Calendario generale del Regno. Pubblicazione annuale del Ministero dell' In

terno.

State di Previsione dell' Entrata e della Spesa per l'Esercizio Finanziario dal 1 Luglio 1884 al 30 Guigno 1885. Rome, 1883.

La Gerarchia Cattolica. Rome, 1884.

Movimento dello Stato Civile, 1883. Rome, 1884.

Statistica dell' Istruzione per l'anno scolastico 1881-2. Rome, 1884. Provvidamenti per la Costituzione e l'ordinamento di una Colonia Italiana in Assab. Ministero degli Affari Esteri, 1882.

Atti della Giunta per l' Inchiesta Agraria e sulla Condizione della Classe Agricola. Rome, 1880-84.

Movimento della Navigazione Italiana e Straniera nei Porti del Regno. Anno XXII. S. Roma, 1884.

Statistica dei Bilanci Communali per gli anni 1882-83. 8. Roma, 1884. Statistica del Commercio speciale di Importazione e di Esportazione. Fol. Roma, 1884.

Statistica Elettorale Politica. Rome, 1883.

Statistica della Emigrazione Italiana all' estero nel 1883. Rome, 1884. Report by Mr. Fraser on the Italian Customs for 1883, in 'Reports of H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy,' Part III. London, 1884.

Report by Mr. Beauclerk on education, arts, commerce, &c. in Italy, in 'Reports from H.M.'s Diplomatic and Consular officers abroad on subjects of commercial and general interest.' Folio. 1882, and in Part V. 1883.

Report by Mr. Beauclerk on the agriculture of Italy, in the same. Parts IV. and V. 1882, in Part I. 1883, and in Part III. 1884.

Report on the mining industry of Italy, 1860-79, by Consul-General Colnaghi, in Part II.; and on the Italian wines and wine trade, in Part V.; by Consul Grant on taxation in the Neapolitan provinces, in Part VIII. of 'Reports from H.M.'s Diplomatic and Consular Agents.' 1883. Folio.

Report by Vice-Consul Kennedy on the silk culture of Lombardy, in Part XIV. of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' 1882.

Reports on Rome and Venice in Part I., on Brindisi in Part III., on Ancona in Part IV., on Genoa and Leghorn in Part V., on Gallipoli, Naples, and Venice in Part VI., on Cagliari, the province of Arezzo in Sicily in Part VIII., and on the yield of cocoons in 1883 in Part IX. of 'Report of H.M.'s Consuls.' London, 1884.

Hertslet (Sir E.), Foreign Office List. London, 1884.

Trade of Italy with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Bodio (Luigi), Sui documenti statistici del Regno d' Italia, cenni bibliografici, presentati al VI Congresso Internazionale di Statistica. 8. Firenze, 1868. Cesare (Carlo de), Il Passato, il Presente e l' Avvenire della Pubblica Amministrazione nel Regno d' Italia. 8. Firenze, 1865.

Fornelli (Marchese Giov.), Miscellanea geografico-storico-politica su l'Italia. 8. Napoli, 1869.

Gallenga (A.), Italy revisited. 2 vols. 8. London. 1876.

Laveleye (Emile de) L'Italie actuelle. 8. Paris, 1881.

Morpurgo (Emilio), La Finanza Italiana dalla Fondazione del Regno fino a questi Giorni. 8. Roma, 1874.

MONTENEGRO.

(TCHERNAGORA-KARA-DAGH.)

Reigning Prince.

Nicholas I., Petrovič Njegos, born October 7 (September 25), 1841; educated at Trieste and Paris; proclaimed Prince of Montenegro, as successor of his uncle, Danilo I., August 14, 1860.. Married, November 8, 1860, to Milena Pétrovna Vucoticova, born May 3, 1847, daughter of Peter Vucotič, senator, and Vice-President of the Council of State. Offspring of the union are seven daughters and two sons, Danilo Alexander, heir-apparent, born June 29, 1871; Mirko, born April 17, 1879.

The reigning prince is descended from Petrovic Njegos, pro claimed Vladika, or prince-bishop, of Montenegro, in 1697, who liberated the country from the Turks, and, having established himself as both spiritual and temporal ruler, entered into a religious and political alliance with Russia. His successors retained the theocratic power till the death of Peter Petrovic, October 31, 1851, last Vladika of Montenegro, a ruler of great wisdom, as well as a widely celebrated poet. He was succeeded by his nephew, Danilo I., who abandoned the title of Vladika, together with the spiritual functions attached to it, and substituted that of Hospodar, or Prince. At the same time Danilo I., to throw off a remnant of nominal dependency from Turkey, acknowledged by his predecessors, obtained the formal recognition of his new title from Russia. Danilo I., assassinated August 13, 1860, was succeeded by his nephew, second Hospodar of Montenegro.

Former rulers of Montenegro possessed the whole of the revenues of the country, and, in fact, this system obtains still, although laws have from time to time been passed regulating both the Prince's annual civil list and the public expenditure. Prince Nicholas's nominal yearly income is fixed, for the present, at 9,000 ducats, or 4,1007. A yearly sum of 48,000 roubles, or 4,800l., has been received by Montenegro from Russia since the Crimean war, as a reward for its friendly attitude during that period. The Austrian Government is stated to contribute about 30,000 florins per annum towards the construction of carriage roads in Montenegro.

Government and Population.

The constitution of the country, dating from 1852, with changes effected in 1855 and 1879, is nominally that of a limited monarchy,

resting on a patriarchal foundation. The executive authority rests with the reigning Prince, while the legislative power is vested, according to an 'Administrative Statute' proclaimed March 21, 1879, in a State Council of eight members, one-half of them nominated by the Prince, and the other elected by the male inhabitants who are bearing, or have borne, arms. Practically, all depends on the absolute will of the Prince. The inhabitants are divided into 40 tribes, each governed by elected elders,' and a chief or captain of district called Knjas, who acts as magistrate in peace and as commander in war. By the Administrative Statute' of 1879, the country was divided into 80 districts and five military .commands.

6

Schools for elementary education are supported by government; education is compulsory and free. All males under the age of 25 years are supposed to be able to read and write. There is a theological seminary at Cettinje, and a girls' high school maintained at the charge of the Empress of Russia.

No official returns are published regarding the public revenue and expenditure. Reliable estimates state the former at 600,000 Austrian florins, or 60,000l. A loan of 1,000,000 florins was raised in Vienna in 1881 at an interest of 6 per cent. on the salt monopoly of the principality, and 70,000l. is owed to Russia for grain supplied in 1879.

The area of Montenegro is estimated to embrace 3,550 English square miles, inclusive of the annexations effected by the Congress of Berlin in 1878, including the town and district of Dulcigno on the Adriatic. The latter, however, was only surrendered by Turkey to Montenegro at the end of November 1880, in exchange of the district and town of Gussinjé, which the Sultan declared himself unable to give up, under pressure of the great European Powers. The boundaries in the south and east are still (December, 1884) in process of delimitation. The total population was stated in official returns to number 250,000 in 1879. The capital is Cettigné, with 2,000 population; Podgoritza, 4,000; Dulcigno, 3,000; Nikčič, 3,000.

The population is mainly pastoral and agricultural. Agriculture is of the most primitive kind. Nearly all the inhabitants have a little cultivable land, but the produce is seldom sufficient for consumption. Live stock of all kinds are reared.

The number of men capable of bearing arms, between the ages of 14 and 50, is calculated at 21,850. There exists no standing army, except a lifeguard of the Gospodar, numbering 100 men; but all the inhabitants, not physically unfitted, are trained as soldiers, and liable to be called under arms. Recently the Moslem inhabitants of Dulcigno have been exempted from military service

on payment of a capitation tax. The Montenegrins belong entirely to the Servian branch of the Slav race, and in religion adhere to the Greek Church, governed, since 1852, by a bishop consecrated by the Holy Synod of Russia, with the exception of 4,000 Roman Catholics and 7,000 Mussulmans of Albanian or Slav origin.

The Church was formerly the State; now its authority is limited to purely ecclesiastical matters. There are three monasteries, which have been permitted to retain sufficient property for the maintenance of a limited number of clergy.

The exports are valued at about 200,000l., imports at 20,0002. The principal exports are shumac, flea powder (Pyrethrum roseum), smoked sardines, smoked mutton, hides, skins, and furs. There are excellent carriage roads from Cattaro to Cettinjé, and from Cettinjé to Rieka on Lake Scutari, and good bridle roads over the rest of the Principality. There are 280 miles of telegraph in the country, with 15 offices.

British Consul-General-W. Kirby Green, C.M.G.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Montenegro. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Andric (M.), Geschichte des Fürstenthums Montenegro. 8. Wien, 1853. Delarue (H.), Le Monténégro. 8. Paris, 1862.

Denton (Rev. William), Montenegro: its People and their History. 8. London, 1877.

Frilley (G.) and Wlahovitz (Ivan), Le Monténegro Contemporaine. Paris. Kohl (J. Geo.), Reise nach Montenegro. 2 vols. 8. Dresden, 1851. Kovalevsky (Egor Petrovich), Montenegro and the Slavonic Countries. (Russia.) 8. St. Petersburg, 1872.

Krasinski (Walerjan Skorobohaty), Montenegro and the Slavonians of Turkey. 8. London, 1853.

Neigebaur (H.), Die Südslawen und deren Länder. 8. Leipzig, 1851.

Schwarz (Dr. B.), Montenegro, Schilderung einer Reise durch das Innere nebst Entwurf einer Geographie des Landes.

Sestak (J. F.) and Scherbs (F.), Militärische Beschreibung des Paschaliks Herzegovina und des Fürstenthums Cernagora. 8. Wien, 1862.

Strangford (Viscountess), The Eastern Shores of the Adriatic in 1863, with a visit to Montenegro. 8. London, 1864.

NETHERLANDS.

(KONINGRIJK DER NEDERLANDEN.)
Reigning King.

Willem III., born February 19, 1817, the eldest son of King Willem II., and of Princess Anna Paulowna, daughter of Emperor Paul I. of Russia; educated by private tutors, and at the University of Leyden; succeeded to the throne, at the death of his father, March 17, 1849. Married, June 18, 1839, to Princess Sophie, born June 17, 1818, the second daughter of King Wilhelm I. of Württemberg; widower June 3, 1877. Married, in second nuptials, Jan. 7, 1879, to Queen Emma, born August 2, 1858, daughter of Prince George Victor of Waldeck. (See page 175.)

Daughter of the King.

Princess Wilhelmina, offspring of the second marriage, born August 31, 1880.

Sister of the King.

Princess Sophie, born April 8, 1824; married, Oct. 8, 1842, to Grand-Duke Karl Alexander of Saxe-Weimar, born June 24, 1818.

The royal family of the Netherlands, known as the House of Orange, descend from a German Count Walram, who lived in the eleventh century. Through the marriage of Count Engelbrecht, of the branch of Otto, Count of Nassau, with Jane of Polanen, in 1404, the family acquired the barony of Breda, and thereby became settled in the Netherlands. The alliance with another heiress, only sister of the childless Prince of Orange and Count of Châlons, brought to the house a rich province in the south of France; and a third matrimonial union, that of Prince Willem III. of Orange with a daughter of King James II., led to the transfer of the crown of Great Britain to that prince. Previous to this period, the members of the family had acquired great influence in the Republic of the Netherlands under the name of 'stadtholders,' or governors. The dignity was formally declared to be hereditary in 1747, in Willem IV.; but his successor, Willem V., had to fly to England, in 1795, at the invasion of the French republican army. The family did not return till November 1813, when the fate of the republic, released from French supremacy, was under discussion at the Congress of Vienna. After various diplo