The import value is that at the port of arrival, and includes cost, freig charges; the export value is that at the port of shipment when the goods exportation. Quantities and values are ascertained from declarations by exporters, verified in the case of dutiable imports by actual weighing and me countries of origin and of destination of goods are also obtained from declara by invoices or bills of lading when necessary.

Chief imports, 1916:-Sugar, 44,4157.; raw coffee, 9,94 40,4697.; flour, 176,8257.; olive oil, 16,0357.; rice, 24,2391.; t 27,6687.; petroleum, 32,7031.; cotton yarn, thread, and p 114,0267.; woollen manufactures, 24,1797.; haberdashery and 13,6697.; leather and leather manufactures, 50,3331.; soap, 20, Chief exports, 1916-Animals, 87,500l.; raisins, 38,188 183,4627.; wine, 80,1657.; cotton, 23,6007.; silk cocoons, 17,9 19,9527.; hides and skins, 17,7577.; pomegranates, 16,8177.; oranges, 18,0997.

Imports from United Kingdom, inclusive of specie, in 191 Exports to United Kingdom, inclusive of specie, in 1916, 164,19

The Imperial Ottoman Bank and the Bank of Athens hav ments in the island. The Savings Bank (begun in 1903) had, a 1916, 217 depositors, with 6,4537. to their credit. Coins curren gold; Cyprus, silver; copper piastres, half piastre and quarter pi (9 piastres = one shilling). Currency notes are also in Weights and measures are as follows:

There are 746 miles of good carriage road, exclusive roads; 245 miles of telegraph lines; cable connects with Ale narrow gauge railway runs from Famagusta (where harbour completed in 1906) through Nicosia and Morphou to Evrykhou Total number of letters, postcards, newspapers, book-packets, delivered in Cyprus, 1916-17: local, 1,292,611; received fr 787,660; posted for foreign countries, 664,119. There were 2 telegraph line in operation in 1916-17.

Books of Reference concerning Cyprus.

Annual Report of H.M.'s High Commissioner.

Statistical Abstract for the Colonial and other Possessions of the Uni Annual. London.

Baedeker's "Palestine and Syria, including the Island of Cyprus." 5th Cobham (C.D.), An Attempt at a Bibliography of Cyprus. 5th ed. Cam Excerpta Cypria: A Collection of Materials for the History of Cyprus. Car Deschamps (E.), Au Pays d'Aphrodite. Paris, 1898.

Hackett (J.), History of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus. London, 1901. Jeffery (G. E.), The Present Condition of the Ancient Architectural Cyprus. Oxford, 1910.

Lukach (H. C.) and Jardine (D. J.), The Handbook of Cyprus. London,
Macmillan's Guides: The Eastern Mediterranean. London.
Mariti (G.), Travels in Cyprus. [Translated from the Italian.] Cambr
Ohnefalsch-Richter (Magda H.), Griechische Sitten und Gebräuche auf C

1914.

Orr (C. W. J.), Cyprus under British Rule.
Oxford Survey of British Empire. Vol. I.
Trietsch (Davis), Cyporn. Frankfort, 1911.

London, 1918.
London, 1914.

HONG KONG

113

HONG KONG.

Constitution and Government.

THE Crown Colony of Hong Kong was ceded by China to Great Britain in January, 1841; the cession was confirmed by the treaty of Nanking, in August, 1842; and the charter bears date April 5, 1843. Hong Kong is the great centre for British commerce with China and Japan, and a military and naval station of first-class importance.

The administration is in the hands of a Governor, aided by an Executive Council, composed of the General Officer Commanding the Troops, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Treasurer, the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, and the Director of Public Works (the last two being special appointments), and two unofficial members. There is also a Legislative Council, presided over by the Governor, and composed of the General Officer Commanding the Troops, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Treasurer, the Director of Public Works, the Captain-Superintendent of Police, the Secretary for Chinese Affairs (the last three being special appointments), and six unofficial members-viz., four nominated by the Crown (two of whom are Chinese), one nominated by the Chamber of Commerce, and one by the Justices of the Peace.

Governor-R. E. Stubbs, C.M.G. Appointed 1919. Salary 6,000l., including 1,2001. allowance.

Area and Population.

Hong Kong is situated at the mouth of the Canton River, about 90 miles south of Canton. The island is an irregular and broken ridge, stretching nearly east and west about 11 miles, its breadth from 2 to 5 miles, and its area rather more than 32 square miles; separated from the mainland by a narrow strait, the Lyeemoon Pass, about half a mile in width. The opposite peninsula of Kowloon, on the mainland, was ceded to Great Britain by treaty in 1861, and now forms part of Hong Kong. The city of Victoria extends for upwards of five miles along the southern shore of the beautiful harbour. By a convention signed at Peking on June 9, 1898, there was leased to Great Britain for 99 years a portion of Chinese territory mainly agricultural, together with the waters of Mirs Bay and Deep Bay and the island of Lan-tao. Its area is 356 square miles, with about 91,000 inhabitants, exclusively Chinese. Area of Old Kowloon is 3 square miles. Total area of colony, 391 square miles. A scheme was begun at the end of 1916 for reclaiming 12 million square feet of land from the sea in Kowloon Bay, and erecting thereon a model town.

The population of Hong Kong, excluding the Military and Naval establishments, was estimated to be in the middle of 1917 as follows:-Non-Chinese civil population, 13,500; 'Chinese civil population, namely, City of Victoria (including Peak), 280,700; villages of Hong Kong, 15,300; Kowloon (including New Kowloon), 77,200; New Territories (land), 89, 900; population afloat, 58,500; total Chinese population, 521,600 total civil populalation, 535,100:

Of the resident white population nearly one-half is British and one-third is Portuguese.

The registered births and deaths for four years were as follows:

1 Birth and death rates are calculated only on the population of Hong Kong and Kowloon, there being no jurisdiction by the sanitary authorities over the New Territories (except New Kowloon).

In 1914 the number of Chinese emigrants was 76,296, and the number of immigrants 168,827; in 1915, 68,275 and 109,753; in 1916, 117,653 and 72, 405; and in 1917, 96,298 and 98,232 respectively.

Instruction.

The more important Government schools of the Colony are staffed wholly or partly by British teachers. They include Queen's College, average attendance 550 boys, mostly Chinese; the Kowloon, Peak, and Victoria schools, for children of both sexes of British parentage, average attendance 64, 44 and 45; the Belilios Girls' School, average attendance 400; eight English Schools for Chinese boys, average attendance 1,598; one English school for Indian boys, average attendance 76. There are 34 schools (mainly denominational) which receive grants from Government and are subject to Government inspection, average attendance 3,447 in 1917. The net cost of education in 1917 was 234,678 dollars.

There is a police school with an average attendance of 23 British, Indian, and Chinese in 1917, and about 400 unaided schools with over 16,000 pupils.

A Technical Institute maintained by the local Government was started in 1906; number of students in 1917, 425.

The Hong Kong University was formally opened in March, 1912, and during the session 1916-17 the number of students was 189. Faculties of Medicine, Engineering, and Arts have been established, and there is a large staff of British professors and lecturers.

Justice and Crime.

There are Courts of Justice consisting of a Supreme Court, the second court or Court of Summary Jurisdiction, and a third court or Appeal Court, a police magistrate's court, and a marine magistrate's court. In 1917,

1,588 were committed to Victoria gaol for criminal offences; in 1916, 1,418. The daily average of prisoners in gaol was 638 in 1916, and 600 in 1917. There is a police force in the colony numbering 1,229 men, of whom 60 are European, 481 Indians, and 588 Chinese.

Finance.

The public revenue and expenditure of the colony were as follows in five years. The dollar of Hong Kong is of variable value; for 1913 it is here taken at 2s., for 1914 at 1s. 101d., for 1915 at 1s. 93d., for 1916 at 2s. 1d., for 1917 at 2s. 74d.

The revenue is derived chiefly from land, taxes, licences, quarry rent, liquor and tobacco duties, and an opium monopoly, which together more than cover the expenses of administration, except in the year 1915. A large portion of the expenditure has to be devoted to the maintenance of a strong police force. Expenditure on establishments in 1917, 4,502,800 dols. (586,3027.). The estimates for 1918 are: revenue, 17,080,000 dollars; expenditure, 15,752,000 dollars; for 1919: revenue, 16,884,000 dollars; expenditure, 14,678,000 dollars.

Public debt, 341,8007., raised in 1887 and 1893 for public works. Another loan, 1,143,9337. in Inscribed Stock at 3 per cent., was raised in 1906 for purposes of railway construction, also a 6 per cent. War Loan of 3,000,000 dollars was authorised. On December 31, 1917, the balance of assets over liabilities was 3,268,062 dols. (425,5307.).

Defence.

The military contribution payable to the Imperial Government was 2,742,565 dols. (357,1057.) for 1917. The volunteer corps cost 71,135 dois. (9,2627.) for 1917. Hong Kong is the headquarters of the China Squadron.

Industry, Commerce, Shipping, and Communications.

The chief industries of Hong Kong are cotton-spinning, sugar refining, ship-building and repairing, rope-making, the manufacture of cement, brewing, and the manufacture of knit goods. Deep-sea fishing is important, especially for the New Territories.

The commerce of Hong Kong is chiefly with Great Britain (about one-half of the total imports and exports), India, Australia, and the United States. Hong Kong is a free port (except as regards the importation of intoxicating liquor and tobacco), and there are no complete official returns of trade. Hong Kong is the centre of trade in many kinds of goods. Among the principal are opium, sugar and flour, salt, earthenware, oil, amber, cotten and cotton goods, sandal wood, rice, coal, timber, hemp, bulk and case oil (kerosene), ivory, betel, vegetables, live stock, granite, cement, tin. The Chinese tea and silk trade is largely in the hands of Hong Kong firms. The trade between Hong Kong and the United Kingdom (Board of Trade returns) for five years is given as follows:

The principal items of trade for 5 years are given as follows

23,947 vessels, including 13,020 junks and 3,223 (s/1) sto representing altogether 10,292,772 tons, entered in 1917, and 2 including 13,047 junks, and 3,309 (s/1) steam-launches, representi tons, cleared in 1917. The number of fishing and other boats fr harbour and bays of Hong Kong in 1917 may be estimated at a

There is an electric tramway of 9 miles and a cable tran ing The Peak district with the lower levels of Victoria. The B of the Hong Kong-Canton Railway was begun in 1907, ai traffic on 1st October, 1910. The branch line from Fanling to was completed and opened to traffic in April, 1912.

There were 17 post offices in Hong Kong in 1917; Re and telegraphic, 55,6881. ; expenditure, 38, 8531. Telegraph li cables, 1917, 254 miles; telephone wires, excluding military miles. There is a wireless telegraph service under the Post a military and naval wireless station.

Money and Credit.

The British banking institutions in the Colony are the Ho Shanghai Banking Corporation, whose head office is at Ho Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, and the Met of India, Ltd. There are also several Chinese and foreign ban] Money, Weights, and Measures.

The currency of the Colony consists of the notes of the ab banks, and of British, Hong Kong, and Mexican dollars, besi coins. The British Dollar is of 416 grains of silver 900 fine, with 417 74 grains of 902.7 fineness of the Mexican dollar.