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Receipts 1,349,821,018 48,988,685 71,821,500 92,343,862 1,562,975,065 Expenses 1,359,121,419 32,390,048 71,821,500 92,343,862 1,555,676,829

-9,300,401 +16,598,637|

+7,298,236

In the ordinary revenue there is a surplus of 81,294,304 lire and in the extraordinary a deficit of 7,298,236 lire.

The following table shows the interest (including premiums) and sinking fund of the Public Debt on July 1, 1884 :

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If the interest on the debt were capitalised, it would amount to

about 406,500,000%.

The burden of the debt per head of population is 147. 5s., and of the interest 14s. 10d. The value per head of the exports in 1883 was 11. 13s.

The total revenue of the communes of Italy in 1881 amounted, according to official reports, to 472,116,099 lire, exclusive of those of the provinces of Rome. The revenue of the province of Rome amounted to 33,850,662 lire in 1881. In 1882 the revenue and expenditure of the provinces balanced at 119,243,012 lire. The debts of the communes in 1880 amounted to 724,105,313 lire; of the provinces to 102,228,113 lire.

Army and Navy.

Universal liability to arms forms the basis of the military organisation of Italy. A certain portion of all the young men of the age of twenty-one, the number amounting to 80,000, is levied annually for the standing army, while the rest are entered in a second category, and serve only six months with the colours.

The time of service in the standing army for the first category of recruits is three years in the infantry and four years in the cavalry. In the army of reserve, the time of service is generally five years, and four years in the Mobile militia, for infantry, while the cavalry have only five years, passed in the reserve. The second category, after their six months' service, are passed to the reserve and Mobile militia. After completion of time in Mobile militia, both categories are drafted into the territorial militia, where they remain till their 39th year. Into this last body also are drafted the conscripts whose services in the active army have been dispensed with in time of peace. The different arms of the Italian army have the following organisation :

I. PERMANENT ARMY.

Infantry-96 regiments of the line and 12 regiments of Bersaglieri, each regiment of 3 battalions of 4 companies and 1 depot; 6 regiments of Alpine troops, of 20 battalions, in all 72 companies; 87 military districts with 98 companies.

Cavalry-22 regiments of 6 squadrons and 1 depot; 6 depots for remounts.

Artillery:-12 regiments of field artillery, each of 10 batteries; 3 companies of train, and 1 depot; 2 brigades of horse artillery of 2 batteries; 5 regiments of fortress artillery, of 12 fortress or coast companies and 1 depot; 2 brigades of mountain artillery, of 4 batteries; 5 companies of artillery workmen, and 1 company of veterans. Engineers:-4 engineer regiments, two of which are sappers, of 14 companies; 2 companies of train and 1 depot; 1 regiment of

pontooners, of 8 companies; 1 brigade for lagoons, of 2 companies; 1 brigade of train, of 4 companies and 1 depot; 1 regiment comprising 1 railway brigade of 4 companies, 2 telegraph brigades of 6 companies, 1 brigade of sappers of 4 companies, 2 companies of train, and 1 depot.

Carabineers:-11 territorial legions, and 1 legion of cadets.

Invalids and veterans, 4 companies; sanitary corps, 12 companies; commissariat, 12 companies; veterinary corps; administrative corps; establishments and institutes of instruction; disciplinary establishments, 15 companies; 12 houses of correction.

II. MOBILE MILITIA.

Infantry-48 regiments of the line of 3 battalions of 4 companies; 18 battalions of Bersaglieri of 4 companies; 36 companies of Alpine troops.

Artillery-13 brigades of field artillery of 4 batteries and 1 company of train; 32 regiments of fortress and coast artillery; 4 batteries of mountain artillery.

Engineers :-5 brigades of sappers, with 16 companies; 1 brigade of pontooners of 4 companies; 1 railway brigade of 2 companies; 1 telegraph brigade of 3 companies.

Sanitary corps of 12 companies, and commissariat corps of 12 companies.

Special militia of Sardinia :-3 regiments of the line, each of 3 battalions of 4 companies; 1 battalion of Bersaglieri of 4 companies; 1 squadron of cavalry; 1 brigade of field artillery of 2 batteries, and 1 company of train; 1 company of fortress artillery; 1 section of mountain artillery; 1 company of engineers; 1 sanitary company; and 1 commissariat company.

III. TERRITORIAL MILITIA.

320 battalions of infantry of 4 companies; 30 battalions of Alpine troops with 72 companies; 100 companies of fortress artillery; 30 companies of engineers; 12 sanitary companies; 12 commissariat companies. In time of peace the territorial militia is called out every four years for 30 days' drill, which may be divided into two, three, or four years.

The war effective of the Italian army, including the General Staff, is officially given as follows:—

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There are 12 army corps. The following is the official statement of the strength of the Italian army for September 30, 1883 :

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The navy of the kingdom of Italy consisted on January 1, 1884, of 89 steamers, afloat or building. They were classed as follows:15 ironclad vessels of the first class; 3 ironclads of the second class; 4 protected cruisers; 9 frigates and corvettes classed as secondclass warships; 14 of the third class; 3 first-class transports; 13 second-class transports; 11 steam vessels for local use; besides 11 first-class torpedo boats and 18 building; and 11 second-class torpedo boats: 112 in all, built or building.

The following is a tabular list of the 22 armour-clad ships of the Italian navy. The ironclads marked with an asterisk (*) before their names were either under trial or on the stocks in the beginning of 1884 :~~

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