already open, the principal being the Dom Pedro II., intended to connect the eastern and western provinces of the empire.

Most of the Brazilian railways have been built with the guarantee of the interest on the capital by the Government. Up to 1873 the State had guaranteed 6 and 7 per cent. on the capital of 7,805,5461. The law of September 24, 1873, authorised the Government to guarantee 7 per cent. on 10,000,000l. of new railways. This concession is now exhausted. The budget of 1882-83 authorised the guarantee on three new railways up to 4,260,0002. The total guarantee capital in 1882 was about 18,000,000l. It is officially stated that the Treasury actually spends in guarantees of interest on railways 766,000l. annually, and is liable for 825,0001.

more.

The telegraph system of the country is under control of the Government. In 1883 there were 13,631 kilomètres of wires, and 7,820 kilomètres, or about 4,900 miles of lines. There were 139 telegraphic stations. In 1882-3 there were 338,053 messages. Receipts, 1,220,182 milreis; expenses, 1,880,244 milreis.

The post office carried 36,767,325 letters in the year 1882-3, of which number about one-half came from or to Rio de Janeiro, the capital. There were 1,678 post-offices at the end of 1883. Receipts, 1882-3, 1,647,059 milreis; expenses, 2,154,140 milreis.

Diplomatic and Consular Representatives.

1. OF BRAZIL IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.--Baron de Penedo, accredited June 26, 1873.
Secretary.-Chevalier João Arthur de Souza Corrêa.
Consul-General.--Baron de Ibiramirim.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN BRAZIL.

Envoy and Minister.-Sidney Locock, Minister resident for Central America 1874-81; in Servia 1881-85. Appointed envoy to Brazil, February 1885. Secretary.-Richard G. Townley.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Brazil, and the British equivalents, are

MONEY.

The Milreis of 1,000 Reis. Par value, 28. 3d. Present value (Dec. 1884), 1s. 8d.

English sovereigns are legal tender at 8,890 reis each since the year 1857. At the end of 1884 the English sovereign was worth from 12,320 to 12,100 reis. Gold and silver coins have almost disappeared in recent years in Brazil, and the only circulating medium is an inconvertible paper currency, consisting of Treasury notes, depreciated in value-specie bearing a premium of 25 per cent.-together with copper and bronze coins.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The French metric system, which became compulsory in 1872, was adopted in 1862, and has been used since in all official departments. But the ancient weights and measures are still partly employed. They are

Collecção das Leis do Imperio do Brazil e Collecção das Decisões do Governo do Imperio do Brazil. 8. Rio de Janeiro, 1864-84.

Empire of Brazil at the Universal Exhibition of 1876, at Philadelphia. 8. Rio de Janeiro, 1876.

Financial Position of Brazil. Paper in Diario Official' of April 26, 1884, and in South American Journal,' June 19, 1884.

'Le Brésil à l'Exposition internationale d'Amsterdam.' Lisbon, 1883.

Report by Mr. Nicholas R. O'Conor, on the general condition, finances, and economic progress of Brazil, dated Rio de Janeiro, May 15, 1877; in 'Report by H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation.' Part III. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Report by Mr. Sandford on the Commerce and Finances of Brazil, in 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Legation.' Part IV. 1884.

Reports by Mr. Vice-Consul Wucherer on the trade of Maceio; by Mr. Consul Brocklehurst, on the commerce and shipping of Pará; by Mr. ViceConsul Shalders on the trade of Paraiba; and by Mr. Consul Walker on the commerce and shipping of Pernambuco, dated Jan.-April 1877; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part I. 1878. 8. London, 1878.

Report by Consul Ricketts on the trade of Rio de Janeiro, in Part IV.; by Vice-Consul Studart on Ceará; Vice-Consul Wucherer on Maceio; Consul Corfield on Paraiba; Vice-Consul Bolshaw on Rio Grande do Norte; Consul Gollan on Rio Grande do Sul, in Part XIV. of 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls. London, 1882.

Report by Consul Cowper on the trade and commerce of Santos for 1882, in Part V.; by Vice-Consul Stewart on Ceará; by Vice-Consul Wucherer on Maceio; by Acting-Consul Hughes on Pernambuco; by Vice-Consul Balshaw on Rio Grande do Norte; by Consul Gollan on Rio Grande do Sul; in Part VIII. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1883.

Report on the trade and commerce of Pará and of Rio de Janeiro, in Part I.; of Santos, in Part III.; of Bahia and Rio-Grande do Sul, in Part IX. of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1884.

Report on the trade and commerce of Brazil, in 'Reports from the Consuls of the United States,' No. 40. Washington, 1884.

Trade of Brazil with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the Year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

NN

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Agassiz (Louis), Journey in Brazil. 8. London, 1868.

Bates (H. W.), The Naturalist on the River Amazon. London, 1864.
Bates (H. W.), South America. London, 1882.

Bigg-Wither (Thomas P.), Pioneering in South Brazil. 8. London, 1878. Brown (C. B.) and Lidstone (W.), Fifteen thousand miles on the Amazon and its Tributaries. London, 1878.

Burton (Capt. R. F.), Exploration of the Highlands of Brazil. 2 vols. 8. London, 1869.

Canstatt (0.), Brazilien, Land und Leute. 8. Berlin, 1877.

Fletcher (Rev. Jas. C.) and Kidder (Rev. D. P.), Brazil and the Brazilians. 9th ed. 8. London, 1879.

Gallenga (A.), South America. London, 1880.

Hadfield (William), Brazil and the River Plate, 1870-76. 8. London, 1877. Keller (Franz), The Amazon and Madeira Rivers. Fol. London, 1874. Laemmert (Eduardo von), Almanak Administrativo, mercantil e industria, da corte e provincia do Rio de Janeiro para o anno de 1880. Rio de Janeiro, 1881. Lahure (N. de), L'Empire du Brésil. 8. Paris, 1862.

Mulhall (Michael G.), Rio Grande do Sul and its German Colonies. 8. London, 1873.

Orton (James), The Andes and the Amazon; or, Across the Continent of South America. 8. New York, 1876.

Pereira da Silva, Situation sociale, politique et économique de l'empire du Brésil. 18. Paris, 1865.

Rebouças (A.), A Provincia do Paraná; dados estatisticos. Rio de Janeiro, 1875.

Rodrigues (José Carlos), Constituição Politica do Imperio do Brasil, seguida do acto addicional, da lei da sua interpretação e de outras, analysada. 8. Rio de Janeiro, 1881.

Saint-Adolphe (Milliet de), Diccionario Geografico do Brazil. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1870.

Selys-Longchamps (W. de) Notes d'un Voyage au Brésil. 8. Bruxelles, 1875. Scully (William), Brazil, its Provinces and Chief Cities; the Manners and Customs of the People: Agricultural, Commercial, and other Statistics. New ed. 8. London, 1868.

Smith (H. H.), Brazil, the Amazon, and the Coast. London, 1880.

Ursel (Comte C. d'), Sud-Amérique : Séjours et voyages au Brésil, &c. 12. Paris, 1879.

Wallace (Alfred R.), Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro. 8. London, 1870. Wappaeus (Dr. Johann Eduard), Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik on Brasilien. 8. Leipzig, 1871.

CANADA.

(DOMINION OF Canada.)

Constitution and Government.

THE Dominion of Canada consists of the provinces of Ontario, Quebec-formerly Upper and Lower Canada-Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. They were united under the provisions of an Act of the Imperial Parliament passed in March 1867, known as 'The British North America Act, 1867,' which came into operation on the 1st July, 1867, by royal proclamation. The Act orders that the constitution of the Dominion shall be similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom;' that the executive authority shall be vested in the Sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland, and carried on in her name by a Governor-General and Privy Council; and that the legislative power shall be exercised by a Parliament of two Houses, called the Senate,' and 'the House of Commons.' Provision is made in the Act for the admission of Newfoundland, still a self-governing Crown Colony, into the Dominion of Canada. In 1869 the extensive region known as the North-West Territories was added to the Dominion by purchase from the Hudson's Bay Company.

The members of the Senate of the Parliament of the Dominion are nominated for life, by summons of the Governor-General under the Great Seal of Canada. By the terms of the constitution, there are 77 senators-namely, 24 from the Province of Ontario, 24 from Quebec, 10 from Nova Scotia, 10 from New Brunswick, 3 from Manitoba, 3 from British Columbia, and 4 from Prince Edward Island. Each senator must be 30 years of age, a born or naturalised subject, and possessed of property, real or personal, of the value of 4,000 dollars in the province for which he is appointed. The House of Commons of the Dominion is elected by the people, for five years, at the rate of one representative for every 17,000 souls. At present, on the basis of the census returns of 1881, the House of Commons consists of 213 members-namely, 93 for Ontario, 65 for Quebec, 21 for Nova Scotia, 16 for New Brunswick, 5 for Manitoba, 6 for British Columbia, and 7 for Prince Edward Island. The members of the House of Commons are elected by constituencies, varying in the different provinces. In Ontario and Quebec a vote is given to every male subject being the owner or

occupier or tenant of real property of the assessed value of 300 dollars, or of the yearly value of 30 dollars, if within cities or towns, or of the assessed value of 200 dollars, or the yearly value of 20 dollars, if not so situate. In New Brunswick a vote is given to every male subject of the age of 21 years, assessed in respect of real estate to the amount of 100 dollars, or of personal property, or personal and real, amounting together to 400 dollars, or 400 dollars annual income. In Nova Scotia the franchise is with all subjects of the age of 21 years, assessed in respect of real estate to the value of 150 dollars, or in respect of personal estate, or of real and personal together, to the value of 400 dollars. Voting is by ballot.

The Speaker of the House of Commons has a salary of 4,000 dollars per annum, and each member an allowance of 10 dollars per diem, up to the end of 30 days, and for a session lasting longer than this period, the sum of 1,000 dollars, with, in every case, 10 cents per mile for travelling expenses. The sum of 8 dollars per diem is deducted for every day's absence of a member, unless the same is caused by illness. There is the same allowance for the members of the Senate of the Dominion.

The seven provinces forming the Dominion have each a separate parliament and administration, with a Lieutenant-Governor at the head of the executive. They have full powers to regulate their own local affairs, dispose of their revenues, and enact such laws as they may deem best for their own internal welfare, provided only they do not interfere with, or are adverse to, the action and policy of the central administration under the Governor-General.

Governor-General.-The Most Honourable Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitzmaurice, Marquis of Lansdowne, G.C.M.G., born January 14, 1845; educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford; was a Commissioner of Exchequer of Great Britain, and of Treasury of Ireland, 1868-72, Under Secretary of State for War, 1872–4, Under Secretary for India in 1880. Appointed Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada August 18, 1883; assumed the Government thereof, October 23, 1883.

He

The Governor-General has a salary of 10,000l. per annum. is assisted in his functions, under the provisions of the Act of 1867, by a Council, composed of thirteen heads of departments.

The present Council, formed October 17, 1878, with alterations in 1879-84, consists of the following members:—

1. Prime Minister, and President of the Queen's Privy Council. -Rt. Hon. Sir John Alexander Macdonald, G.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Q.C., born in Ontario, January 11, 1815; called to the bar, Upper Canada, 1836, and filled successively in the Government of Canada, before Confederation, the offices of Receiver-General, Commissioner of Crown Lands, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, and Minister