Report by Consul Bernal on the Trade, &c., of Havre in 1882, and by Consul Macgregor on St. Malo, in Part II.; by Consul Rainals on Brest, Consul Vereker on Cherbourg, and Consul Tremlett on Saigon and Cochin China, in Part III.; by Consul Bonham on Calais, and Vice-Consul Taylor on Dunkirk, in Part VI.; by Consul Ward on Bordeaux, Vice-Consul Sadler on Rochelle, Consul Segrave on Nantes, and Vice-Consul Sutton on St. Nazaire, in Part VII.; by Consul Layard on Noumea, in Part VIII.; by ActingConsul Harold White on Réunion, and Consul Miller on Tahiti, in Part IX. of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' 1883.

Reports on the Trade and Commerce of Algiers, in Part II.; of Brest, Cherbourg, Havre, Saigon, St. Malo, in Part III.; of Bordeaux, Boulogne, Dunkirk, in Part IV.; of Rochelle, Marseilles, Nantes, and St. Nazaire, in Part V.; of Tahiti, in Part VI.; of Nouméa, in Part VIII.; of Réunion, in Part IX.; of Reports of H.M.'s Consuls, 1881. London, 1884.

Report on the Wine Harvest of France in 1883, in Reports of the Consuls of the United States,' No. 39, 1884. Washington, 1884.

Trade of France with the United Kingdom; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1883.' Imp. 4. London, 1884.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annuaire de l'économie sociale.

8. Paris, 1884.

Annuaire des établissements français dans l'Inde. 12. Pondichery, 1884. Audiffret (Marquis d'), Etat de la fortune nationale et du crédit public de 1789 à 1873. 8. Paris, 1875.

Block (Maurice), Annuaire de l'Économie politique et de la Statistique. 1884. 16. Paris, 1884.

Carnet de l'Officier de Marine.

6° année, 1884. Paris, 1884.

Colle (E.), La France et ses colonies au 19me siècle. 8. Paris, 1878. Crisenoy (De), Mémoire de l'inscription maritime. 8. Paris, 1872. Cucheval-Clarigny (M.), Instruction publique en France. 8. Paris, 1883. David (J.), Le crédit national. 8. Paris, 1872.

Delarbre (J.), La marine militaire de la France. 8. Paris, 1881.

Dupont (P.), Annuaire de la marine pour 1884.

8. Paris, 1884.

Europe in Stanford's Compendium. London, 1885.

Helie (F. A.), Les constitutions de la France. 8. Paris, 1878.

Ingouf (J.), L'avenir de la marine et du commerce extérieur de la France. 8. Paris, 1877.

Kaufmann (R. F.), Die Finanzen Frankreichs. Leipzig, 1882.
Kleine (E.), Les richesses de la France.

12. Paris, 1872.

Laugel (Auguste), La France politique et sociale. 8. Paris, 1878.
Lavergne (Léonce de), Economie rurale de la France. 4me éd. 18. Paris, 1878.
Leon (M.), De l'Accroissement de la Population en France et de la Doctrine
de Malthus. 8. Paris, 1866.

Moussy (N.), Tableau des finances de la France. 8. Paris, 1879.
Prat (Th. de), Annuaire protestant:
branches du Protestantisme français. 8. Paris, 1883.
Reclus (Elisée), La France. Vol. II. of

8. Paris, 1877.

Statistique générale des diverses

Nouvelle Géographie Universelle.'

Statistique de la Production de la Soie en France et à l'Etranger. Récolte de 1883. Lyons, 1884.

Vuitry (Adolphe), Etude sur le régime financier de la France. 8. Paris, 1879.

GERMANY.

(DEUTSCHES REICH.)

Reigning Emperor and King.

Wilhelm I., German Emperor, and King of Prussia, born March 22, 1797, proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles, January 18, 1871 (see Prussia, p. 118).

Heir Apparent.

Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, born October 18, 1831, eldest son of the Emperor-King; field-marshal in the army of Prussia (see 'Prussia,' p. 118).

The Imperial throne has always been filled by election, though with a tendency towards the hereditary principle of succession. Originally, the Emperor was chosen by the vote of all the Princes and Peers of the Reich, but the mode came to be changed in the fourteenth century, when a limited number o. Princes, fixed at seven for a time, and afterwards enlarged to nine, assumed the privilege of disposing of the crown, and, their right being acknowledged, were called Electors. With the overthrow of the old Empire by the Emperor Napoleon, in 1806, the Electoral dignity virtually ceased, although the title of Elector was retained sixty years longer by the sovereigns of Hesse-Cassel, the last of them dethroned in 1866 by Prussia. The election of the present Emperor was by vote of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation, on the initiative of all the reigning Princes of Germany.

Since Charlemagne was crowned 'Kaiser' at Rome, on Christmasday in the year 800, there have been the following Emperors:

The average duration of reign of the above fifty-five Emperors was seventeen years.

Constitution and Government.

The Constitution of the Empire bears date April 16, 1871. By its terms, all the states of Germany 'form an eternal union for the protectien of the realm and the care of the welfare of the German people.' The supreme direction of the military and political affairs of the Empire is vested in the King of Prussia, who, as such, bears the title of Deutscher Kaiser. According to Art. 11 of the Constitution, the Kaiser represents the Empire internationally,' and can declare war, if defensive, and make peace, as well as enter into treaties with other nations, and appoint and receive ambassadors. To declare war, if not merely defensive, the Kaiser must have the consent of the Bundesrath, or Federal Council, in which body, together with the Reichstag, or Diet of the Realm, are vested the legislative functions of the Empire. The Bundesrath represents the individual states of Germany, and the Reichstag the German nation. The members of the Bundesrath, 62 in number, are appointed by the governments of

the individual states for each session, while the members of the Reichstag, 397 in number, are elected by universal suffrage and ballot, for the term of three years. The various states of Germany are represented as follows in the Bundesrath and the Reichstag :

The total number of electors to the Reichstag inscribed on the lists was 9,090,381, or 20 per cent. of the population, at the general election of 1881, while the number of actual voters was 5,324,754 at the same election, or 56 per cent. of the total electors. Of the 397 electoral districts, 21 consist solely of towns, 93 of districts, each containing a town of at least 20,000 inhabitants, and 283 of districts without any large towns. In 252 districts Protestantism is predominant, and in the remainder Roman Catholicism claims the majority. Of electoral districts with 60,000 of a population and under, there were five in 1881; between 60,000 and 80,000, 24; between 80,000 and 100,000, 79; between 100,000 and 120,000, 145; between 120,000 and 140,000, 101; between 140,000 and 160,000, 26; and above 160,000, 17. Of electoral districts with

12,000 voters or less, there were 5 in 1881; 12,000-16,000, 32; 16,000-20,000, 79; 20,000-24,000, 142; 24,000-28,000, 91; 28,000-32,000, 26; above 32,000 votes, 22.

Both the Bundesrath and the Reichstag meet in annual session, convoked by the Kaiser. The Kaiser has the right to prorogue and dissolve the Reichstag, but the prorogation must not exceed sixty days; while in case of dissolution new elections have to take place within sixty days, and a new session has to open within ninety days.

All laws for the Empire must receive the votes of an absolute majority of the Bundesrath and the Reichstag. The Bundesrath is presided over by the Reichskanzler, or Chancellor of the Empire, and the President of the Reichstag is elected by the deputies.

The laws of the Empire, passed by the Bundesrath and the Reichstag, to take effect must receive the assent of the Kaiser, and be countersigned when promulgated by the Chancellor of the Empire. The latter, in his capacity as President of the Bundesrath, has the right to be present at the deliberations of the Reichstag.

The following are the Imperial authorities or Secretaries of State, 'Reichsbehörden; they do not form a Ministry or Cabinet, but act independently of each other, under the general supervision of the Chancellor.

1. Chancellor of the Empire.-Prince Otto von Bismarck-Schönhausen, born April 1, 1815; studied jurisprudence at Berlin and Göttingen; member of the Constituent Assembly of Prussia, 1848; Minister Plenipotentiary of Prussia at the Diet of Frankfort, 1851-59; Ambassador to the Court of St. Petersburg, 1859-62; Ambassador of Prussia to the Emperor of the French, 1862; Minister of Foreign Affairs, and chief of the Council of Ministers of Prussia, September 23, 1862; Chancellor of the North German Confederation, 1867-70; appointed Chancellor of the Empire, January 19, 1871.

2. Ministry for Foreign Affairs.-Count von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg.

3. Imperial Home Office and Representative of the Chancellor.' -Herr von Boetticher.

4. Imperial Admiralty.-General von Caprivi.

5. Imperial Ministry of Justice.-Dr. von Schelling.

6. Imperial Treasury.-Herr von Burchard.

7. Imperial Post-Office.-Dr. Stephan.

Acting under the direction of the Chancellor of the Empire, the Bundesrath, in addition to its legislative functions, represents also a supreme administrative and consultative Board, and as such has eleven standing committees, namely for army and fortifications; for naval matters; tariff, excise, and taxes; trade and commerce; railways, posts, and telegraphs; civil and criminal law; financial accounts; foreign affairs; for Alsace-Lorraine; for the