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owing to its depreciation, it became in the end of merely nominal value, and altogether refused in commercial intercourse. The copper currency was likewise repudiated, owing to its depreciation. The beshlik-altilik and metallic currency was reduced by decree to half its coined value. Foreign silver coins circulate freely in the empire, notwithstanding the efforts made to prevent it, while silver is in excess to the requirements of trade.

The present monetary system of Turkey was established in the reign of the late Sultan Abdul-Medjid, on which account the name of Medjidié is frequently given to the Lira, the unit of the system.

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The kileh is the chief measure for grain, the lower measures being definite weights rather than measures. 100 killows are equal to 12.128 British imperial quarters, or 35-266 hectolitres.

In March 1882 Turkish weights and measures were assimilated to the metric system, but under the old names, leading to much confusion; they have not been generally adopted in practice. Oke = kilogram, batman 10 kilograms, cantar = 100 kilograms, tchéki = 1,000 kilograms, shinik = decalitre, kileh = hectolitre (2.75 bushels), evlek = are, djeril = hectare (2.47 acres), arshin = mètre, nul kilomètre, farsang 10 kilomètres.

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Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Turkey.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Salnamé 1300. Official Almanac for the Turkish Empire for 1882-83. & Constantinople, 1884.

Risale-Nameh. Turkish Almanac for 1300 Hedjira. 12. Constantinople, 1884. Renseignements statistiques de la direction des finances de la Roumélie Orientale. Philippopolis, 1883.

Statistique de la Principauté de Bulgarie. Résultats généraux du Recensement del a Population du 1/13 Janvier, 1881. Sofia, 1884.

Report by Mr. Godfrey Blunt on the finances of Turkey, in 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' Part I. 1884.

Report by Mr. Wyndham on the trade of Turkey, in Report of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' Part IV. 1884.

Report by Mr. Vice-Consul Jago on the finances of Turkey, dated Beyrout, July 11, 1877; in 'Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part I. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Correspondence respecting the Affairs of Turkey. 1876. Fol. pp. 757. London, 1877.

Treaty between Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey, for the settlement of affairs in the East. Signed at Berlin, July 13, 1878. Fol. London, 1878.

Report by Mr. Vice-Consul Jago on the revenues and taxation of Syria, in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part I. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Report by Consul-General Blunt on the trade and commerce of Macedonia for 1879-81, in Part I.; by Consul-General Drummond-Hay on Tripoli in 1882, in Part II.; by Vice-Consul Dickson on Damascus, and Vice-Consul Blakeney on Prevesa, in Part IV.; by Consul Henderson on Adana, Vice-Consul Burnham on Angora, and Consular-Agent Amralak on Jaffa, in Part V.; by Consul Henderson on Aleppo, and Consul Sand with on Crete, in Part VI.; by Vice-Consul Black on Beyrout, and Consul Dennis on Smyrna (1877–81), in Part VII.; by Consul Biliotti on Trebizond for 1883, in Parts VIII. and IX.; by Consul Wrench on Constantinople in Part X. of 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1883.

Reports on the trade and commerce of Samsoon and Trebizond, in Part I.; on Salonica, in Part II.; on Jeddah, in Part III.; Angora and Prevesa, in Part IV.; Aleppo, in Part VI.; Crete, in Part VII.; Beyrout, Dedeagatch, Erzeroum, Jaffa, Janma, Salonica, and Serres, in Part VIII.; Trebizond, in Part IX.; of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls,' 1884.

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Hertslet (Sir E.), Foreign Office List. Published Annually. London, 1885. Trade of Turkey with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions, for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Bath (Marquis of), Observations on Bulgarian Affairs. 8. London, 1880. Boué (Ami), La Turquie d'Europe. 4 vols. 8. Paris, 1840.

Bourke (R.), Turkish Debt. Report by Rt. Hon. Robert Bourke, M.P., to the English and Dutch Bondholders. London, January 1882.

Campbell (Hon. Dudley), Turks and Greeks. 8. London, 1877.

Clark (Edson L.), The Races of European Turkey: their History, Condition, and Prospects. 8. New York, 1879.

Creasy (Sir Edward Shepherd), History of the Ottoman Turks, from the beginning of their Empire to the present time. New ed. 8. London, 1882. Davis (E.), Asiatic Turkey. London, 1879.

Dunn (Archibald J.), The Rise and Decay of Islam. 8. London, 1877. Farley (J. Lewis), The Decline of Turkey. 8. London, 1876.

Freeman (Edward A.), The Ottoman Power in Europe: its Nature, its Growth, and its Decline. 8. London, 1877.

Geary (Grattan), Asiatic Turkey. 2 vols. 8. London, 1878.

Goehlert (J. V.), Die Bevölkerung der europäischen Türkey. 8. Wien, 1866. Hafiz Husseyn (Effendi), Hadikat-ul-dschevami. Description of the Mosques, High Schools, and Convents. 2 vols. 8. Constantinople, 1864-66. Hertslet (Sir E.), Treaties and tariffs between Great Britain and Turkey.

Heuschling (P. F. X. T.), L'Empire de Turquie d'après ses derniers traités. 8. Bruxelles, 1859.

Iskender (O.), La dette ottomane. 8. Constantinople, 1872.

Keane (A. H.) and Temple (Sir R.), Asia. London, 1882.

Kinglake (Alexander William), The Invasion of the Crimea. 8. Edinburgh and London, 1863–75.

Layard (Right Hon. Austen Henry), The Condition of Turkey and her Dependencies. 8. London, 1854.

Michelsen (Edward H.), The Ottoman Empire and its Resources. Tables. 8. London, 1854.

Millingen (Fred.), La Turquie sous le règne d'Abdul Aziz. 8. Paris, 1868. Paoli (Sim.), La Turquie devant l'Europe. 8. Paris, 1868.

Perrin (Dr. T.), L'Islamisme, son institution, son influence, et son avenir. 8. Paris, 1878.

Poole (Stanley Lane), The People of Turkey: Twenty Years' Residence among Bulgarians, Greeks, Albanians, Turks, and Armenians. By a Consul's Daughter. 2 vols. 8. London, 1878.

Reclus (Elisée), Géographie Universelle. Vol. I. Paris, 1876.

Rosen (G.), Geschichte der Türkei neuester Zeit. 2 vols. 8. Leipzig,

1866-67.

Schweiger-Lerchenfeld (Baron Armand von), Unter dem Halbmonde. Ein Bild des Ottomanischen Reichs und seiner Völker. 8. Jena, 1876. Tchihatchef (M.), Lettres sur la Turquie. 8. Bruxelles, 1859. Ubicini (A.), Lettres sur la Turquie. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1853.

Vincent (Edgar), The Turkish Debt. Report on the Administration of the Ceded Revenues of Turkey. London, October 1882.

Zinkeisen (J. W.), Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs in Europa. 7 vols. 8. Gotha, 1840-63.

Zwiedenek-Südenhirst (Freiherr von). Die administration der Türkischen Staatsschuld. 'Esterreichische Minutschrift für den Orient.' Oct. 15, 1883. Vienna.

PART THE SECOND.

THE PRINCIPAL STATES OF

I. AMERICA.

II. AFRICA.

III. ASIA.

IV. AUSTRALASIA.

V. OCEANIA.

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