crew.

From the Buffalo Democrat, Aug. 17.
WHAT THE SEA GIVES UP.

By the courtesy of Messrs. Mann, Vail & Co., and the gentlemen in their office, we were yesterday shown the results of the enterprise, as far THIRTEEN years have rolled away, with their as they have been revealed, and a melancholy joys and sorrows, their hopes and fears, their story they tell. The coin which has been obanticipations and disappointment, their fruits tained from the wreck, is partly American and and their ashes, since the happy throng that partly French. Some $1,200 in bright Ameriwaved their adieus and shouted "good bye," can Eagles and lesser pieces, was deposited in from the decks of that "new and staunch steam- the Hollister Bank, and about the same amount er," the Erie, were borne away from our wharves, in gold, which has been burned and discolored one bright, Summer evening, to the joyous cheer- but without loss of value, complete the tale of ing of friends ashore, amid the flaunting of ban- perfect coin rescued, thus far. By far the greater ners and accompanied by the best wishes of hun- amount of treasure is probably contained in the dreds of spectators.-Crowding her forward and unshapen masses of metal, which have been taken lower decks were scores on scores of foreign peo- from the mud and ashes in the bottom of the ple, freshly arrived from the densely inhabited hull. These present the appearance of having countries of Europe, and bound for the broad been melted and dropped into water, and are of prairies of our fair land, to reaching which they gold and silver, in some cases perhaps, with the now looked with hopes stimulated by a prosper-baser metals mingled in them, and only by their ous voyage thus far and a cheerful reliance upon great weight revealing their intrinsic worth. the good ship beneath them and her experienced Rouleaux of five franc picces, which having been slightly tipped from the perpendicular, are solAs they stood there, the young, the aged, the dered together by fusion, and in one case we parent and child, sexes and conditions all min-noticed a gold piece with a single link of a lady's gled in the pursuit of the one object, the seeking watch-guard adhering to its edge, as if placed a new home among strangers, in a clime of which there to suspend the coin. Two pork barrels they knew absolutely nothing, those ill-fated are filled with this confused and agglomerated emigrants thought little of the perils of the deep, [material, much of it in bits like shot, and weighnor conjured up any visions of the alternative so ing, altogether, some 1600 pounds. Beside this, soon to be presented to their bewildered minds, there are many pounds weight of coin partly of a death by the demon of fire, or a quieter melted, and clinging together very curiously. grave beneath the waters of the lake that look- At a rough estimate, if the metal prove only siled so placid and so innocent of danger. Thus ver, we should say that $20,000 of treasure has she went off, with banners streaming, cheers re- been recovered, which, with the avails of the sounding, music playing, and majestically plough- machinery, iron, etc., will make a handsome reed the bosom of her adopted element, the peer- turn for the outlay. less and unrivalled craft that was to bear the Our article is already so extended, that we palm from all contestants. There were some have room only to advert to the other valuables who came to the wharf too late, and these were that have been brought to light, and which, even greeted by derisive shouts from those on board, more than the money seem to carry the mind by and many a contemptuous laugh. But later at association, back to the owners of it all. The night, there came the awful rumor of a ship on household goods, the little familiar articles of fire and burning at sea, and those who watched property that so directly point to HOME and its the great globe of fire, and saw it rise and fall joys, and tell the tale of sorrow so plainly, watchupon the swells, knew it for a beacon of death es, with the hands pointing to the hour when and woe, and went shudderingly to their couch-they stopped forever, knives, even the little pipes cs to await the morning, with its full revelations of disaster.

Thirteen years have passed since then, and many another calamity has obscured, with its dark story, the details of that dreadful night. For thirteen years the ashes of the Erie's dead have been washed by the surges that boomed their requiem upon the lonely beach, and tossed the bones of the victims, and the treasure that went down with them and the sand and shells of the deep in one confused heap.

that were in the pockets of the dead all act as silent historians and remembrances of the awful even, and seem by their familiar look, to take us back, at once, to the day and moment when those who used them were hurried from life into a death as horrible as unlooked for.

From the Examiner. LOUIS NAPOLEON AND FREE TRADE. But once more the light of day shines in upon THE French Emperor has just given a strikthe secrets that the sea has so long kept, and ing illustration of the truth of what Sir Robert the ocean renders up its charge, at the behest of Peel urged upon his last cabinet, to the horror men who claim the hidden treasures. As of old and disbelief of some members of it. He assertthe savage nations consecrated a great entered that if the corn duties were once totally reprise by the sacrifice of living beings, so this pealed, even in a time of famine,-they would exploration of the watery sepulchre has been ac- not again be enacted. France has enjoyed for companied by new deaths, and the darker, final the last year a free trade in corn, owing to the secret, is shared by those who would have learn-failure of the preceding harvest. A more abunded the lesser ones. But long and difficult labor ant harvest than the present was never produced has accomplished the task of the searchers, and in France. The government nevertheless has their zeal has been rewarded. come forward with a decree, that the free-trade

Whatever on other grounds, then, may be said of the Emperor of the French, he undoubtedly seeks his supporters in the large masses, not in privileged classes. As the great proportion of the French people raise their own food and consume their own produce, the price is of comparatively small importance, whilst the difference between scarcity and abundance is of very great importance. In France at present, moreover, the state, or the authorities local or central, are the great employers. It is a condition of things out of which government finds it necessary to extricate itself, yet this it can never hope to do unless in times of cheapness and abundance. The Emperor seems wisely resolved to get out of the difficulty by quietly adopting the principles of free trade.

regulations of last year shall endure, and the un- | which we cannot hesitate to pronounce unjust restricted import of corn be permitted. France and illiberal. Foremost among these is the opin therefore is brought to a level with England on ion entertained by the writer of Napoleon, of his that great and important point of legislation. conduct and its effects in Germany. Starting The trade in corn of both countries is free. The with unmitigated hatred of the great conqueror, similar reduction of duties on salt meats and cat- and blind to all the valuable legal and political tle will in all probability also be preserved, and improvements introduced by him into Germany, no doubt the principle found to be so advantage- Mrs. Austin heaps upon Napoleon all the abuse ous will be extended to other articles of neces- and obloquy she can. In this, womanlike, she sity. As to luxuries, France abounds in them. is biased by the unworthy conduct pursued by and can well afford, upon other than free-trade the Emperor towards the Queen Louisa; but, in reasons, to lower her tariff. judging him, Mrs. Austin ought not to overlook the fact, that even at the time of the invasion of Germany there were many among the people who preferred the grandeur of French slavery to the abject torpidity created by German mismanagement, while a still livelier sense, of affection! it cannot be called, but of respect at least for the character of him she abuses, now animates the minds of the many even in Germany, whose aspirations for political progress and political freedom are more than ever crushed by the boundless social tyranny of native princes and their governments. Harsh in her judgment on Napoleon, Mrs. Austin is unjust in the opinion she expresses of Ritter Lang, whose memoirs have afforded us unmixed pleasure, with a great insight into the peculiar absurdities which characterized the diplomatic service in Germany at the close of the last century. Mrs. Austin calls him a derisor, a sneering writer who could see nothing but the hard realities of life, and who found in them the materials for ridicule only. In a literary point of view she may be right, in preferring Göthe's highly colored and varnished picture of the last coronation of a German Emperor at Frankfort, but, as a picture of the manhers of the time, of the meanness of earthly pomp in Germany, of the incomparable nothings with which German sovereigns occupied themselves, Ritter Lang deserves credit for truthfulness and care in painting details, while Göthe has drawn chiefly and acknowledgedly from imagination. Without entering further into the contents of the book, we can recommend it to our readers as an amusing and well-selected collection of extracts from a variety of German authors, to whose writings it may perhaps introduce them. If the only result of its publication should be the translation of Ritter Lang's memoirs, Mrs. Austin will have rendered a service to the English literature.-Economist.

Germany from 1760 to 1814. By Mrs. AUSTIN.

London: Longman & Co.

It is a known fact, that until the close of the eventful period with which this century commenced, our neighbors the Germans had produced but few autobiographies or memoirs of any historical or literary value. Whatever the cause, the fact is not to be denied. Only within the last twenty years has anything like progress in this direction been made; and the tide, once set in, the publication of the memorabilia of the worthies, who either assisted in creating or were created by the convulsions of the above period, has increased in an unprecedented degree. From the readable as well as the unreadable of the volumes which have in this way deluged the Leipsic book mart, Mrs. Austin some years ago collected the materials of several interesting articles, which were printed in the Edinburgh and North British Reviews. As such they merited and were properly praised, but when replaced before the public in the dignified form of a large octavo, and under the imposing title of "Germany from RESPECT FOR PROPERTY AND FEELING IN 1760 to 1814," the expectation such a book na- FRANCE.-Let us do justice to the French charturally excites is not gratified. We of course acter. Their self-command, their upon-honor expected, on opening the volume, to find much principle, is very remarkable, and much more original matter, derived from the authoress's long generally diffused than among our own popularesidence in the country and acquaintance with tion. They are, I believe, a more honest people its language and history, but were sadly disap- than the British. The beggar, who is evidently pointed to find it consist almost entirely of long hungry, respects the fruit upon the road-side quotations, translated from diverse authors strung within his reach, although there is nobody to together, it is truc, with due regard for time and protect it. Property is much respected in France; place, but exhibiting little more than the paste and in bringing up children, this fidelity towards and scissors cleverness of a bookmaker, com- the property of others seems much more carebined with tolerable powers of translation. Of fully inculcated by parents in the lowest class, the few original ideas with which Mrs. Austin has in the home education of their children, than interlarded this scrap-book, there are one or two with us. This respect for property is closely

DXL. LIVING AGE. VOL. VI. 39

connected with that respect for the feelings of stances of this general respect for property have

our neighbors, which constitutes what is called occurred to me in travelling in France. I once manners. This is carefully inculcated in child- forgot my umbrella in a diligence going to Borren of all ranks in France. They are taught to deaux, in which I travelled as far as Tours. My do what is pleasing and agreeable to others. umbrella went on to Bordeaux, and returned to We are too apt to undervalue this spirit, as tend- Tours in the corner of the coach, without being ing merely to superficial accomplishments, to appropriated by any of the numerous passengers, empty compliment in words, and unmeaning or workpeople, who must have passed through appearance in acts. But, in reality, this refer-it on so long a journey, and have had this stray ence to the feeling of others in all we do, is a unowned article before them. I once travelmoral habit of great value where it is generally led from Paris to Boulogne with a gentleman diffused, and enters into the home training of who had come up the same road a few days beevery family. It is an education both of the fore. We were conversing on this very subject, parent and child in morals, carried on through the honesty of the people in general, and he the medium of external manners. Our lower recollected having left on the table of one of and middle classes are deficient in this kind of the inns half a basket of grapes, worth about family education; and there is some danger that 12 sous, which, he said, he was sure he would the parents in those classes may come to rely find safe. On arriving, he asked the waiter if he too much with us, for all education, upon the had seen the grapes, and they were instantly parish and Sunday schools. It is but reading, produced, as a matter of course, out of a press writing, reckoning, and the catechism, after all, in which they had been carefully put away as that can be taught a people by the most perfect property not belonging to the house. It is the system of national school education; and those diffusion and exposure of property in small acquirements would be dearly bought if they in- things, among a nation of small proprietors, that terfere with, or supersede family instruction and produce this regard for its safety even in trifles, parental example, and admonition in the right this practical morality. It is not the value lost, and wrong, in conduct, morals, and manners. It but the injury to the feeling of ownership, which is a fine distinction of the French national char- constitutes the criminality, or rather the injury, actor, and social economy, that practical moral-in many petty aggressions on property; and reity is more generally taught through manners, spect for the feelings of others enters into the among and by the people themselves, than in any manners and morals of the French.-Laing's country in Europe. One or two striking in- Notes of a Traveller.

SAXONY.

and by Russia, countenanced and praised by Eng land, they triumphed at Dresden, at Berlin, at ATTENTION has been drawn to Saxony by the Cassel, and everywhere else. What is the result? death of the late reigning prince of that country, Why, that Germany is absolutist, and of course killed by a kick from a horse. It might have that it worships the present type of absolutism, seemed difficult for a dynasty to make itself so which is Russia. Even Austria herself, when incompletely strange to the interests, ideas, tastes, clined to pursue a liberal and independent course, and tendencies of the people over which it rules, receives nothing but discountenance and oppesias the Saxon princes have done. The population tion in the attempt. If we had wanted a Gerof that country are traders, manufacturers, Prot- many to withstand the dictatorship of Russia, we estants, and liberals; yet their kings, never look- should have supported a free, an independent, a ing beyond the court circle, are Roman Catholic, liberal Germany. But we did nothing of the reactionary, and anti-constitutional. We have kind. Both England and France displayed coldseen the late king lustily cheered on the review-ness and contempt, and even in one or two inground at Windsor, and we have also seen him stances practical hostility, to the liberal and conenter his good town of Leipsic, when not a sin- stitutional efforts of the Germans. And we are gle citizen uttered a sound, or even doffed a hat to him, so universally was he detested and con

temned.

now repaid, in our struggle with Russia, by the sluggish indifference of German liberals and the active enmity of German absolutists.-Examiner, 19 August.

It is complained that the Saxon government is Russian, and that the change of sovereigns will make no difference. Of course not. Wurtemberg is Russian, Saxony is Russian, Hesse is Russian. All the small states are Russian. Why? Because in the German struggles and convulsions of a few years back, the constitutional and liberal party was beaten everywhere, crushed, proscribed," Could a Christian be a magistrate in Turkey? Could he

THE CADI.

be a Cadi?"-MR. CORDEN, in the House of Commons.

scouted, trodden down. Those who gained, and kept the ascendant, and who received loud praises for their firmness and conservatism even SUCH were the questions triumphantly put amongst ourselves, were the retrograde, the abso- by Mr. Cobden in one of the late debates on lutist, the aristocratic party. Backed by Austria the war, when, after asserting that the Chris

tians in Turkey were not only shorn of all the liberty but also of all the law they are entitled to, he saw the contradictory Mr. Layard shake his head.

The questions have certainly a puzzling look. When Mr. Cobden says a Christian cannot be a Magistrate, and cannot be a Cadi, does he mean that a Cadi being a Magistrate, a Magistrate is a Cadi, and a Christian can be neither? We do not scruple to say that we were much embarrassed by Mr. Cobden's questions, and we cannot say that we found perfect enlightenment even in Mr. Layard's counter questions: Can a Roman Catholic Bishop be Lord Chancellor ?. Can he be Archbishop of Canterbury?

of unsweetened coffee, when I ask the Cadi if he has had much professional business lately. He says yes; and adds that it has been chiefly with the Greeks, who have grown very troublesome. He people, and he fears there is nothing good to be shakes his head doubtingly when he speaks of that done with them. "I am like a certain father," says the Cadi, again illustrating his opinion by an anecdote, "who had three sons. My eldest always tells me the truth; he is the Osmanli. My second always tells me falsehoods; he is the Zingari, or the Bulgarian. And when I have to deal with either of these, I know how to act; but my third son tells me sometimes truth and sometimes falsehood; he is made up of cunning, and deceives me always. He is the Greek, and I never know how to treat

him.

However, the matter has since cleared up a In other words, the Greek puzzled the Cadi little. It is something to know what a Cadi as Mr. Cobden did ourselves and the House really is, and what his duties are, and whether of Commons. He did not tell an untruth in so or not he performs them satisfactorily; and many words, but he suggested it in a couple happening to find this information in the of questions artfully combined. That third son agreeable pages of Household Words, where a of the Cadi must have been at his elbow. Who Roving Englishman, whose little book was no- but a Greek could so skilfully have presented ticed in these pages the other week, describes as synonymous the terms of two questions, to a Cadi of his acquaintance, we have had which the answers, if correctly given, must be some light also thrown incidentally on Mr. in terms exactly opposite? Put them not as Cobden's queries.

The Cadi is an august apparition, and I sit in a kiosch or summer-house which overlooks the sea, conversing with him. We are having one of those dear dreamy conversations that used to love in old time, when I lived among the quaint and simple scholars of pleasant Germany. But I think the conversation of the Cadi is still more quaint and simple. There is a delightful and childlike gravity about it which refreshes and improves me as I listen.

questions, but assertions. Say that a Christian cannot be a Magistrate, and cannot be a Cadi; and the one proposition is as false as the other proposition is true. Could anything more happily have hit off the character attributed by the Cadi to the sayings of his third son the Greek? Really Mr. Cobden must be more careful of the sources to which he applies in future for information about the East. The honorable gentleman may have trouble with that boy, next session, if he puts too much confidence in him.

Let me describe the Cadi. He is a tall, fair man, beautiful as the hero of an eastern tale. He wears The sober truth is, that though a Christian a snow-white turban on his head, and flowing can be a magistrate in Turkey, he cannot be robes of a texture at once rich and delicate. I the kind of magistrate who is called a Cadi. am sorry, upon the whole, that the Cadi wears He can be an Ambassador to foreign courts; the British shoc, because I think he would look for a most popular and estimable Christian better in Turkish slippers. I would rather not

look at his feet, therefore; my eyes repose with now fills that post with us. He can be Prince much greater pleasure on the chaplet of amber of Servia, Hospodar of Moldavia and Wallabeads which he is playing with, and on his digni- chia, and fill all offices subordinate to those fied and manly beard. His face wears an expres- dignitaries. Nay, more than this. The chrission of habitual good humor, and there is that tian patriarchs, bishops, and clergy have general sunny openness about it which bespeaks maintained, in Syria and the Holy Land, all a clear conscience. If I were a prisoner I should the privileges and immunities which they enlike to be judged by the Cadi, for I am sure that joyed previously to the Ottoman occupation his judgment would be tempered with mercy think you might believe in the Cadi's word as implicitly as in that of the best gentleman in Europe. I feel instinctively that he is incapable of anything tricky or vulgar. There is something at once simple and grand about the man. He commands immediate friendship and respect from all who know him.

of the country; and as extensive domains appertain to Christian monasteries, and great civil power and dignity is associated with the episcopal office, all such trusts and duties fall of right to the Christian.

Mr. J. Fergusson Bowen, now Government Secretary for the Ionian Islands, and well acquainted with Greek institutions and with the After pipes and conversation, the Cadi be- language, has clearly explained these magistecomes professionally communicative:

rial duties as connected with the episcopal. His authority may be enough perhaps even to Then we are again at peace until after a cup convince Mr. Cobden that though a Christian

cannot be a Cadi, he is not therefore necessa-vive in the capital; and it proves that France rily deprived of all law, even in the dominions can support a distant war without her internal of the Ottoman. life ceasing to be free and regular."

The Greek community is presided over by the bishop, who settles all civil causes amongst his co-religionists, if Turks are not concerned in them. This is the practice throughout the Turkish dominions; and the immense powers which it confers on the Greek bishops give them a good right to the title of despot, that is, Lord or Master, which is assigned them by both Turks and Greeks. In fact, the Metropolitan Bishop is generally the most important functionary after the Pacha of a Province; and if supported by the English, French, and Russian Consuls, can ordinarily procure from Constantinople the removal of any Turkish official who may have made himself obnoxious to the Christians.

Thus France, taking up arms against her enemy, fêting her Emperor, listening to the immortal voice of the first Napoleon, while the present ruler exemplifies the firm order of affairs by returning to enjoy freedom and ease in rustic abodes, presents a picture, a little studied perhaps, but still very striking.-Spectator, 19th August.

From Bentley's Miscellany.

THE NIGHTINGALE.

My aviary was full of harmony; only one instrument was wanting to bring it to perfection. Peri was entering upon his second FRANCE presents a singular picture in the heard. Some anxiety was beginning to be summer, and his voice had never yet been midst of the great war by which she with the felt. One shook his head, and said there help of England is coercing the potentate of the North. The Emperor, escaping for a space from never was a proverb without foundation; that the cares of state, is rusticating with his Empress if nightingales did sing in cages, that was the in the mountains, while his loving subjects are exception, and did not impugn the rule. Ancelebrating the fête of his anniversary in the other said that a nightingale must be solitary capital and the provincial towns, and the voice at all events; and that, whatever it might do of the first Napoleon is speaking from his tomb in a cage, it was nonsense to suppose it would to the veterans of the last war in accents of pa- sing in an aviary with other birds. A third ternal care. M. Achille Fould, the Finance Min- hoped that, after all, Peri would not turn out ister, publishes a report, confirmed by the decree to be a female; and, in short, I began myself of the reigning Emperor, specifying how eight to think that I must be content with loving millions of francs shall be divided among the

veterans of the last war, and among those who him because he loved me, when, one day as Î suffered in the great military events of the war, sat reading in the aviary at the hour when or their survivors; a contribution towards carry- there generally was silence there, the birds ing out the will by which the first Napoleon ap- taking their siesta on their artificial tree, and propriated two hundred millions of francs to the Peri concealed in his dark cage, there sudsame purpose. Thus, while the people are re-denly shot up through the ceiling and away joicing in their present Emperor, the power and up to heaven such a note, a clear, full, probenevolence of the first of the race is presented longed note of such unutterable sweetness in an enduring form. The several camps which and liquid music as the dullest ear, capable have been prepared to reinforce the armies of France during the progress of the war also come of receiving sounds, could never confound into the picture. with any other earthly tone. I am perfectly Yet the great master of the land, after receiv- and simply sincere in saying so! It was a ing the compliments of the people of Bayonne, note of triumph; but of that pure, ineffable is off to the mountains, discoursing freely with triumph which gives the glory where it is due the people whom he meets, or going to more for some extraordinary gift made perfect. solitary scenes where there are no people. Now With shame I confess its effect upon myself; you see the Empress sitting on a bench, the Em- I burst into tears! It was but one single peror at her feet on the grass; next he is rowing note, and lasted not more, perhaps, than ten one of his faithful attendants, a companion in former and less brilliant days, across the Nive, to view the scenery from the opposite side. There was some question as to the reason of the Emperor's absence: we were sure that there was a reason, and perhaps a part of it may be conjectured from an expression which he let fall in reply to the address from the Bishop of Bayonne

seconds; but I knew, I felt, though I saw him not, that it was the nightingale. The spell was broken; and, although he uttered not another note for two or three days, I felt from that moment that I possessed a treasure which no money could purchase from me. The next time I heard him was three days after, when, coming out of his cage, he placed himself on "My presence on this day at Bayonne is a earth round the branch of ilex, exactly oppothe little ledge of wood which kept in the fact which I mention with pleasure; for it proves that France, calm and happy, no longer feels site to me as I sat at breakfast; and there, any of those apprehensions which oblige the head looking full in my face, he rewarded me,-ay of the state to be always armed and on the qui had he died the moment after, for all my