFERENCE 95 EUROPE. GIBRALTAR. Governor.-General Sir Horace L. Smith-Dorrien, G. C.B., G.C.M.G., D.S.O., salary, 4,500l. and 500. allowance. Appointed June 22, 1918. Colonial Secretary.-Sir F. Evans, K. C.M.G., K.C.V.O., C. B. E. (Acting). The Rock of Gibraltar is a Crown colony, situated in 36° 6' N. latitude and 5° 21′ W. longitude, in the Province of Andalusia, in Spain, commanding the entrance to the Mediterranean. The Governor, who is also Commanderin-Chief, exercises all the functions of government and legislation. Area, 13 square mile; greatest elevation, 1,439 feet. Population, including port and harbour (census 1911), civil, 19,586 (9,228 males, and 10,358 females); military, 5,340 (4,476 males, and 864 females); naval, 441; total, 25,367 (14,145 males, and 11,222 females). Estimated fixed civil population, January 1, 1918, 16,549 (8,105 males, and 8,444 females). In addition there were at that date about 10,400 aliens. The settled population are mostly descendants of Spanish and Italian settlers. Civil population births (1917), 377; marriages, 148; deaths, 356. Average births per 1,000 of fixed civil population, 22.78; deaths, 1922. Religion of fixed population mostly Roman Catholic; one Protestant cathedral and four Roman Catholic churches; annual subsidy to each communion, 5007. Several private English schools; Government aided elementary schools, 16 (11 Roman Catholic). Pupils, 2,816 in 1917-18. Government grant, 2,8687. One magistrate's court and a supreme court. In 1917 there were 12 convictions of serious crime, and 923 summary convictions. £ £ £ £ Revenue £ £ 105,738 104,634 89,721 95,544 100,611 125,876 81,613 82,077 121,420 142,119 119,570 119,636 Chief sources of revenue, 1917 :-Customs, 45,9517.; post office, 12,755l.; rents of Crown property, 10,9667.; fees and re-imbursements in aid, 23,5997.; port dues and wharfage, 10,5487.; interest on investments, 16,2657.; licences and internal revenues, 4,3071. Chief branches of expenditure, 1917 :Establishments, 76,2781.; public works, 20,445l.; pensions, 3,7097.; ecclesiastical grants, 1,000l. Contribution by Home Government, nil. Public debt, nil. Total net assets, 168,1847. Industries unimportant. The trade of the port is chiefly transit trade, and the supply of coal to ships. There are import duties on malt liquors, wine, spirits, and tobacco, and on these articles the duties are low. Government savings-bank, with 4,988 depositors, had 156,170 pesetas and 198,9577. deposits at the end of 1917. Gibraltar is a naval base and position of great strategic importance, which is now largely increased in strength and stability. There is a deep harbour of 260 acres, which suffices for all the wants of the Mediterranean fleet. The merchant vessels registered at the port were (1917) 51 steamers of 5,716 tons net and 13 sailing vessels of 1,440 tons; total, 64 vessels of 7,156 tons. Vessels entered, 1917; 5,298, tonnage, 9,711,227 (British, 1,946, tonnage, 3,955,979); cleared, 5,117, tonnage, 9,382,234 (British, 1,890, tonnage, 3,791,195). Three miles of internal telegraph under military and about |