To this must be added what is designated the Algerian Sahara extending to about 39° S. latitude, of indefinite extent, but estimated at 100,000 square kilomètres, or 38,600 square miles, and with a population vaguely estimated at 50,000. The Civil Territory is constantly increased in area by taking in sections of the Military Territory. In 1876 the population of the Civil Territory was 1,315,950 and the Military Territory 1,551,676, while the latter was 144,000 kilomètres greater in area. The total increase in five years has been 442,786, or at the rate of 15 per cent. in five years. Of the population in 1881, 1,772,406 were males and 1,538,006 females. The increase is ascribed partly to immigration, partly to excess of births over deaths, and partly to more accurate enumeration of the native population. In 1882 the births were 14,018 and deaths 11,740, showing an excess of 2,278 of births over deaths. The excess of immigration over emigration in 1880 was 17,436. In 1881 there were 35,665 naturalized Jews, 2,850,866 French Mussulman subjects, 114,320 Spaniards, 33,693 Italians, 15,402 Anglo-Maltese, 4,201 Germans, 22,328 other foreigners.

The number of French settlers was given at 127,321 in the returns of 1877, and 233,937 in 1881.

;

The bulk of the population are engaged in agriculture-2,328,636 in 1881. In 1881 there were 619 students at the higher schools 16 secondary schools, with 3,561 pupils; 916 infant and primary schools, with 79,201 pupils. Before the Assize Courts and Correctional Tribunals 14,264 persons were accused in 1881, of whom 10,294 were sentenced to imprisonment and 2,437 to fines.

The population of the city of Algiers was 70,747 in 1881, of Oran 58,530, of Constantine 38,379, Bône 21,974.

In 1882, 40,000,000 acres were colonised by the agricultural population, of which about one-seventeenth was in the hands of Europeans. Of this area 5,460,000 acres were under cereals, chiefly wheat, barley and oats. The wheat produce in 1882 amounted to 11,190,000 cwt., and barley to 15,800,000 cwt. The area under vines is 99,000 acres. Of olives the crop in 1880 weighed 652,000 cwt.; the oil manufactured was 574,000 gallons. About 20,000 acres are under tobacco, the yield in 1881 being 9,490,000 lbs. There are five million acres under forest, but the yearly value of the produce is small, only 27,000l. in 1880. In 1882 there were 1,027,913 cattle, 5,142,321 sheep, 3,056,660 goats, the bulk belonging to natives; there has been a decrease in all since 1878. In 1880, 614,146 tons of iron ore were raised, valued at 231,1327. The value of iron ore raised in 1881 was 292,5871.

The commerce of Algeria, like that of France, is divided into general and special. It is also divided into commerce with France

and commerce with foreign countries, as follows (special commerce) 1883:

The total commerce of Algeria was as follows in each of the years from 1879 to 1883::

five

About two-thirds of the total commerce of Algeria is with France. Besides with the mother-country, the colony has commercial intercourse chiefly with Spain, Great Britain, Italy, the Barbary States, Turkey, the United States, English Mediterranean stations, Sweden, Norway and Russia. The subjoined tabular statement shows the total commerce of Algeria with Great Britain and Ireland, in each of the five years 1879 to 1883:

The most important article of export to Great Britain in 1882 was esparto grass, for making paper, of the value of 608,1737. (including rags), and barley of the value of 106,7277. in 1881 and 11,000l. in 1883. Among the other exports of 1883 were iron ore, of the value of 110,4231., copper ore, 17,4471., and zinc ore,

of the value of 29,8031. The British imports consist principally of cotton fabrics and coals, the former of the value of 213,2167., and the latter of 59,7751. in the year 1882.

In 1883, 4,803 vessels, of 1,954,423 tons, entered Algerian ports, and 4,643 of 1,844,062 tons, cleared. On January 1, 1884, the mercantile marine of Algiers consisted of 172 vessels of 4,919

tons.

On January 1, 1884, there were 993 English miles of railway open for traffic in Algeria. The total receipts in 1883 amounted to 17,004,977 francs.

The telegraph of Algeria, including branches into Tunis, consisted, at the beginning of 1882, of 3,645 miles of line, and 8,678 miles of wire, with 154 offices. The réseau algéro-tunisien' of telegraphs is worked by a private company subventioned by the French Government.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Algeria, and the British equivalents, are :—

MONEY.

The money, weights, and measures of France are in general use among the settled population in the towns.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Algeria.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

8. Paris, 1884.

Annuaire administratif de l'Algérie. 16. Alger, 1884. Annuaire général de l'Algérie, sur des documents officiels. Annuaire statistique de la France, 1883. Paris, 1883. Etat actuel de l'Algérie, publié d'après les documents officiels sous la direction du direct. général des services civils. 8. Paris, 1881.

Statistique générale de l'Algérie. 8. Paris, 1878-82.

Tableau de la situation des établissements françaises. 4. Paris, 1884.

Report of a Consular Tour made by Consul-General Lieut. Col. Playfair, during March and April 1876; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part V. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Report by Mr. Consul-General Playfair on the commerce, railways, and general progress of Algeria, dated November 26, 1877; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1878. 8. London, 1878.

Report by Mr. Consul-General Playfair on the exports and imports of Algeria, dated Algiers, March 1, 1879; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part II. 1879. 8. London, 1879.

Report by Mr. Consul-General Playfair on the agriculture and commerce of Algeria for the year 1880, in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls,' Part X., 1882. Report by Consul-General Playfair on the trade and commerce of Algeria for 1882 in Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' Part II., 1884.

Trade of Algeria with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the year 1883. Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Beynet (Léon), Les Colons algériens. 8. Alger, 1866.

Boudin (Dr. N.), Histoire statistique de la colonisation et de la population en Algérie. 8. Paris, 1853.

Clamageran (I. J.), L'Algérie: Impressions de Voyage. 8. Paris, 1874. Dareste (Rodolphe), De la propriété en Algérie. Loi du 16 juin 1851 et Sénatus-consulte du 22 avril 1863. 2e édit. 18. Paris, 1866.

Duval (Jules), L'Algérie et les Colonies françaises. 8. Paris, 1877.
Faidherbe (Général), L'Avenir du Sahara et du Soudan.

8. Paris, 1866.

Fillias (A.), L'Algérie ancienne et moderne. 12. Alger, 1875.
Gaffarel (P.), L'Algérie: Histoire, Conquête, Colonisation. Paris, 1883.
Gueydon (Vice-amiral Comte de), Exposé de la Situation de l'Algérie. In
Revue maritime et coloniale.' 8. Paris, 1873.

Lavigne (Albert), Questions algériennes. 8. Paris, 1872.

Lucet (Marcel), Colonisation européenne de l'Algérie. 8. Paris, 1866. Maltzan (Heinr. Freiherr von), Drei Jahre im Nordwesten von Afrika : Reisen in Algerien und Marokko. 4 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1869.

Playfair (Lieut.-Col. R. L.), Handbook of Algeria and Tunis. London,

1878.

Quinemaut (N.), Du peuplement et de la vrai colonisation de l'Algérie. S. Constantine, 1871.

Sautayra (E.), Hugues (H.) et Lapra (P.), Législation de l'Algérie. 2 vols. Paris, 1883-4.

Séguin (L. G.), Walks in Algeria. 8.
Tchihatcheff (M.) L'Algérie et Tunis.

London, 1878.
Paris, 1880.

Villot (Capitaine), Mœurs, coutumes, et institutions des indigènes d'Algérie. 12. Paris, 1872.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

(CAPE COLONY.)

Constitution and Government.

6

THE form of government of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope was originally established by order in Council of the 11th of March, 1853. By Act 28 Vict. cap. 5, and Colonial Act III. of 1865, which provided for the incorporation of British Kaffraria with the colony, various changes were made, and further changes of an important nature by the Constitution Ordinance Amendment Act,' passed by the colonial legislature in 1872, providing for the introduction of the system of executive administration commonly called Responsible Government.' The Constitution formed under these various acts vests the executive in the Governor and an Executive Council, composed of certain office-holders appointed by the Crown. The legislative power rests with a Legislative Council of 22 members elected for seven years, presided over ex officio by the Chief-Justice; and a House of Assembly of 74 members, elected for five years, representing the country districts and towns of the colony. By a law passed in 1882, speeches may be made both in English and in Dutch in the Cape Parliament. The qualification for members of the Council is possession of immovable property of 2,000l., or movable property worth 4,000l. Members of both Houses are elected by the same voters, who are qualified by occupation of house property of the value of 501., or receipt of a salary of 501. or wages of 251. with board and lodging. The number of registered electors in 1883 was 68,074.

Governor of the Cape of Good Hope.-Right Hon. Sir Hercules George Robert Robinson, G.C.M.G., born 1824; served in the 87th Fusiliers; member of the Irish Poor Law Board, 1846-53; President of Montserrat, 1854-55; Lieutenant-Governor of St. Christopher, 1855-59; Governor of Hong Kong, 1859–64; Governor of Ceylon, 1864-71; Governor of New South Wales, 1872-78; Governor of New Zealand, 1879-80. Appointed Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, December 1880.

The Governor is, by virtue of his office, commander-in-chief of the forces within the colony. He has a salary of 5,000l. as Governor, besides 1,000l. as 'Her Majesty's High Commissioner.'

The administration is carried on, under the Governor, by a ministry of five members, called the Colonial Secretary, the AttorneyGeneral, who is Premier, the Treasurer-General, the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Public Works, and the Secretary for Native Affairs.