the control of the Minister of War of the Empire; the Landwehr of Cisleithania and that of Transleithania are quite independent of each other, being respectively under the control of the Austrian and the Hungarian Ministers of National Defence, but all orders relating to great concentrating movements of troops must emanate from the Emperor-King. With certain modifications the Austrian military crganisation has been applied to Bosnia and Herzegovina. In principle every qualified man must pass three years with the colours, seven years in the reserve, and two years in the Landwehr. The whole empire is divided into 102 recruiting districts, each corresponding to a regiment of infantry, with a separate district for Tyrol and Vorarlberg (Tyrolean Chasseurs), 4 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 3 in the Adriatic littoral for the marine. For the two Landwehrs there are 183 districts, in Hungary, under separate administration from the army. Each infantry regiment has four battalions, and there are besides 32 battalions of ordinary chasseurs. There are 20 brigades, forming 41 regiments of cavalry, subdivided into squadrons, in addition to the Landwehr; 13 regiments of field artillery, 12 battalions, forming 72 companies of fortress artillery; two regiments forming in war 52 companies of engineers proper, besides one regiment of 25 companies of pioneers. The following table shows the strength of the Austro-Hungarian army in 1883 :

On the peace-footing there are 18,678 officers and in war 32,763; in peace 52,176 horses, in war 205,316.

2. NAVY.

The of Austria in all its branches is under the supreme navy command of the head of the Naval Department of the Ministry of War. The naval forces consisted, in the year 1884, of 13 ironclads, 11 cruisers, 15 vessels for coast defence, 5 transport and service ships, 22 torpedo-boats (4 of the first class), besides a number of tenders, school ships, and hulks. The following table gives the list of the 13 armour-clad ships, in similar arrangement as that describing the British ironclad navy. The columns of the table exhibit, after the name of each vessel, first, the thickness of armour at the water-line; secondly, the number and weight of guns; thirdly, the indicated horse-power of the engines; and fourthly, the tonnage, that is, the displacement in tons.

Another armour-plated (steel) vessel, the Kron Prinz Erzherzog Rudolf, of the Tegetthoff type, is now in process of construction. It is reported that she will carry 16- to 18-inch armour, and have a speed of 16 to 17 knots; her displacement will be 6,800 tons, and her engines 6,500 indicated horse-power.

The Custozza, first in the list of sea-going cruisers, launched in 1872, is a broadside ironclad, 302 feet in length, and 58 feet in extreme breadth, armed with Krupp guns. Likewise a broadside ship, but with an armoured citadel, and addition of the latest improvements, is the second ironclad, the Tegetthoff, 287 feet long, and 71 feet broad. The Tegetthoff, constructed in 1876-78 at the 'Stabilimento Technico,' Trieste, having a belt of steel 14 inches

thick, and armed with six 11-inch Krupp guns, weighing 27 tons, is considered the strongest ironclad for aggressive warfare. The ship third in the list, the Erzherzog Albrecht, launched in 1872, is 285 feet in length, and 56 in extreme breadth, also armed with Krupp guns. At the present time (Jan. 1885) two torpedo cruisers of very high speed and novel construction, designed by Mr. W. H. White, are being constructed at Sir W. Armstrong's works. They are the only Austrian vessels of war built abroad for many years.

The personnel of the navy consists in peace of 1 admiral, 2 viceadmirals, 6 rear-admirals, 16 captains of ships-of-the-line, 19 captains of frigates, 22 captains of corvettes, 150 lieutenants, 318 ensigns and cadets, and 6,890 sailors. In war the sailors number 13,752, and the officers are proportionately augmented. The navy is recruited partly by a general levy from the seafaring population of the Empire and partly by voluntary enlistment. The term of service in the navy is ten years, three in active service and seven in the reserve.

The following are the chief territorial defences:-In Bohemia and Moravia: Theresienstadt citadel and extensive camp; Olmütz. Galicia and Buckowina: Cracow fortified and intrenched camp at Przemysl. Hungary and Transylvania: Eperies on affluent of Theiss at foot of Carpathians; on the left of the Theiss, Karlsburg, Arad, and Temesvar; Kronstadt on Transylvanian Alps; Szegedin on the Theiss; on the Danube, Comorn, Bude (Blocksberg), Peterwardein and Orsova; on the Drave, Essegg. Croatia and Dalmatia; Brod, Gradiska, Agram on the Save, Karlstadt on the right of that river. Fiume and Zeng on the coast; in Dalmatia are the coast fortifications of Zara, Ragusa, Cattaro, Sebenico, Budua and Lissa island; in Ischia are Trieste and Pola, naval harbours. The Alpine frontiers in Tyrol have numerous defences on all the routes, and also between Tyrol and the Adriatic. Between the Inn and the Danube are Salzburg and Pass-Lueg; and on the Danube are Linz and Postlingberg. In Bosnia and Herzegovina are numerous old fortifications. The capital, Vienna, is undefended. Pola, the chief naval port, is strongly fortified, both towards sea and land, and has been recently enlarged, so as to be able to accommodate the entire fleet, while Trieste is the great storehouse and arsenal of the Imperial navy. The land frontier of Austria-Hungary is 5,000 miles in extent, and the sea boundary 1,395 miles.

Area and Population.

The Austrian Empire-exclusive of the Turkish provinces, which have been under the administration of Austria since 1878, but have as yet not been formally incorporated with it—has an area of 240,942 English square miles, with a population at the last

census, December 31, 1880, of 37,883,226, or 160 per square mile. At the preceding census the population was 35,884,389. The increase during the period, embracing eleven years, amounted to 8.5 per cent. for the Cisleithan monarchy, but only to 1.24 per cent. for Hungary. In Transylvania there seems to have been an actual decrease of about 70,000 in the eleven years. In Austria the density of the population is 191 per square mile, and in the rest of the empire 135 per square mile. The density in both divisions varies much; in Lower Austria it is over 300 per square mile, and in Salzburg less than 60. As a rule the density declines from west to east, the industrial districts of the north-west being most thickly populated.

The following table gives the area, and total number of inhabitants, of the various provinces of the Empire, after the returns of the census of December 31, 1869, and the census of December 31, 1880:

Including military, the total population was 37,883,226 in 1880

In Austria there were 10,819,737 males and 11,324,507 females; in Hungary 7,702,810 males and 7,939,192 females.

The total civil population of Austria Proper on January 1, 1884, was 22,494,021, and of the Hungarian lands in 1882 was 16,118,203. It was decided at the Congress of Berlin that the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Bazar should be occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary.

To this should be added 27,000 military.

Of the total number of inhabitants in Bosnia and Herzegovina 448,613 are Mohammedans, 496,761 Greek-Orthodox, 209,391 (with 4 eparchies), Roman Catholics (with 3 bishoprics), 3,439 are Jews, and the rest belong to different faiths. It was stated in 1883 that the Mohammedans were leaving Bosnia by tens of thousands.

Practically belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, though not incorporated with it by any treaty, is the small principality of Liechtenstein, enclosed in the Austrian province of Tyrol and Vorarlberg, with an area of 68 English square miles, and a population of 9,124 in 1880, nearly all Roman Catholics. The inhabitants of the principality pay no taxes, nor are they liable to military service. The following table exhibits the number of births, deaths, and marriages, with the surplus of births, in both Austria Proper and the lands of the Hungarian Crown, for a quinquennial period, according to the latest official returns:—