severe yet healthy. The winters are long, the springs damp and foggy, and the summers are of short duration.

The chief productions are grain, potatoes, butter, cheese, wool, maple sugar, bees'-wax and honey. Granite abounds, and hence New Hampshire is frequently styled "the Granite State." Iron is found in almost every county, and a valuable tin mine has also been discovered.

Natural Curiosity.-The White Mountain Notch, a celebrated pass in the mountains, is regarded as a very interesting spot to visit.

Inhabitants, etc.-The inhabitants are chiefly of English descent. The first settlements were made by members of the Plymouth Company, near Portsmouth, in 1623. The leading industrial pursuits are agriculture, manufactures, and lumbering.

Manufactures and Exports.-Manufactures are extensive, chiefly cotton, wool, leather and iron. The principal articles for export are Innber, live stock, wool, fish, pot and pearl ashes and granite.

Cities.-CONCORD, pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Merrimac, is the capital of the state. As this town lies on the route of travel and commerce between Boston and Canada, it has become the centre of several railroads.

DOVER, the oldest town in the state, is situated in the south-eastern part, on the Cocheco River. It is very favorably situated for trade, and carries on extensive manufactures, chiefly of cotton goods.

PORTSMOUTH, the only seaport of New Hampshire, is situated on the right bank of the Piscataqua, about 3 miles from the ocean. The city is built on a beautiful peninsula formed by the river, and is connected by bridges with Kittery in Maine. There is a United States Navy Yard on an island (within the bounds of Maine) in the Piscataqua, opposite Portsmouth.

DOVER, NASHUA, and EXETER, are noted manufacturing towns. MANCHESTER, on the left bank of the Merrimac, the most important city of the state, is noted for its manufactures.

HANOVER, situated about half a mile from the Connecticut, is the seat of Dartmouth College. A bridge crosses the Connecticut at this place to Norwich in Vermont.

LESSON XXV.

MAP STUDIES.-MAINE.

State the situation of the following Cities and Towns, viz.:-Houlton, Calais, Eastport, Lubec, Port Machias, Machias, Steuben, Mariaville, Ellsworth, Greenbush, Bangor, Brewer, Hampden, Bucksport, Castine, Belfast, Camden, Warren, Rockland, Thomaston, Wiscasset, China, Waterville, AUGUSTA, Hallowell, Gardiner, Lewiston, Brunswick, Bath, Cumberland, Gorham, Portland, Saco, Biddeford, Kennebunk, Wells, York, Alfred, Hollis, Fryeburg, Bethel, Farmington, Solon, Bingham, Dover, and Lincoln.

MAINE.

Area in sq. miles, 35,000. Population, 583,000. Inhabitants to a sq. mile, 16. Counties, 15.

Geographical Position, etc.-This state, the most north-easterly of the United States, lies between New Erunswick on the east and New Hampshire on the west. Its northern frontier borders on Canada, and its south coast borders on the Atlantic Ocean. The entire length of the state from north to south is about 250 miles, and its greatest breadth 190 miles. The length of sea coast including all the indentations is about 1,000 miles.

Surface, etc.-There is no connected ridge of mountains in the state, but numerous detached elevations extend along the western side of Maine, and then cross the state in a N. E. direction terminating at Mars Hill. From this section the principal rivers flow, some

northwardly to the St. John's, but the greater part southwardly to the Atlantic. Maine abounds in lakes, and it is estimated that nearly one-tenth of the surface of the state is covered with water.

Soil, etc.-The soil is generally best adapted for grazing. Near the sea coast the lands are sandy and generally unsuited to agriculture. The fertile portions lie along the valley of the St. John's, and between the Penobscot and Kennebec Rivers. The climate is subject to great extremes of heat and cold; the winters are long and severe, the lakes being covered with ice from December to April.

Among the most important productions are grain, potatoes, wool, butter, cheese, bees'-wax and honey. The great staple product is lumber. The chief minerals are iron, limestone, granite and slate.

Inhabitants, etc.-The inhabitants are mainly of British descent. A few of the aboriginals still inhabit some of the islands in the Penobscot. The first permanent settlement was made at Bristol (a place not far from the mouth of the Kennebec), in 1625. The chief industrial pursuits are agriculture, lumbering, the coasting trade and the fisheries. From its abundance of suitable timber, Maine has become the greatest ship-building state in the Union.

Manufactures and Exports.-Maine is not so extensively engaged in manufactures as some others of the New England States. The fisheries are extensive. Fish, lumber, butter, cheese, lime, &c., form the

leading articles of export. Cargoes of ice are frequently exported to the West Indies and to the Southern States.

Cities.-AUGUSTA, the capital, is situated principally on the right bank of the Kennebec, which is here crossed by a bridge. On the opposite side of the river are the United States Arsenal and the Insane Hospital. Steamboats ply regularly between Augusta and the principal ports of New England.

EASTPORT is pleasantly situated on the south-east part of Moose Island, which is connected by a bridge with the main land. This place is well situated for trade with the British Provinces. It is an important lumber depôt, and is extensively engaged in the fisheries and in the coast trade.

BELFAST, a seaport town, is largely engaged in ship-building, foreign commerce, the fisheries, and in the coast trade.

BATH, situated on the right bank of Kennebec River, ranks the seventh in the United States in the importance of its shipping.

PORTLAND, a celebrated seaport of Maine, is situated on an elevated peninsula at the west extremity of Casco Bay. This city is largely engaged in commerce, chiefly with Europe and the West Indies, and in the coasting trade. In population, wealth, and commerce, it ranks first in the state. BANGOR, on the right bank of the Penobscot, is said to be the greatest lumber depôt in the world.

LESSON XXVI.

MAP STUDIES.-MASSACHUSETTS.

State the situation of the following Cities and Towns, viz. :— North Adams, Greenfield, Northfield, Fitchburg, Lowell, Andover, Lawrence, Haverhill, Newburyport, Gloucester, Salem, Marblehead, Lynn, Woburn, Concord, Cambridge, Charlestown, BOSTON, Roxbury, Dedham, Dorchester, N. Weymouth, Hingham, Abington, Plymouth, Sandwich, Barnstaple, Chatham, Provincetown, New Bedford, Fall River, Taunton, Bridgewater, Milford, Blackstone, Milbury, Chicopee, Springfield, Southampton, Westfield, Sheffield, Great Barrington, Stockbridge, Lee, Pittsfield, Northampton, Amherst, South Hadley, Ware, Leominster, and Worcester.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Area in sq. miles, 7,250. Population, 995,000. Inhabitants to a sq. mile, 187. Counties, 14. Geographical Position, etc.-This state extends from New York on the west, to the Atlantic on the east, and from Vermont and New

Hampshire on the north, to Rhode Island and Connecticut on the south. The length of the state is about 150 miles and its average breadth 50.

Surface, etc. The surface is generally hilly and in some parts rugged. The north-eastern, eastern, and middle portions are hilly and broken; the south-eastern, level and sandy; and the western, mountainous.

The Green Mountain Range enters Massachusetts from Vermont, and forms two ridges which run parallel to each other southwardly into Connecticut. The state abounds in picturesque scenery. The view of the Connecticut River and Valley, from Mount Holyoke, is really beautiful.

Soil, etc. The soil, though not generally favorable to agriculture, yet by the skill and industry of the inhabitants, has been forced to yield a rich return to the husbandman. The most fertile portions are