Do the heat and cold of a country depend solely on its situation in one or other of these zones?

No; there are various other causes that affect the climate of a country, and regulate its degree of heat or cold.

What are the chief causes that affect or determine the climate of any place?

The chief causes are:-1st, the latitude of the place; 2d, the height of the place above the level of the sea; 3d, the position and direction of the mountain chains; 4th, its proximity to, or remoteness from, the sea; 5th, the slope of the country, or the aspect it presents to the sun's course; 6th, the geological charaçter of the soil; 7th, the degree of cultivation which it has received, and the density of the population collected upon it; 8th, the prevalent winds; 9th, the annual quantity of rain that falls. These causes, acting together, or separately, determine the character of the climate of a country.

What is the breadth of the torrid zone?

The breadth of the torrid zone is forty-seven degrees.

What is the breadth of the temperate zones?

Forty-three degrees each.

What is the breadth of the frigid zones?

Twenty-three and one-half degrees each.

Into how many branches is the science of Geography divided?

It is divided into three branches; viz., Natural, or Physical, Political, and Mathematical, or Astronomical.

What is Physical Geography?

Physical Geography is that branch of science which includes a description of the solid and fluid parts of the earth's surface; of the atmosphere which surrounds it, and of all animal and vegetable life.

What is Political Geography?

Political Geography is that branch of science which includes a description of the various countries on the earth's surface, their government, people, language, religion, and customs.

What is Mathematical Geography?

Mathematical Geography is that branch of science which includes a description of the earth as a planet, treating of its form, its magnitude, its motion, and of the various imaginary lines upon its surface.

What nations does the Mongolian race include?

The Mongolian race includes the Siberian tribes, the Chinese, Japanese, and Indo-Chinese nations in Asia, the Finns, Laplanders, Turks, and Hungarians of Europe, and the Esquimaux of North America.

What tribes are included in the American, or Indian race?

The American race includes all the tribes of America except the Esquimaux.

What people are included in the African race?

The African, or Negro race, includes all the aboriginal tribes of Africa (south of Abyssinia and the Great Desert), together with those of Australia, New Guinea, and New Caledonia.

What tribes does the Malay race include?

The Malay race includes the tribes inhabiting the islands of Oceania (except those before mentioned), together with the native tribes of the Malay Peninsula.

By what other names are these races distinguished?

The Caucasian is called the white, the Mongolian the yellow, the American the copper-colored, or red, the African the black, and the Malay the brown race.

For what is the Caucasian race distinguished?

For intellectual attainments, and high moral endowments.
What are some of the physical characteristics of this race?

The skin of the Caucasian race is generally fair, the hair fine and long, the skull large and beautifully shaped, the forehead full and elevated, the features regular, and the form symmetrical. What are the physical characteristics of the Mongolian race?

The skin of the Mongolian race is generally of a sallow, or olive tint; the hair is long, black, straight, and stiff; the head somewhat square, the forehead low, the cheek-bones broad and flat, the nose short, the eyes small and obliquely set.

What are the physical characteristics of the American race?

The skin of the American, or Indian race, is a sort of reddish brown, or copper color; the hair long, black and straight; the skull small, the eyes dark and deep set, the check-bones high and prominent, the nose aquiline, the forehead receding, and the mouth large.

What are the physical characteristics of the African race?

The skin of the African race is jet black, the hair woolly

head long and narrow, forehead low, eyes large and prominent, mouth large, lips thick, nose broad and flat, cheek-bones high, and the jaws prominent.

What are the physical characteristics of the Malay race?

The skin of the Malay race is tawny, or dark brown; the hair coarse, lank, and black; forehead low and broad, mouth large, nose short and broad, and the eyes (like those of the Mongolian race) obliquely set.

Into how many distinct classes may mankind be divided as it regards modes of life? Into three distinct classes; viz., roving tribes, nomadic pastoral tribes, and settled, or fixed nations.

What do the roving tribes include?

All those tribes that subsist by hunting and fishing, but rove about without any fixed habitation; such are the Esquimaux, and many of the Indians of America.

What is meant by nomadic pastoral tribes?

This term is intended to include those nations or tribes that

have no settled residence, but live in movable tents, and, with their herds and flocks, wander from place to place; such are the Laplanders in Europe, the Arabs, and many of the Tartar tribes

in Asia.

What does the term settled, or fixed nations, comprehend?

It comprehends all those nations upon the earth that have permanent habitations, and dwell in cities, towns, villages, &c.; such are the nations of Europe, and their descendants in America; and the Chinese, Japanese, Hindoos, Persians, Egyptians, &c.

Into how many classes is mankind divided as it respects social condition? Into four classes; viz., enlightened, civilized, half-civilized, and savage, or barbarous.

What nations are denominated enlightened?

Those nations that have made the greatest attainments in the arts and sciences, and who have displayed most skill and industry in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures.

What nations are called civilized?

Those that have made considerable progress in the arts and sciences, and manifested some ingenuity and industry in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures; but not equal to the class called enlightened.

What nations are styled half-civilized?

Those whose knowledge of the arts, sciences, and agriculture is very imperfect; whose commerce is exceedingly limited; and whose manufactures are few, and of an inferior order.

What nations are called savage, or barbarous ?

Those that are not acquainted with the arts and sciences, and do not show their skill or industry, either in agriculture, commerce, or manufactures, but turn their attention almost wholly to hunting and fishing for a mere subsistence.