Manufactures and Exports-The manufactures are both varied and extensive. Wooden, copper, iron, tin and brass ware; hats, shoes, coaches, a variety of hardware, combs, buttons, etc., are among the chief articles of manufacture. The exports consist chiefly of manufactured articles. The foreign commerce of the state is mainly carried on through the ports of Boston and New York.

Cities.-HARTFORD, the semi-capital of the state, is situated on the right bank of the Connecticut, about 50 miles from its mouth. Among its public buildings, we may mention the State House, the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, the Retreat for the Insane, Wadsworth Athenæum and Trinity College. As a manufacturing city, Hartford ranks high, and as a place of commerce it has many advantages.

NEW HAVEN, alternately with Hartford the seat of Government, is situated at the head of New Haven Bay, about 4 miles from Long Island Sound. This city is considered one of the handsomest in the Union. It is also noted for being the seat of Yale College.

The ralls at Norwich.

NORWICH is built on a steep declivity on the River Thames. This town is noted for its manufactures.

NEW LONDON, on the right bank of he Thames, 3 miles from its entrance into the Sound, has a very fine harbor, and is noted for being largely engaged in the coasting trade and in the whale fisheries.

MIDDLETOWN is a busy city, situated on the right bank of the Connecticut, at the head of ship navigation. The Wesleyan University is located here.

BRIDGEPORT, a small but flourishing city, is situated on an arm of Long Island Sound, at the mouth of Pequannock River. Its manufactures are extensive, particularly of carriages.

LESSON XXIX.

MAP STUDIES.-SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED.

THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES.

Describe the following Islands, viz. :-Mount Desert, Deer, Fox. Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Block, Gardiner's, and Fisher's.

Describe the following Capes, viz. :-Small Point, Elizabeth, Ann, Cod, Malabar, and Judith.

Describe the following Mountains, viz. :-Green,-White, Washington, Mars Hill, Katahdin, Baker,-Wachusett, Holyoke, and Tom. Describe the following Bays, viz. :-Passamaquoddy, Machias, Narragaugus, Frenchman's, Penobscot, Casco, Saco, Massachusetts, Cape Cod, Buzzard's, and Narragansett.

Describe the following Lakes, viz. :-Champlain, Memphremagog, Grand, Schoodic, Sebois, Chesuncook, Moosehead, Moosetockmaguntic, Umbagog, Ossipee, Winnipiseogee, and Connecticut.

Describe the following Rivers, viz. :-Otter, Onion, Lamoille, Missisque,-St. John's, Allagash, Aroostook,-St. Croix, West Machias, Union, Penobscot, Sebois, Mattawamkeag, Piscataquis,—Kennebec, Sebasticook, Dead, Sandy, Androscoggin,--Saco, Ossipee, Piscataqua, Salmon Falls, Cocheco, Merrimac, Pemigewasset, Concord,-Charles, Taunton, Blackstone, Pawcatuck, Thames, Quinnebaug, Willimantic,— Connecticut, Ammonoosuc, Ashuelot, Miller's, Chicopee, Ware, White, West, Deerfield, Westfield, Farmington,-Housatonic, and Naugatuck.

LESSON XXX.

STUDIES ON THE MAP OF THE NORTHERN, or MIDDLE STATES.

SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED.

Bound the following States, viz. :—New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania.

State the situation of the following Cities and Towns, viz. :—Rochester, Palmyra, Pultneyville, Lyons, Oswego, Pulaski, Martinsburg, Sackett's Harbor, Watertown, Cape Vincent, Ogdensburg, Malone, Rouse's Point, Plattsburg, Keeseville, Whitehall, Caldwell, Glenn's Falls, Sandy Hill, Saratoga, Ballston Spa, Johnstown, Schenectady, Lansingburg, Troy, ALBANY, Schoharie, Kinderhook, Hudson, Catskill, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, Fishkill, Newburg, Peekskill, Sing Sing, Yonkers, Rye, Goshen, Port Jervis, Monticello, Deposit, Delhi, and Binghamton.

PART II.

State the situation of the following Cities and Towns, viz. :-Oxford, Owego, Ithaca, Elmira, Jefferson, Corning, Bath, Hornellsville, Angelica, Portage, Cuba, Olean, Jamestown, Maysville, Dunkirk, Hamburg, Buffalo, Black Rock, Lewiston, Lockport, Batavia, Le Roy, Warsaw, Genesee, Mount Morris, Canandaigua, Penn Yan, Geneva, Waterloo, Ovid, Auburn, Skaneateles, Syracuse, Cazenovia, Rome, Booneville, Whitesboro, Utica, Canajoharie, Cooperstown, Norwich, Cortland, and New York.

Area in sq. miles, 46,000. Population, 8,100,000. Inhabitants to a sq. mile, 67. Counties, 60.

Geographical Position.-New York, the most northerly of the Middle States, lies directly west of New England.

Surface, etc.-New York presents a great variety of surface. The Adirondack Mountains on the north-east separate the waters which flow into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence, from those which flow into Lake Champlain and the Hudson River. South of the great valley of the Mohawk, are the Catskill and Shawangunk Mountains, separating the rivers which flow southwardly to Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, from the streams which empty into the Hudson.

The western section of the state, beyond the central group of lakes, rises gradually from Lake Ontario till it attains its greatest elevation near the border of Pennsylvania. Lake Chautauque is about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea.

Soil, etc.-The soil is various. The most fertile districts are the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk, and most of the western section

of the state. In the northern part of New York the winter is long and severe, in the south-east the cold and heat are somewhat modified by sea air, and in the west by the proximity of the great lakes and the prevalence of southerly winds.

Wheat is the staple production. The other important products are oats, potatoes, buckwheat, rye, barley, grass-seeds, orchard products, maple sugar, bees'-wax, honey, dairy produce, wool and live-stock.

Iron-ore is abundant, and salt springs are numerous. The mineral springs of Ballston and Saratoga are celebrated for their medicinal properties. Valuable mineral deposits exist in various sections of the state.

Natural Curiosities.-The Falls of Niagara, which occur in a river of the same name, are about 22 miles below Lake Erie, and 14 miles above Lake Ontario. The mighty volume of water which is the outlet of the great Lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, is here precipitated over a ledge of rocks 160 feet in height, forming the most grand and stupendous Cataract in the world.

The Cohoes Falls, in the Mohawk, about 2 miles above its mouth, are exceedingly romantic and beautiful. The Genesee Falls, in a river of the same name, at Rochester, consist of 3 distinct falls of 60, 90, and 110 feet each.

Inhabitants, etc.-The Hudson River was discovered by Henry

Hudson, an Englishman, in the Dutch service, in the year 1609; but no permanent settlement was made in this state till 1614, when the Dutch founded Fort Orange, now Albany, and New Amsterdam, now called New York City.

The inhabitants consist chiefly of Europeans and their descendants. The leading industrial pursuits are commerce, agriculture, and manufactures. In commerce and agriculture this state ranks the first in the Union.

Manufactures and Exports.-Though New York is largely engaged in manufactures, she does not rank equal to some of her sister states in this respect. The exports consist mainly of domestic produce. In the year 1850 these amounted to upwards of $50,000,000; of which, about four-fifths was the value of domestic produce.

Cities.-ALBANY, the capital, stands on the right bank of the Hudson, 145 miles from New York City. Part of the city bordering on the river, is a low flat; but beyond this, the surface rises rapidly to an elevation of about 200 feet. Most of the public buildings are located in the upper portion of the city.

Albany is advantageously situated both for inland trade and commerce; being connected by the Erie Canal with the great western lakes, and by the Hudson River with the commercial metropolis of the Union, and with the ocean. It is also connected by railway with many important cities and towns.

ROCHESTER, is situated on both sides of Genesee River, about 7 miles south of its entance into Lake Ontario. The unlimited water power afforded by the river (which, within the city limits, has a descent of nearly 300 feet, consisting of 3 successive perpendicular falls), is used by various mills and factories, but chiefly by flouringmills, which form the principal business establishments of the city.

OSWEGO, a port of entry, situated on the south-east shore of Lake Ontario, and on both sides of Oswego River, is largely engaged in trade with Canada.

TROY is situated on both sides of the Hudson, about 6 miles north of Albany. The principal part of the city lies on the left bank of the river. The two parts are connected by means of a bridge, which here spans the Hudson. The transhipment of goods forms the principal commercial business of the place. Iron, machinery, and hardware constitute the chief manufacturing establishments of the city. A United States Arsenal is situated at West Troy.

POUGHKEEPSIE is situated on the east bank of the Hudson, nearly