INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS

289

of the Governor in Council of the Dominion of Canada, and three appointed by the President of the United States. This commission, subject to the conditions of the treaty, has jurisdiction in all cases involving the use or obstruction or diversion of the boundary waters. Precedence is given by the treaty to uses of the waters in the following order, viz., (1) for domestic and sanitary purposes, (2) for navigation, (3) for power and irrigation.

Total length of railways, June 1917, 38,604 miles, an increase of 1,170 miles over 1916, all of the 4 ft. 8 inch gauge. The railway mileage was distributed as follows:-Ontario, 11,049 miles; Quebec, 4,734 miles Manitoba, 4,194 miles; Saskatchewan, 6,124 miles; Alberta, 4,444 miles; British Columbia, 3,885 miles; New Brunswick, 1,959 miles; Nova Scotia, 1,422 miles; Prince Edward Island, 278 miles; Yukon, 102 miles; and in the United States, 413 miles. The total length of the Government railways in operation in 1916-17 was 3,944 miles. The Canadian Pacific Railway main line from Montreal to Vancouver is 2,903 miles in length. By means of this railway and a line of Pacific steamers subsidised by the Imperial and Dominion Governments, Montreal and Yokohama are brought within 18 days of one another. April, 1914, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway was completed. It has a main line length of about 3,600 miles, and starts at Moncton, New Brunswick, and runs via Quebec, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, and Edmonton, to the Pacific Coast at Prince Rupert, British Columbia. The line runs throughout in British territory, and is a link in the shortest route between Europe and Asia. There is a monthly steam service between Australia and British Columbia, for which the Dominion Government gives 37,0917. annually. The traffic on Canadian steam railways in three years was ·

In

In 1917, of the capital, 185,493,914 dollars represented Federal Government aid (exclusive of the cost of Government Railways, 132,577,093 dollars) and 55,349,731 dollars from Provincial Governments and Municipalities. The latter amount does not include cost of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway (20,737,832 dollars). The expenditure by Dominion Government on National Transcontinental Railway up to March 31, 1917, was 163,797,784 dollars.

Electric railways in 1917, 64, mileage 1,744; passengers during the year, 629,441,997; tons of freight carried, 2,333,539. The gross earnings in 1917 reached an aggregate of 30,237,664 dollars, as compared with 27,416,285 dollars in 1916. Operating expenses amounted to 20,098,634 dollars, an increase of 1,998,728 dollars over the preceding year. Paid up capital, 161,234,739 dollars.

On March 31, 1917, there were 12,772 post offices. Gross revenue, 25,187,067 dollars; net revenue, 20,902,384 dollars; expenditure, 16,300,579 dollars. At the end of the calendar year, 1917, there were 4,106 rural mail delivery routes, on which were erected 191,820 boxes; the corresponding figures for 1916 were 3,894 routes and 178,083 boxes.

U

Money order offices on March 31, 1917, 4,810; orders issued (1916-17), 8,698,502, value 119,695,535 dollars. The Ocean Mail subsidies and steamship subventions paid by the Government amounted to 1,990,582 dollars in 1917.

There were 61,464 miles (12,017 being Government) of telegraph lines in Canada in 1917, and 229,598 miles of wire (exclusive of Government lines), with 5,021 offices. There were in 1917 1,708,202 miles of telephone wire, of which 1,186,528 miles were urban and 521,675 rural, and 604,136 telephones. The earnings of telephone companies in Canada in 1917 amounted to 20,122,282 dollars, and the operating expenses to 12,095,426 dollars. The capital liability amounted to 79,121,702 dollars in 1917.

Wireless Telegraphy. In 1917 there were 49 Radiotelegraph stations operated in the public service of Canada, having a range of 100 to 750 nautical miles, or an average of 270 nautical miles. Messages sent and received numbered 181,740. There is a long-distance station near Glace Bay, Cape Breton, N.S., with a range of 3,000 nautical miles; and also one at New Castle, N.B., with a range of 2,500 nautical miles. There are 24 Government steamers equipped with wireless apparatus having a range of 100 to 400 miles, or an average of 162 miles.

Money and Credit.

The Bank Acts of Canada impose stringent conditions as to capital, notes in circulation, limit of dividend, returns to the Dominion Government, and other points, on all chartered and incorporated banks. The Dominion Government by statute must always hold as security for the redemption of Dominion notes issued and outstanding up to and including fifty million dollars, an amount in gold or in gold and guaranteed securities of Canada equal to not less than 25 per cent. of the amount of such notes (Dominion Notes Act, 1914). To secure the issue of notes in excess of fifty millions it must hold a dollar in gold for each dollar in notes. War measure.Under the provisions of the Finance Act, 1914, the Minister of Finance is empowered to issue Dominion notes to banks upon the deposit of approved securities with the Minister. On Oct. 31, 1918, there were 19 incorporated banks making returns to the Government, with about 3,306 branches. The following are some particulars of the banks :

·

1914

1915

1916

1917

Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars 114,759,807 104,600,185 1,144,210,363 1,309,944,006 1,555,676,395 113,982,741 105,137,092 1,198,340,315 1,353,629,123 1,596,424,643 113,175,353 126,691.913 1,418,030,429 1,596,905,337 1,839,286,709 111,637,755 161,029,606 1,643,203,020 1,866,228,236 2,111,559,555

84.20

84.40 86.82

88.38

1 Excluding capital and rest or reserve fund.

In September, 1918, the deposits aggregated 1,961,470,158 dollars, and the circulation 211,623,856 dollars.

In addition to the capital there was in 1918 the sum of 114,142,333 dollars of rest or reserve funds belonging to the banks.

There are 23 clearing houses in Canada. The transactions for 1917 amounted to 12,552,822,000 dollars, against 10,557,188,000 dollars in 1916.

MONEY, WEIGHTS, ETC.-BOOKS OF REFERENCE

291

Of the transactions of 1917, Montreal had 34 per cent., Toronto 24 per cent., Winnipeg 21 per cent., and Vancouver 3-4 per cent.

Government post-office savings-banks have been in operation in Canada since 1868; there are also Government savings-banks, under the Finance Department, in the Maritime Provinces, Manitoba, and British Columbia. In 1918 the post-office savings-banks had 125,735 depositors and 41,283,479 dollars on deposit. The Government savings banks had 12,177,283 dollars on deposit.

The deposits in special savings-banks amounted in 1918 to 42,000,543 dollars.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The Dollar of 100 cents. The value of the money of the United Kingdom is fixed by law as follows:-The sovereign, 4.86 dollars; the crown piece, 12 dollars; and other silver coins at proportionate values. Notes are issued by the Government for 5, 4, 2, and 1 dollar, and 25 cents; no bank is allowed to issue notes for a less sum than 5 dollars. Dominion notes outstanding at the end of 1917 amounted to 272,934,814 dollars.

The Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint was established in pursuance of The Ottawa Mint Act, 1901, under which an annual sum not exceeding 75,000 dollars is payable to the Imperial Treasury for the purpose of defraying the salaries of officials and other expenses of the Mint, the fees and all sums received being retained by Canada. The Mint issues gold, silver and copper coins for circulation in Canada, and sovereigns and half-sovereigns coined will be legal tender in every country under the British flag. Coinage for Newfoundland was struck at the Mint in 1917 and 1918.

Gold, silver, and bronze coin struck and issued by the Ottawa Mint during the calendar years 1916 and 1917 :

:

The legal weights and measures are the Imperial yard, pound avoirdupois, gallon, and bushel; but the hundredweight is declared to be 100 pounds and the ton 2,000 pounds avoirdupois, as in the United States.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Canada and British North America.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annual Reports of the various Government Departments. Ottawa.

Census of Canada, decennial. Ottawa.

Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics.

Ottawa.

Public Accounts and Estimates of Canada for the fiscal year ending March 31. Ottawa.

Reports on Canadian Archives.

Annual.

Report to the Board of Trade on the North-West of Canada, with Special Reference to Wheat Production for Export. By James Mavor. London, 1905.

Report of the Auditor-General on Appropriation Accounts for the year ending June 30. Annual. Ottawa.

Ottawa.

Reports (Annual) of the Geological Survey of Canada. Reports of Commission of Conservation. Toronto. Report, Returns, and Statistics of the Inland Revenues of the Dominion of Canada, for the fiscal year ending June 30. Annual. Ottawa.

Canada Year Book, Dominion Bureau of Statistics Office, Ottawa.

Statistical Abstract for the several Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom. Annual. London.

Trade Report Published by the Department of Trade and Commerce. Ottawa. Annual. Tables of the Trade and Navigation of the Dominion of Canada, for the fiscal year ending March 31. Annual. Ottawa.

Report to the Board of Trade on the Trade of Canada. By H.M. Trade Commissioner. Annual. London.

Water Powers of Canada. Ottawa, 1916.

Chambers (Major Ernest J.), The Canadian Parliamentary Guide and Work of General Reference for the Dominion of Canada, 1908. Ottawa, 1908.-Canada's Fertile North Land. Ottawa. 1908.-The unexploited West. A compilation of all the authentic information available at the present time as to the natural resources of the unexploited regions of Northern Canada. Ottawa, 1914.

Griffin (Watson), Canada the Country of the Twentieth Century. Ottawa, 1916.

The Coal Fields of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Geological Survey. Ottawa, 1909.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Adams (J.), Ten Thousand Miles through Canada. London, 1912.

Ami (H. M.), Editor. North America. Vol. I. Canada and Newfoundland. Second Edition, revised. London, 1915.

Baedeker's The Dominion of Canada with Newfoundland, and an Excursion to Alaska, By J. F. Muirhead. 3rd ed., London, 1907.

Boam (H. J.), Twentieth Century Impressions of Canada: its History People, Commerce, Industries and Resources. London, 1914.

Bourinot (Sir J G.), Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada. Montreal, 1888. -How Canada is Governed. London, 1895.-Historical and Descriptive Account of Cape Breton. Montreal, 1892.-Canada. [In 'Story of the Nations' Series.] New ed. London, 1909.-Canada and the United States. [Constitutional Systems Compared.] Philadelphia, 1898-Canada under British Rule, 1760-1900. Cambridge, 1900.-Lord Elgin. 'Makers of Canada' Series. London, 1906.

Bradley (A. G.), Canada in the Twentieth Century. New ed., London, 1906.-The Making of Canada. London, 1908.

Bramley-Moore (A.), Canada and her Colonies. London, 1911.

Bray (A. J. de). L'Essor Industriel et Commercial du Peuple Canadien. Montreal, 1914.
Bryce (G.), The Remarkable History of the Hudson Bay Company. London, 1900.-
Short History of the Canadian People. New ed., London, 1914.
Buron (E. J. P.), Les Richesses du Canada. Paris, 1904.

Burpee (L. J.), Among the Canadian Alps. London, 1915.
Callahan (J. M.), Neutrality of the American Lakes.

1898.

Chapleau (Hon. J. A.), Constitution and Government of Canada. 16. Montreal, 1894 Chronicles of Canada Series. Toronto.

Clement (Hon. W. H. P.), The Law of the Canadian Constitution. Toronto and London, 1916.

Copping (A. E.), Canada: To-day and To-morrow.

London, 1911.

3rd edition.

Curran (W. T.) and Calkins (H. A.), In Canada's Wonderfol Northland. London,

1917.

Dawson (S. E.), North America. Vol. I. [In Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel.] New edition. London, 1914.-The St. Lawrence Basin and its Borderlands. London, 1905.

Douglas (J.), Old France in the New World. Cleveland and London, 1905.
Egerton (H. E.), Historical Canada under British Rule. London, 1918.

Egerton (H. E.), and Grant (W. L.), Canadian Constitutional Development, London,

1907.

Garneau (F. X.), Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours. 5th edition. Paris, 1914.

Griffith (W. L.), The Dominion of Canada. London, 1911.

Heaton's Annual Commercial Handbook of Canada. Toronto.

Hodgins (T.), British and American Diplomacy affecting Canada. 1782-1899. Toronto, 1900. Hopkins (J. C.), Canada: an Encyclopædia. 6 vols. Toronto, 1897.-Progress of Canada in the Century. Edinburgh, 1902.-Morang's Annual Register of Canadian Affairs. Toronto. -French Canada and the St. Lawrence. London, 1915.-The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs. Toronto.

CANADIAN PROVINCES

Hurd (P.), Canada: Past, Present, and Future.

London, 1918.

Jeans (J. S.), Canada's Resources and Possibilities. London, 1904.

Keith (A. B.), Responsible Government in the Dominions. Oxford, 1912.
Kennedy (W. P. M.), Documents of the Canadian Constitution, 1759-1915.

and Loudon, 1918.

Kingsford (W.), History of Canada. 10 vols. London, 1887-98.

293

Toronto

Laureys (H.), Essai de Géographie économique du Canada (Résumé Aide-Mémoire). Brussels, 1914.

Laut (Agnes), Canada, the Empire of the North. Boston, 1909.
Lefroy (A. H. F.), Canada's Federal System. Toronto, 1913.

Loir (A.), Canada et Canadiens. Paris, 1909.

Lucas (Sir C. P.), Historical Geography of the British Colonies. Canada. Oxford, 1916. -A History of Canada, 1763-1812. London, 1909.-Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America. 3 vols. Oxford, 1912.

Meighen (Hon. A.), Canada's Natural Resources and their State Control. Geographical Journal. August, 1918.

Miller (J. Ö). Editor. The New Era in Canada. 1917.

Mitchell (E. B.), In Western Canada before the war. A study of communities. London,

1915.

Morgan (H. J.) and Burpee (L. J.), Canadian Life in Town and Country. London, 1906. Morris (Keith), Anglo-Canadian Year Book. Annual. London.

Oxford Survey of the British Empire. Vol. IV. American Territories. London, 1914. Parkman (F.), France and England in America, consisting of the following works:Pioneers of France in the New World (1512-1635).-The Jesuits in North America (1634-75). -La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1643-89).-The Old Régime in Canada (1653-1763) 14th ed.-Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV. (1620-1701). 14th ed.-A Half-Century of Conflict (1700-48).-Montcalm and Wolf (1710-63). London, 1885. The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1663-1769). New ed. Porritt (E.), Evolution of the Dominion of Canada. Riddell (W. R.), The Constitution of Canada in its

New Haven and London, 1917.

Steele (S. B.). Forty Years in Canada. London, 1915.

London, 189

New York and London, 1918.
History and Practical Working,

Trémandan (A. H. de), The Hudson Bay Road (1498-1915) London, 1915.

Tupper (Sir Charles), Recollections of Sixty Years. London, 1914.

Viktor (E. A.), Canada's Future: What she offers after the War. A symposium of official opinion. Toronto, 1916.

Washburn (S.), Trails, Trappers, and Tenderfeet in Western Canada. 1912.

Weaver (Emily P.), Canada and the British Immigrant. London, 1914.

Whates (H. R.), Canada: The New Nation. London, 1906.

White (James). Boundary disputes and treaties [in Canada]. Toronto, 1914.

Winsor (J.), The Struggle in America between England and France, 1697-1768. London, 1895.

Wrong (G. M.), Langton (H. H.), and Stewart Wallace (W.), Review of Historical Publications relating to Canada. Toronto.

Wrong (G. M.), Willison (Sir J.), Lash (Z.

Canada, 1867-1917. London, 1917.
Yeigh (F.), Thrugh the Heart of Canada.

A.), and Falconer (R. A.). The Federation of

London, 1911.

CANADIAN PROVINCES.

ALBERTA.

Constitution and Government.-The Constitution of Alberta is contained in the British North America Act of 1867, and its several amending Acts; also in the Alberta Act of 1905, passed by the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada, creating the province. In the British North America Act, provision was made for the admission of the new provinces from time to time, including the then North-West Territories, of which the present province of Alberta formed a large portion. Upon the granting of autonomy to the North-West Territories, Alberta and Saskatchewan were erected into provinces, and all the provisions of the British North America Act, except those with respect to schools, lands, and the public domain, were made to apply to Alberta as they apply to the older provinces of Canada,